The Cotton Ghplp2 Positively Regulates Plant Defense against Verticillium Dahliae by Modulating Fatty Acid Accumulation and Jasmonic Acid Signaling Pathway

Abstract Patatin-like proteins (PLPs) have nonspecific lipid acyl hydrolyze (LAH) activity, which can hydrolyze membrane lipids into fatty acids and lysophospholipids. The vital role of PLPs in plant growth and abiotic stress has been well elucidated. However, the function of PLPs in plant defense response against pathogens is still poorly understood. Here, we isolated and identified a novel cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) patatin-like protein gene GhPLP2. GhPLP2 expression was induced upon treatment with pathogens Verticillium dahliae, Fusarium xysporum, and signaling molecules jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene in cotton plants. Subcellular localization revealed that GhPLP2 was localized in the cell wall and plasma membrane. GhPLP2-silenced cotton plants showed reduced resistance to V. dahliae infection, while overexpression of GhPLP2 in Arabidopsis enhanced the resistance to V. dahliae, with mild symptoms, decreased disease index, and fungal biomass. Hypersensitive response, callose deposition, and H2O2 accumulation triggered by V. dahlia elicitor were reduced in silenced cotton plants. GhPLP2-transgenic Arabidopsis had more accumulation of JA and JA synthesis precursor linoleic acid (LA, 18:2) and α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3) than control plants. Consistently, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, and jasmonic acid have decreased in GhPLP2-silenced cotton plants. Further, the gene expression of the JA signaling pathway is up-regulated in transgenic Arabidopsis and down-regulated in silenced cotton plants, respectively. These results showed that GhPLP2 is involved in plants' resistance to V. dahliae by maintaining fatty acid metabolism pools for JA biosynthesis and activation of the JA signaling pathway.

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GhPLP2 Positively Regulates Cotton Resistance to Verticillium Wilt by Modulating Fatty Acid Accumulation and Jasmonic Acid Signaling Pathway

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.749630 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Yutao Zhu ◽

Xiaoqian Hu ◽

Ping Wang ◽

Linying Gao ◽

Yakun Pei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Jasmonic Acid ◽

Signaling Pathway ◽

Linolenic Acid ◽

Membrane Lipids ◽

Defense Responses ◽

Vital Role ◽

Defensive Responses ◽

Cotton Plants

Patatin-like proteins (PLPs) have non-specific lipid acyl hydrolysis (LAH) activity, which can hydrolyze membrane lipids into fatty acids and lysophospholipids. The vital role of PLPs in plant growth and abiotic stress has been well documented. However, the function of PLPs in plant defense responses against pathogens is still poorly understood. Here, we isolated and identified a novel cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) PLP gene GhPLP2. The expression of GhPLP2 was induced upon treatment with Verticillium dahliae, the signaling molecules jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ETH) in cotton plants. Subcellular localization revealed that GhPLP2 was localized to the plasma membrane. GhPLP2-silenced cotton plants were more susceptible to infection by V. dahliae, while the overexpression of GhPLP2 in Arabidopsis enhanced its resistance to V. dahliae, which was apparent as mild symptoms, and a decrease in the disease index and fungal biomass. The hypersensitive response, deposition of callose, and H2O2 accumulation triggered by V. dahliae elicitor were reduced in GhPLP2-silenced cotton plants. The overexpression of GhPLP2 in Arabidopsis resulted in the accumulation of linoleic acid (LA, 18:2) and α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3) and facilitated the biosynthesis of JA and JA-mediated defensive responses. GhPLP2 silencing in cotton plants consistently reduced the accumulation of linoleic acid (LA, 18:2) and α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3) and suppressed the biosynthesis of JA and the defensive responses mediated by JA. These results indicate that GhPLP2 is involved in the resistance of cotton to V. dahliae by maintaining fatty acid metabolism pools for JA biosynthesis and activating the JA signaling pathway.

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Explore the gene network regulating the composition of fatty acids in cottonseed

BMC Plant Biology ◽

10.1186/s12870-021-02952-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lihong Ma ◽

Xinqi Cheng ◽

Chuan Wang ◽

Xinyu Zhang ◽

Fei Xue ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Linolenic Acid ◽

Gene Network ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Accumulation Pattern ◽

Time Points ◽

Expression Characteristics

Abstract Background Cottonseed is one of the major sources of vegetable oil. Analysis of the dynamic changes of fatty acid components and the genes regulating the composition of fatty acids of cottonseed oil is of great significance for understanding the biological processes underlying biosynthesis of fatty acids and for genetic improving the oil nutritional qualities. Results In this study, we investigated the dynamic relationship of 13 fatty acid components at 12 developmental time points of cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and generated cottonseed transcriptome of the 12 time points. At 5–15 day post anthesis (DPA), the contents of polyunsaturated linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) and saturated stearic acid (C18:0) were higher, while linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) was mainly synthesized after 15 DPA. Using 5 DPA as a reference, 15,647 non-redundant differentially expressed genes were identified in 10–60 DPA cottonseed. Co-expression gene network analysis identified six modules containing 3275 genes significantly associated with middle-late seed developmental stages and enriched with genes related to the linoleic acid metabolic pathway and α-linolenic acid metabolism. Genes (Gh_D03G0588 and Gh_A02G1788) encoding stearoyl-ACP desaturase were identified as hub genes and significantly up-regulated at 25 DPA. They seemed to play a decisive role in determining the ratio of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids. FAD2 genes (Gh_A13G1850 and Gh_D13G2238) were highly expressed at 25–50 DPA, eventually leading to the high content of C18:2n-6 in cottonseed. The content of C18:3n-3 was significantly decreased from 5 DPA (7.44%) to 25 DPA (0.11%) and correlated with the expression characteristics of Gh_A09G0848 and Gh_D09G0870. Conclusions These results contribute to our understanding on the relationship between the accumulation pattern of fatty acid components and the expression characteristics of key genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis during the entire period of cottonseed development.

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Saccharomyces kluyveri FAD3 encodes an ω3 fatty acid desaturase

Microbiology ◽

10.1099/mic.0.27049-0 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 150 (6) ◽

pp. 1983-1990 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Takahiro Oura ◽

Susumu Kajiwara

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Linolenic Acid ◽

Functional Characterization ◽

Fatty Acid Desaturase ◽

Fatty Acid Desaturases ◽

Desaturase Gene ◽

Saccharomyces Kluyveri ◽

Fatty Acid Desaturase Gene

Fungi, like plants, are capable of producing the 18-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid. These fatty acids are synthesized by catalytic reactions of Δ12 and ω3 fatty acid desaturases. This paper describes the first cloning and functional characterization of a yeast ω3 fatty acid desaturase gene. The deduced protein encoded by the Saccharomyces kluyveri FAD3 gene (Sk-FAD3) consists of 419 amino acids, and shows 30–60 % identity with Δ12 fatty acid desaturases of several eukaryotic organisms and 29–31 % identity with ω3 fatty acid desaturases of animals and plants. During Sk-FAD3 expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, α-linolenic acid accumulated only when linoleic acid was added to the culture medium. The disruption of Sk-FAD3 led to the disappearance of α-linolenic acid in S. kluyveri. These findings suggest that Sk-FAD3 is the only ω3 fatty acid desaturase gene in this yeast. Furthermore, transcriptional expression of Sk-FAD3 appears to be regulated by low-temperature stress in a manner different from the other fatty acid desaturase genes in S. kluyveri.

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Gamolenic acid in atopic eczema: ▾ epogam

Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin ◽

10.1136/dtb.28.18.69 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 28 (18) ◽

pp. 69-70

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Linolenic Acid ◽

Essential Fatty Acid ◽

Atopic Eczema ◽

Conventional Treatment ◽

Gamma Linolenic Acid ◽

Evening Primrose

Epogam capsules (Scotia) contain oil from the seed of the evening primrose which is rich in the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and its metabolite gamolenic (gamma-linolenic) acid. Epogam is licensed for use to relieve symptoms in atopic eczema, and is claimed to act at a fundamental metabolic level in this disease. Conventional treatment of eczema is often unsatisfactory, and any claim of an advance must be taken seriously. How well founded are the claims made for Epogam?

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OPTIMIZATION OF COCOA BUTTER EQUIVALENT PRODUCTION FROM FORMULATED HARD PALM OIL MID-FRACTION AND CANOLA OIL BLENDS

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v78.9243 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 78 (6-12) ◽

Author(s):

Reiza Mutia ◽

Dayang Norulfairuz Abang Zaidel ◽

Ida Idayu Muhamad

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Reaction Time ◽

Cocoa Butter ◽

Linolenic Acid ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Canola Oil ◽

Cocoa Butter Equivalent ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Omega 6

The study to find cocoa butter equivalent (CBE) as an alternative to cocoa butter (CB) from available and low cost commercial oils or fats has been increased recently. Current study investigates the blending of hard palm oil mid-fraction (PMF) with canola oil to produce high nutritional CBE using immobilized lipase from Rhizomucor miehei. The experiments were designed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to optimize the percentage of saturated-unsaturated-saturated (StUSt) triacylglycerols (TAGs). The experiment was performed at hard PMF concentration of 50 to 90% (w/w), lipozyme load between 5% and 10% (based on the weight of substrate) with a reaction time between 2 to 14 hours. The best reaction conditions to attain this target was 89.35% (w/w) of hard PMF concentration, 2 hours of reaction time, and 5% (based on the weight of substrate) of lipozyme load, resulting CBE which contains 64.44±1.18% of StUSt. The addition of canola oil improved the nutritional value of CBE which was marked by the higher percentage of linoleic acid (omega-6, 4.53±0.06%) and linolenic acid (omega-3, 0.74±0.14%) in CBE than CB (omega-6, 2.68±0.34%). Enzymatic interesterification was not altering fatty acid content in the CBE, especially linoleic acid (omega-6) and linolenic acid (omega-3) which was characterized by no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the fatty acid profile of initial mixture (before interesterification) and CBE (after interesterification).

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Fatty acid chemistry of Atrichum undulatum and Hypnum andoi

Hemijska industrija ◽

10.2298/hemind110918074p ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 66 (2) ◽

pp. 207-209 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Boris Pejin ◽

Ljubodrag Vujisic ◽

Marko Sabovljevic ◽

Vele Tesevic ◽

Vlatka Vajs

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Gas Chromatography ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Stearic Acid ◽

Palmitic Acid ◽

Linolenic Acid ◽

Essential Fatty Acids ◽

Behenic Acid ◽

Moss Species

The fatty acid composition of the moss species Atrichum undulatum (Hedw.) P. Beauv. (Polytrichaceae) and Hypnum andoi A.J.E. Sm. (Hypnaceae) collected in winter time were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as a contribution to their chemistry. Eight fatty acids were identified in the chloroform/methanol extract 1:1 of A. undulatum (linoleic acid 26.80%, palmitic acid 22.17%, ?-linolenic acid 20.50%, oleic acid 18.49%, arachidonic acid 6.21%, stearic acid 3.34%, cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid 1.52% and behenic acid 1.01%), while six fatty acids were found in the same type of extract of H. andoi (palmitic acid 63.48%, erucic acid 12.38%, stearic acid 8.08%, behenic acid 6.26%, lignoceric acid 5.16% and arachidic acid 4.64%). According to this study, the moss A. undulatum can be considered as a good source of both essential fatty acids for humans (linoleic acid and ?-linolenic acid) during the winter.

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Functions of Jasmonic Acid in Plant Regulation and Response to Abiotic Stress

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21041446 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 1446 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Jia Wang ◽

Li Song ◽

Xue Gong ◽

Jinfan Xu ◽

Minhui Li

Keyword(s):

Transcription Factors ◽

Abiotic Stress ◽

Jasmonic Acid ◽

Signaling Pathways ◽

Signaling Pathway ◽

Large Scale ◽

Higher Plants ◽

Complex Signal ◽

Ja Signaling ◽

Signal Network

Jasmonic acid (JA) is an endogenous growth-regulating substance, initially identified as a stress-related hormone in higher plants. Similarly, the exogenous application of JA also has a regulatory effect on plants. Abiotic stress often causes large-scale plant damage. In this review, we focus on the JA signaling pathways in response to abiotic stresses, including cold, drought, salinity, heavy metals, and light. On the other hand, JA does not play an independent regulatory role, but works in a complex signal network with other phytohormone signaling pathways. In this review, we will discuss transcription factors and genes involved in the regulation of the JA signaling pathway in response to abiotic stress. In this process, the JAZ-MYC module plays a central role in the JA signaling pathway through integration of regulatory transcription factors and related genes. Simultaneously, JA has synergistic and antagonistic effects with abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ET), salicylic acid (SA), and other plant hormones in the process of resisting environmental stress.

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Recovery of Fatty Acid Composition in Mediterranean Yellowtail (Seriola dumerili, Risso 1810) fed a Fish-Oil Finishing Diet

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21144871 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (14) ◽

pp. 4871

Author(s):

Francesco Bordignon ◽

Silvia Martínez-Llorens ◽

Angela Trocino ◽

Miguel Jover-Cerdá ◽

Ana Tomás-Vidal

Keyword(s):

Arachidonic Acid ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽

Eicosapentaenoic Acid ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Linolenic Acid ◽

Vegetable Oils ◽

Fa Composition

The present study evaluated the effects of wash-out on the fatty acid (FA) composition in the muscles of Mediterranean yellowtail. After 109 days during which fish were fed either a fish oil (FO)-based diet (FO 100) or a diet (FO 0) in which FO was completely substituted by vegetable oils, all fish were subjected to a wash-out with FO 100 diet for 90 days. The FA profile of muscles in fish fed FO 0 diet at the beginning of the experiment reflected that of dietary vegetable oils, rich in linoleic acid (LA), and α-linolenic acid (ALA), and was deficient in AA (arachidonic acid), EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid). No essential FA were fully restored in fish previously fed FO 0 diet on 45th or 90th day of wash-out. At the end of wash-out, the FA composition showed that AA, EPA, and DHA in the white muscles increased by +33%, +16%, and +43% (p < 0.001), respectively. Similarly, AA and DHA in the red muscles increased by +33% and +41% respectively, while EPA remained similar to fish fed FO 0 diet exclusively. Therefore, a 90-d wash-out can partially improve the FA profile in muscles of Mediterranean yellowtail previously fed vegetable oil-based diets.

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The Decrease of n-3 Fatty Acid Energy Percentage in an Equicaloric Diet Fed to B6C3Fe Mice for Three Generations Elicits Obesity

Cardiovascular Psychiatry and Neurology ◽

10.1155/2009/867041 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 2009 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ingeborg Hanbauer ◽

Ignacio Rivero-Covelo ◽

Ekrem Maloku ◽

Adam Baca ◽

Qiaoyan Hu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Linolenic Acid ◽

Liver Lipid ◽

Liver Steatosis ◽

Docosapentaenoic Acid ◽

Carbon Chain ◽

Standard Diet

Feeding mice, over 3 generations, an equicaloric diet in which α-linolenic acid, the dietary precursor of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, was substituted by linoleic acid, the dietary precursor of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, significantly increased body weight throughout life when compared with standard diet-fed mice. Adipogenesis observed in the low n-3 fatty acid mice was accompanied by a 6-fold upregulation of stearyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 (Scd1), whose activity is correlated to plasma triglyceride levels. In total liver lipid and phospholipid extracts, the sum of n-3 fatty acids and the individual longer carbon chain acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n3), docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n3), and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n3) were significantly decreased whereas arachidonic acid (20:4n6) was significantly increased. In addition, low n-3 fatty acid-fed mice had liver steatosis, heart, and kidney hypertrophy. Hence, reducing dietary α-linolenic acid, from 1.02 energy% to 0.16 energy% combined with raising linoleic acid intake resulted in obesity and had detrimental consequences on organ function.

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Poultry meat production as a functional food with a voluntary n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio

Czech Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.17221/2275-cjas ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 52 (No. 7) ◽

pp. 203-213 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

D. Schneideroá ◽

J. Zelenka ◽

E. Mrkvicová

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Linolenic Acid ◽

Functional Food ◽

The Other ◽

Poultry Meat ◽

Meat Production ◽

Alpha Linolenic Acid

We studied the effect of different levels of linseed oils made either of the flax cultivar Atalante with a high content of α-linolenic acid (612 g/kg) or of the cultivar Lola with a predominating content of linoleic acid (708 g/kg) in a chicken diet upon the fatty acid pattern in meat. Cockerels Ross 308 were fed the diets containing 1, 3, 5 or 7 per cent of oil in the last 15 days of fattening. Breast meat (BM) and thigh meat (TM) without skin of 8 chickens from each dietary group were used for analyses. The relative proportions of fatty acids were expressed as percentages of total determined fatty acids. When feeding Atalante oil, the proportions of n-6 fatty acids were highly significantly lower while those of n-3 fatty acids were higher; the ratio of n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in meat was narrower (P < 0.001) than in chickens fed oil with a low content of α-linolenic acid. In BM and TM, the relative proportions of α-linolenic and γ-linolenic acids were nearly the same, the proportion of linoleic acid in BM was lower, and the proportions of the other polyunsaturated fatty acids in BM were higher than in TM. In BM, the ratio of n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids was significantly (P < 0.001) more favourable than that found in TM. The relative proportions of total saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in meat decreased and those of polyunsaturated fatty acids increased significantly (P < 0.01) in dependence on the increasing level of dietary oils. When feeding Atalante oil, a significant increase in the proportion of linoleic acid in BM but not in TM was observed. The proportions of the other n-6 fatty acids decreased and those of all determined n-3 fatty acids, with the exception of docosahexaenoic acid, significantly increased with the increasing level of oil in the diet. When feeding Lola oil, its increasing content in the diet increased the relative proportion of linoleic acid as well as its elongation to γ-linolenic acid; however, the proportions of arachidonic and adrenic acid did not change significantly (P > 0.05). The proportion of α-linolenic acid increased in both BM and TM. The proportion of eicosapentaenoic and clupanodonic acids in BM significantly decreased. The ratio of n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ranged from 0.9 to 13.6 and from 1.0 to 17.2 in BM and TM, respectively. An increase in the level of Lola oil in the diet by 1% caused that the n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio extended by 1.00 and 1.19 units in BM and TM, respectively. Dependences of n-6/n-3 ratio on the level of Atalante oil were expressed by equations of convex parabolas with minima at the level of oil 5.8 and 5.9% for BM and TM, respectively. By means of the inclusion of linseed oil with a high content of α-linolenic acid in the feed mixture it would be possible to produce poultry meat as a functional food with a very narrow ratio of n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

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