Epidemiology and Multidrug Resistance of Strongyle Nematodes in Ordos Merino Sheep

Abstract Background: Regular whole-flock treatments and long-term use of similar anthelmintics have led to the development of anthelmintic resistance and widespread epidemics of nematodiasis in sheep. This study was performed to understand the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes in Ordos Merino sheep and evaluate the efficacy of currently used anthelmintics. Results: Between March 2017 and April 2019, a total of 4014 fresh fecal samples were collected from sheep, and fecal nematode eggs were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed to understand the prevalence of sheep nematodiasis. The anthelmintic efficacy of currently used drugs was evaluated in naturally infected sheep. Severe infection by gastrointestinal nematodes was observed in the Ordos Merino sheep. The infection rates of the nematodes in 3 consecutive years were 84.3%, 36.9%, and 42.3%. Haemonchus contortus and Nematodirus sp. were the predominant nematode species, with infection rates of 84.3% and 65.6%, respectively, in 2017. Moreover, these species had acquired high resistance to ivermectin, doramectin, albendazole, and levamisole; the fecal egg count reduction percentages were 6.9%, 1.7%, 3.5%, and 79.0%, respectively, after a single administration. Nitroxynil and closantel showed strong anthelmintic efficacy against the predominant species Haemonchus contortus and other nematodes, but they had almost no effect on Nematodirus sp. Conclusions: The prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes in Ordos Merino sheep and their resistance to commonly used anthelmintics were comprehensively evaluated, and the drugs with high efficacy against the predominant species were identified. The findings of this study will provide a good foundation for the appropriate use of anthelmintics.

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Epidemiology and Multidrug Resistance of Strongyle Nematodes in Ordos Merino Sheep

10.21203/rs.3.rs-39021/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ledege Eye ◽

Jiya Wuen ◽

Xiuling He ◽

Buhe Buyin ◽

Ying Hai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

Infection Rates ◽

Merino Sheep ◽

Predominant Species ◽

Anthelmintic Efficacy ◽

Nematode Eggs ◽

Repeated Use

Abstract Background: Regular whole-flock treatments and long-term repeated use of similar anthelmintics has led to the development of anthelmintic resistance and widespread epidemic of sheep nematodiasis. The current work was carried out to understand the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes in Ordos merino sheep and to evaluate the efficacy of currently used anthelmintics. Results: A total of 4014 fresh fecal samples were collected from sheep from March 2017 to April 2019 and fecal nematode eggs were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed for understanding the prevalence of sheep nematodiasis. The anthelmintic efficacy of currently used drugs was evaluated in naturally infected sheep. The gastrointestinal nematode infection was serious in Ordos merino sheep. The infection rates of nematodes in three consecutive years were 84.3%, 36.9%, and 42.3%, respectively. The Hemonchus contortus and Nematodirus sp. were the dominantly infected species with the infection rates of 84.3% and 65.6% in 2017. Moreover, these species were acquired highly resistance to the Ivermectin, Doramectin, Albendazole and Levamisole. The percentages of FERC were 6.9%, 1.7%, 3.5% and 79.0%, respectively, following single administration. However, Nitroxynil and Closantel showed a strong anthelmintic efficacy on popular dominant species Haemonchus contortus and some other nematodes, while almost no effect on Nematodirus sp. Conclusions: The prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes in Ordos merino sheep and their resistance to commonly used anthelmintics were comprehensively understood, and the high efficacy drugs on predominant species were screened out. The results will pay a good foundation for developing of reasonable drug use.

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First report of multiple anthelmintic resistance in nematodes of sheep in Colombia

Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências ◽

10.1590/0001-3765201620140360 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 88 (1) ◽

pp. 397-402 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Carlos M.B. Gárcia ◽

Lew K. Sprenger ◽

Efraín B. Ortiz ◽

Marcelo B. Molento

Keyword(s):

Multidrug Resistance ◽

Haemonchus Contortus ◽

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

The Other ◽

First Report ◽

Reduction Test ◽

Anthelmintic Efficacy ◽

Faecal Egg Count ◽

First Time

This study aimed to report the presence of parasites resistant to the most used anthelmintic drugs in sheep in Colombia. Four farms (denominated farm 1, 2, 3 and 4) were selected where the animals were not treated with anthelmintics for two months before the trial. Animals with faecal egg count (FEC) above 150 and of different ages were allocated into six groups, each consisting of at least 5 animals. The drugs and dosages used were: ivermectin 1% (0.2 mg/kg), albendazole 25% (5 mg/kg), fenbendazole 10% (5 mg/kg), levamisole 10% (5 mg/kg), and moxidectin 1% (0.2 mg/kg). Anthelmintic efficacy was determined by the FEC reduction test (FECRT) with a second sampling 14 days post-treatment. The efficacy of albendazole and fenbendazole at farm 1 was above 95%, which was different from the others farms. The FECRT indicated the presence of multidrug resistance in the other farms where no tested drugs showed activity higher than 79% (albendazole: 0 to 55%, fenbendazole: 51.4 to 76.6%, ivermectin: 67.3 to 93.1%, levamisole: 0 to 78.1%, and moxidectin: 49.2 to 64.1%).Haemonchus contortus was the predominant (96%) species, followed by a small presence of Trichostrongylus sp. (3%) andCooperia sp. (1%). Therefore, we report for the first time the existence of multiple anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep in Colombia.

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Effect of Jatropha curcas Latex on L3 Haemonchus contortus Larval Motility

International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.25258/ijpcr.v9i3.8317 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Noorzaid Muhamad ◽

Syahirah Sazeli ◽

Resni Mona ◽

Jannathul Firdous

Keyword(s):

Larvicidal Activity ◽

Jatropha Curcas ◽

Haemonchus Contortus ◽

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

Dose Dependent ◽

Plants Extract

The anthelmintic resistance has limited the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants and thus has awakened interest in the study of plants extract as a source of anthelmintics. These experiments were carried out to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of Jatrophacurcas latex extract against Haemonchuscontortus larval motility. To evaluate the larvicidal activity, H.contortus L3 were incubated with the extracts with varying concentration of 5 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, 15 mg/mL and 20 mg/mL at 27°C for 48, 72 and 96 hrs. The results were subjected to the Kruskal-Wallis test (P less than 0.05). The extracts showed dose-dependent larvicidal effects. These results suggest that J.curcas can be used to control gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants.

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26 Copper oxide wire particles to complement control of gastrointestinal nematodes with levamisole and/or albendazole in lambs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz397.171 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 73-73

Author(s):

Joan M Burke ◽

James E Miller ◽

Mohan Acharya ◽

Erin Wood

Keyword(s):

Copper Oxide ◽

Haemonchus Contortus ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Mixed Model ◽

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

High Prevalence ◽

The Mean ◽

Further Development

Abstract Due to high prevalence of anthelmintic resistance (AR), complementary approaches to anthelmintic use to control gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in sheep are necessary. Copper oxide wire particles (COWP) are effective against Haemonchus contortus but not other GIN, and FAMACHA aids to minimize further development of AR. The objective was to determine the efficacy of COWP alone or in combination with levamisole, albendazole, or a 3-way combination to control GIN known to have AR to these anthelmintics. Naturally infected Katahdin lambs were selectively dewormed based on FAMACHA© and/or packed cell volume (PCV). If FAMACHA© scores were 3, 4, or 5, lambs received 1 g COWP alone (n = 120), COWP and levamisole (n = 47) or albendazole (n = 6), or a 3-way combination (n = 10), respectively. Untreated lambs were included (CON; n = 31). Feces and blood were collected on days 0 (day of deworming) and 14 for determination of fecal egg counts (FEC) and FEC reduction (FECRED) and PCV. Data were analyzed using repeated measures in a mixed model. The mean FECRED was greater for the combination of levamisole and COWP than COWP alone (P < 0.001). In a mixed GIN population, COWP in combination with levamisole increased the efficacy of FECRED of H. contortus and other GIN genera present, offering greater GIN management in the presence of resistance to these anthelmintics.

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Moisture and temperature requirements in faeces for the development of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep, cattle and deer

Journal of Helminthology ◽

10.1017/s0022149x00014954 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 69 (4) ◽

pp. 357-362 ◽

Cited By ~ 59

Author(s):

C.E. Rossanigo ◽

L. Gruner

Keyword(s):

Haemonchus Contortus ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽

Nematode Species ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

Free Living ◽

Moisture Contents ◽

Cooperia Oncophora ◽

Teladorsagia Circumcincta ◽

Temperature Requirements ◽

Different Temperatures

AbstractIsolates from eight gastrointestinal nematode species parasitic in sheep, cattle and deer were maintained in sheep, to provide eggs in similar faecal environments and to compare temperature and moisture requirements for their development. Faecal cultures were processed at different temperatures (for four species) and moisture contents (for eight species). At 60% of faecal moisture content (FMC), maximal rates of development (expressed as L3/100 hatchable eggs estimated by an extraction technique from the faeves) were observed at 20, 23 and 28°C respectively for Ostertagia leptospicularis, O. ostertagi, Teladorsagia circumcinctaand Trichostrongylus colunriformis. For the eight species, the curves of development rates as functions of FMC were Gaussian, without modification between 18 and 28°C. Optimal developments were when the FMC ranged from 57 to 68%; low development of 1L3/100eggs were observed when the FMC ranged from 85 to 95% and from 25 to 55%. The main differences between species were in the ability of the eggs of Teladorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, T. vitrinusand Chabertia ovina to develop at lower FMC than Haemonchus contortus, O. ostertagi, O. legptospicularis and Cooperia oncophora.

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Complementary Approaches to Understand Anthelmintic Resistance Using Free-Living and Parasitic Nematodes

10.20944/preprints202008.0313.v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Janneke Wit ◽

Clayton Dilks ◽

Erik Andersen

Keyword(s):

Haemonchus Contortus ◽

Parasitic Nematode ◽

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Nematode Species ◽

The Other ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Mechanisms Of Resistance ◽

Free Living ◽

Sustained Efficacy ◽

Modes Of Action

Anthelmintic drugs are the major line of defense against parasitic nematode infections, but the arsenal is limited and resistance threatens sustained efficacy of the available drugs. Discoveries of the modes of action of these drugs and mechanisms of resistance have predominantly come from studies of a related non-parasitic nematode species, Caenorhabditis elegans, and the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus. Here, we discuss how our understanding of anthelmintic resistance and modes of action came from the interplay of results from each of these species. We argue that this “cycle of discovery”, where results from one species inform the design of experiments in the other, can use the complementary strengths of both to understand anthelmintic modes of action and mechanisms of resistance.

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Assessing anthelmintic resistance risk in the post-genomic era: a proof-of-concept study assessing the potential for widespread benzimidazole-resistant gastrointestinal nematodes in North American cattle and bison

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182020000426 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 147 (8) ◽

pp. 897-906 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Russell W. Avramenko ◽

Elizabeth M. Redman ◽

Claire Windeyer ◽

John S. Gilleard

Keyword(s):

Drug Resistance ◽

Large Scale ◽

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Nematode Species ◽

Amplicon Sequencing ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

Genomic Research ◽

Resistance Risk ◽

Benzimidazole Resistance

AbstractAs genomic research continues to improve our understanding of the genetics of anthelmintic drug resistance, the revolution in DNA sequencing technologies will provide increasing opportunities for large-scale surveillance for the emergence of drug resistance. In most countries, parasite control in cattle and bison has mainly depended on pour-on macrocyclic lactone formulations resulting in widespread ivermectin resistance. Consequently, there is an increased interest in using benzimidazole drugs which have been used comparatively little in cattle and bison in recent years. This situation, together with our understanding of benzimidazole resistance genetics, provides a practical opportunity to use deep-amplicon sequencing to assess the risk of drug resistance emergence. In this paper, we use deep-amplicon sequencing to scan for those mutations in the isotype-1 β-tubulin gene previously associated with benzimidazole resistance in many trichostrongylid nematode species. We found that several of these mutations occur at low frequency in many cattle and bison parasite populations in North America, suggesting increased use of benzimidazole drugs in cattle has the potential to result in widespread emergence of resistance in multiple parasite species. This work illustrates a post-genomic approach to large-scale surveillance of early emergence of anthelmintic resistance in the field.

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Complementary Approaches to Understand Anthelmintic Resistance Using Free-Living and Parasitic Nematodes

10.20944/preprints202008.0313.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Janneke Wit ◽

Clayton Dilks ◽

Erik Andersen

Keyword(s):

Haemonchus Contortus ◽

Parasitic Nematode ◽

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Animal Health ◽

Nematode Species ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Mechanisms Of Resistance ◽

Free Living ◽

Powerful Approach ◽

Anthelmintic Drugs

Parasitic nematode infections impact human and animal health globally, especially in the developing world. Anthelmintic drugs are the major line of defense against these infections, but the arsenal is limited. Additionally, anthelmintic resistance is widespread in veterinary parasites and an emerging threat in human parasites. Discoveries of the mode of action of these drugs and mechanisms of resistance have predominantly come from studies of a related non-parasitic nematode species, Caenorhabditis elegans, and the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus. Here, we discuss recent progress understanding anthelmintic resistance using these two species and how that progress relates to laboratory and field-based studies of veterinary helminths. We present a powerful approach enabled by the strengths of both nematode species to understand mechanisms of resistance and modes of action of anthelmintic drugs.

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The use of high resolution melting analysis of ITS-1 for rapid differentiation of parasitic nematodes Haemonchus contortus and Ashworthius sidemi

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-73037-9 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lucie Skorpikova ◽

Nikol Reslova ◽

Jan Magdalek ◽

Jaroslav Vadlejch ◽

Martin Kasny

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Haemonchus Contortus ◽

High Resolution Melting ◽

Nematode Species ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

High Resolution Melting Analysis ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Correct Identification ◽

Ashworthius Sidemi ◽

Melting Analysis

Abstract Among gastrointestinal nematodes, haematophagous strongylids Haemonchus contortus and Ashworthius sidemi belong to the most pathogenic parasites of both domestic and wild ruminants. Correct identification of parasitic taxa is of crucial importance in many areas of parasite research, including monitoring of occurrence, epidemiological studies, or testing of effectiveness of therapy. In this study, we identified H. contortus and A. sidemi in a broad range of ruminant hosts that occur in the Czech Republic using morphological/morphometric and molecular approaches. As an advanced molecular method, we employed qPCR followed by High Resolution Melting analysis, specifically targeting the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) sequence to distinguish the two nematode species. We demonstrate that High Resolution Melting curves allow for taxonomic affiliation, making it a convenient, rapid, and reliable identification tool.

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High Predatory Capacity of a Novel Arthrobotrys oligospora Variety on the Ovine Gastrointestinal Nematode Haemonchus contortus (Rhabditomorpha: Trichostrongylidae)

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10070815 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 815

Author(s):

Fabián Arroyo-Balán ◽

Fidel Landeros-Jaime ◽

Roberto González-Garduño ◽

Cristiana Cazapal-Monteiro ◽

Maria Sol Arias-Vázquez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Haemonchus Contortus ◽

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

Control Group ◽

Arthrobotrys Oligospora ◽

Aerial Hyphae ◽

Conidia Production ◽

Predatory Capacity

With the worldwide development of anthelmintic resistance, new alternative approaches for controlling gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep are urgently required. In this work, we identified and characterized native nematode-trapping fungi. We collected seven isolates of fungi with the capacity to form adhesive, three-dimensional networks as the main mechanism to capture, kill, and consume nematodes. The nematode-trapping fungi were classified into two groups; the first group includes the R2-13 strain, showing faster growth, abundant aerial hyphae, scarce conidia production, bigger conidia, and it formed a clade with Arthrobotrys oligospora sensu stricto. The second comprises the A6, A12, A13, R2-1, R2-6, and R2-14 strains, showing a growth adhering to the culture medium, forming little aerial hyphae, smaller conidia, and these formed a sister clade to A. oligospora. Except for the R2-6 strain, conidia production was induced by light. In all the strains, the predatory capacity against the sheep gastrointestinal nematode Haemonchus contortus was greater than 58% compared with the control group. The A6 and A13 strains were the most active against the infective H. contortus third instar (L3) larvae, with an average capture capacity of 91%. Altogether, our results support evidence for a novel A. oligospora variety with high nematode-trapping activity and promissory in helminthic control.

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