Isolation Coronavirus and Rotavirus Associated With Calves, in Central Part of Oromia, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umer Seid ◽  
Fufa Dawo ◽  
Munera Ahmednur ◽  
Asamino Tesfaye
Keyword(s):  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Rotavirus Infection

Abstract Background: Coronavirus and Rotavirus are most commonly associated etiologies for calves’ diarrhea resulting in loss of productivity and economy of farmers. However, various facets of diarrheal disease caused by coronavirus and rotavirus in calves in Ethiopia are inadequately understood. A cross sectional study was conducted with the aim of isolation and molecular characterization of coronavirus and rotavirus from calves in central part of Oromia (Bishoftu, Sebata, Holeta and Addis Ababa), Ethiopia from November 2018 to May 2019. The four study areas were purposively selected and fecal samples were collected by simple random sampling for diagnosis of coronavirus and rotavirus infection by using antigen detection Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (Ag-ELISA) kit. In addition, this study was carried out to have insight in prevalence and associated risk factors of coronavirus and rotavirus infection in calves. Result: During the study 83 diarrheic and 162 non-diarrheic fecal samples collected from calves less than 4 weeks of age were screened for coronavirus and rotavirus. Of the 83 diarrheic samples, 1 sample (1.2%) was positive for coronavirus antigen (Ag) and 6 samples (7.2%) were found to be positive for rotavirus antigen (Ag) by Ag-ELISA. All the non-diarrheic samples were negative for both coronavirus and rotavirus Ag. The overall prevalence of coronavirus and rotavirus infection in calves were estimated as 0.4% (1/245) and 2.45% (6/245) respectively. All samples (7) of ELISA test positive of both coronavirus and rotavirus were propagated in Madin Darby bovine kidney cells (MDBK). After 3 subsequent passages, progressive cytopathic effect (CPE) i.e. rounding, detachment as well as destruction of mono-layer cell of five sample (1 sample of coronavirus and 4 sample of rotavirus) (71.4%) were observed. At the molecular stage, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique was used to determine the presence of coronavirus and rotavirus nucleic acid by using specific primers. The 5 samples that were coronavirus and rotavirus antigen positive by ELISA and develop CPE on cell culture were also positive on RT-PCR technique. Infection prevalence peaked have been obtained at 1st and 2nd weeks of age in male calves. Conclusion: Diarrheal disease caused by coronavirus and rotavirus has a great health problem in calves that interrupts production benefits with reduced weight gain and increased mortality, and its potential for zoonotic spread. So the present findings show coronavirus and rotavirus infection in calves in Ethiopia that needs to be addressed by practicing early colostrums feeding in newborn calves, using vaccine, or improving livestock management.

scholarly journals Isolation and Characterization of Coronavirus and Rotavirus Associated With Calves, in Central Part of Oromia, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umer Seid Geletu ◽  
Fufa Dawo Bari ◽  
Munera Ahmednur Usmael ◽  
Asamino Tesfaye
Keyword(s):  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Rotavirus Infection ◽  
Isolation And Characterization

Abstract Background: Coronavirus and Rotavirus are most commonly associated etiologies for calves’ diarrhea resulting in loss of productivity and economy of farmers. However, various facets of diarrheal disease caused by coronavirus and rotavirus in calves in Ethiopia are inadequately understood. A cross sectional study was conducted with the aim of isolation and molecular characterization of coronavirus and rotavirus from calves in central part of Oromia (Bishoftu, Sebata, Holeta and Addis Ababa), Ethiopia from November 2018 to May 2019. The four study areas were purposively selected and fecal samples were collected by simple random sampling for diagnosis of coronavirus and rotavirus infection by using antigen detection Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (Ag-ELISA) kit. In addition, this study was carried out to have insight in prevalence and associated risk factors of coronavirus and rotavirus infection in calves. Result: During the study 83 diarrheic and 162 non-diarrheic fecal samples collected from calves less than 4 weeks of age were screened for coronavirus and rotavirus. Of the 83 diarrheic samples, 1 sample (1.2%) was positive for coronavirus antigen (Ag) and 6 samples (7.2%) were found to be positive for rotavirus antigen (Ag) by Ag-ELISA. All the non-diarrheic samples were negative for both coronavirus and rotavirus Ag. The overall prevalence of coronavirus and rotavirus infection in calves were estimated as 0.4% (1/245) and 2.45% (6/245) respectively. All samples (7) of ELISA test positive of both coronavirus and rotavirus were propagated in Madin Darby bovine kidney cells (MDBK). After 3 subsequent passages, progressive cytopathic effect (CPE) i.e. rounding, detachment as well as destruction of mono-layer cell of five sample (1 sample of coronavirus and 4 sample of rotavirus) (71.4%) were observed. At the molecular stage, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique was used to determine the presence of coronavirus and rotavirus nucleic acid by using specific primers. The 5 samples that were coronavirus and rotavirus antigen positive by ELISA and develop CPE on cell culture were also positive on RT-PCR technique. Infection prevalence peaked have been obtained at 1st and 2nd weeks of age in male calves. Conclusion: Diarrheal disease caused by coronavirus and rotavirus has a great health problem in calves that interrupts production benefits with reduced weight gain and increased mortality, and its potential for zoonotic spread. So the present findings show coronavirus and rotavirus infection in calves in Ethiopia that needs to be addressed by practicing early colostrums feeding in newborn calves, using vaccine, or improving livestock management.

scholarly journals Isolation and Characterization of Coronavirus and Rotavirus Associated with Calves in Central Part of Oromia, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Umer Seid ◽  
Fufa Dawo ◽  
Asamino Tesfaye ◽  
Munera Ahmednur
Keyword(s):  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rotavirus Infection ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Faecal Samples

Background. Coronavirus and rotavirus are most commonly associated etiologies for calves’ diarrhoea, resulting in loss of productivity and economy of farmers. However, various facets of diarrheal disease caused by coronavirus and rotavirus in calves in Ethiopia are inadequately understood. A cross-sectional study was conducted with the aim of isolation and molecular characterization of coronavirus and rotavirus from calves in the central part of Oromia (Bishoftu, Sebata, Holeta, and Addis Ababa), Ethiopia, from November 2018 to May 2019. The four study areas were purposively selected and faecal samples were collected by simple random sampling for diagnosis of coronavirus and rotavirus infection by using the antigen detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Ag-ELISA) kit. In addition, this study was carried out to have insight in prevalence and associated risk factors of coronavirus and rotavirus infection in calves. Result. During the study, 83 diarrheic and 162 nondiarrheic faecal samples collected from calves less than 4 weeks of age were screened for coronavirus and rotavirus. Of the 83 diarrheic samples, 1 sample (1.2%) was positive for coronavirus antigen and 6 samples (7.2%) were found to be positive for rotavirus antigen by Ag-ELISA. All the nondiarrheic samples were negative for both coronavirus and rotavirus Ag. The overall prevalence of coronavirus and rotavirus infection in calves was estimated at 0.4% (1/245) and 2.45% (6/245), respectively. All samples (7) of ELISA test positive of both coronavirus and rotavirus were propagated in Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells. After 3 subsequent passages, progressive cytopathic effect (CPE), i.e., rounding, detachment, and the destruction of monolayer cell of five samples (1 sample of coronavirus and 4 samples of rotavirus) (71.4%) were observed. At the molecular stage, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique was used to determine the presence of coronavirus and rotavirus nucleic acid by using specific primers. The 5 samples that were coronavirus and rotavirus antigen positive by ELISA and develop CPE on cell culture were also positive on RT-PCR technique. The prevalence of infection peaked at 1st and 2nd weeks of age in male calves. Conclusion. Diarrheal disease caused by coronavirus and rotavirus has a great health problem in calves that interrupts production benefits with reduced weight gain and increased mortality and its potential for zoonotic spread. So, the present findings show coronavirus and rotavirus infection in calves in Ethiopia that needs to be addressed by practising early colostrum feeding in newborn calves, using vaccine, or improving livestock management.

Investigation of Rotavirus infection in sheep usingserological and molecular techniques

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Volkan Yilmaz. ◽  
M.Ozkan Timurkan ◽  
Nuvit Coskun ◽  
Yakup Yildirim
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Detection ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Rotavirus Infection ◽  
Scale Family ◽  
Polymerase Chain

In this study, serological and molecular research was conducted on the Rotavirus infection in domestic breeds of sheep at 2–3 years of age. The sheep included in the study were raised on small scale family units of less than 20 sheep per unit, in central Kars province and its districts (Susuz, Arpaçay, Kagizman and Selim) in the Northeast Anatolia region of Turkey. The blood and fecal samples were collected randomly from 450 sheep. They were analyzed for the presence of Rotavirus and the antibody against the virus using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The highest seropositive ratio (73.46%) was found in central Kars province. The seroprevalence of Rotavirus in sheep raised in the Kars region was determined to be 55.33%. Rotavirus was not detected in fecal samples with ELISA. Molecular detection of Rotavirus from fecal samples was done by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique using specific generic primers for VP6 protein. Rotavirus could not be detected in RT-PCR. The data that were obtained showed that the infection spreads on small scale family farms. Based on this information, recommendations were made for controlling Rotavirus infection.

scholarly journals Prevalence of rotavirus infection and its association with socio-demographic characteristics among under-five children admitted with acute diarrhoea in a tertiary care hospital of Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 186-190
Author(s):  
Farjana Binte Habib ◽  
Mohammed Mirazur Rahman ◽  
Rafaat Choudhury ◽  
Tarun Kanti Paul ◽  
Md Moynul Haque
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Acute Diarrhoea ◽  
Watery Diarrhoea ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rotavirus Infection ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children

Background: Rotavirus has been recognized as the most common cause of acute watery diarrhoea among under-five children worldwide. It is considered as a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality particularly in developing countries like Bangladesh. Considering the high morbidity and significant mortality, this study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of rotaviral diarrhoea among children less than five years in Sylhet region of Bangladesh. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College from 1st January to 31st December, 2018. Total 184 under-five children admitted in paediatrics department of the same institute with acute watery diarrhoea were enrolled in this study by convenient sampling. Stool samples were obtained and assayed for rotavirus antigen by sandwich type enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Rotaviral antigen was found positive in 86 cases and disease prevalence was 46.74%. The rotavirus infection was found highest in age group of 7 to 12 months (50.56%) and in male (59.30%) children. Prevalence of infection was associated with age (p= 0.004), socio-economic condition (p=0.001) and exclusive breastfeeding of children (p=0.01). Conclusion: Rotavirus was a significant cause of acute watery diarrhoea and mainly affected children below 12 months age. BIRDEM Med J 2021; 11(3): 186-190

scholarly journals Gambaran Tingkat Kecemasan dan Kadar Hormon Kortisol Ibu Nifas

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-63
Author(s):  
Ni Putu Dian Ayu Anggraeni ◽  
Baiq Eka Putri Saudia
Keyword(s):  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
P Value ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Multiparous Women ◽  
Pearson Correlation Test ◽  
Cortisol Levels ◽  
Postpartum Mothers

Introduction: Physical, social, mental, and psychological issues are common in the first few days after giving birth. According to some research, postpartum depression symptoms are linked to high cortisol levels. Postpartum psychological stress causes higher cortisol levels. Objective: The aim of this study was to look at postpartum mother's anxiety and cortisol levels. Methods: An Analytical Survey with a Cross-Sectional Approach is used in this analysis. With simple random sampling, there were 38 samples that met the inclusion criteria. Data was collected using the PSAS questionnaire for anxiety and an ELISA test for cortisol levels. Univariate and Pearson correlation test is used in the data analysis. Results: The majority of postpartum mothers reported mild anxiety in the first 24 hours after childbirth, with an average cortisol level of 10.034ng/ml 47.4%. The average level of the puerperal hormone cortisol in primiparous women was 14.60ng/ml higher than in multiparous women 7.42 ng/dl. Conclusion: With a p-value of 0.017, there was a substantial difference in cortisol levels between primiparous and multiparous postpartum mothers. With a p-value <0.001, there was a close connection between anxiety scores and cortisol levels. Future studies would need to focus on making it easier for postpartum mothers to feel less anxious.

scholarly journals The Prevalence of Hepatitis B and C Virus Infections in the Couples Attending a Premarital Screening Program in Zakho City, Kurdistan Region of Iraq

2021 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shakir Abdulrahman Jamal ◽  
Ibrahim Abdulqader Naqid ◽  
Nawfal Rasheed Hussein ◽  
Solav Rashed Abdulqader ◽  
Avan Ali Nimet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Genotype 4 ◽  
Premarital Screening

Background: Hepatitis B and C virus (HBV and HCV) infections are major global health issues and the leading causes of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of HBV and HCV infections in couples attending a premarital screening program in Zakho city, Kurdistan region, Iraq. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in Zakho city, Kurdistan Region of Iraq, between January and October 2019. During this period, 2123 couples were screened for HBV and HCV as a part of premarital screening. The age of couples ranged from 18 to 63 years old. ELISA test was used to detect HBsAg, HBc IgG, and HCV Ab. Hepatitis C virus Ab positivity was then confirmed by HCV RT-PCR, and all HCV positive patients were then tested for genotyping. Results: Among the recruited subjects, 38/4246 (0.89%) patients were positive for HBsAg. Of these, 12/2123 (0.57%) were females, and 26/2123 (1.22%) were males. Hepatitis C virus RT-PCR confirmed HCV positivity for one female patient who was further confirmed to be infected with HCV genotype 4. Conclusions: To conclude, the present study showed a relatively low prevalence of HBV and HCV infections in the couples tested through the premarital screening program in Zakho city. The prevalence of HBV seropositivity was higher in males than females. Therefore special attention should be paid to males during prevention strategies.

scholarly journals Sero-prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Berhanu Nega Alemu ◽  
Adamu Addissie ◽  
Gemechis Mamo ◽  
Negussie Deyessa ◽  
Tamrat Abebe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serological Test ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
History Of ◽  
Community Transmission ◽  
Pcr Test

AbstractBackgroundAnti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests are being increasingly used for sero-epidemiological purposes to provide better understanding of the extent of the infection in the community, and monitoring the progression of the COVID-19 epidemic. We conducted sero-prevalence study to estimate prior infection with with SARS-CoV-2 in Addis Ababa.MethodsA cross-sectional study was done from April 23 to 28, 2020 among 301 randomly selected residents of Addis Ababa; with no known history of contact with confirmed COVID-19 person. Interviews on socio demographic and behavioural risk factor followed by serological tests were performed for SARS-CoV-2 IgM, and IgG antibodies, using COVID-19 IgG/IgM Rapid Test Cassette. The test has sensitivity of 87·9% and specificity of 100% for lgM; and a sensitivity of 97·2% and specificity of 100% for IgG. RT-PCR test was also done on combined nasopharyngeal and oropharengeal swabs as an important public health consideration.FindingsThe unadjusted antibody-based crude SARS-CoV-2 prevalence was 7·6% and the adjusted true SARS-CoV-2 prevalence was estimated at 8·8% (95% CI 5·5%-11·6%) for the study population. Higher sero-prevalence were observed for males (9.0%), age below 50 years (8.2%), students and unemployed (15.6%), those with primary education (12.1%), smokers (7.8%), alcohol consumers (8.6%), chatt-chewers (13.6%) and shish smokers (18.8%). Seroprevalence was not significantly associated neither with socio-demographic not behavioral characteristics. According to the findings, possibly more individuals had been infected in Addis Ababa than what was being detected and reported by RT-PCR test suggestive of community transmission. The use of serological test for epidemiological estimation of the extent of SARS-CoV-2 epidemic gives a more precise estimate of magnitude which would be used for further monitoring and surveillance of the magnitude of the SARS CoV-2 infection.

scholarly journals The prevalence and risk factors for human Brucella species infection in a cross-sectional survey of a rural population in Punjab, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 114 (4) ◽  
pp. 255-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Punam Mangtani ◽  
Isha Berry ◽  
Wendy Beauvais ◽  
Hannah R Holt ◽  
Amit Kulashri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Buffalo Milk ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Milk Consumption ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Goat’S Milk ◽  
Goat's Milk

Abstract Background Brucellosis is an important neglected zoonosis. Effective cattle vaccines are available but are infrequently used in India, where rural households commonly own one or two cattle as sources of protein and income. We assessed the prevalence of infection and risk factors in humans. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional sero-survey in randomly selected individuals in 60 villages in Punjab. Infection prevalence was assessed by positive Rose Bengal testing or immunoglobulin G enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Risk factors were adjusted for potential confounding using multivariable analyses. Results Of the 1927 subjects who were approached, 93% agreed to participate. Age-standardised prevalence for Brucella infection was 2.24% (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.61 to 3.11). More than 60% of households kept cattle and 10% assisted with calving or abortions. Nearly all individuals consumed boiled cow/buffalo milk from their own or neighbours' cattle and 3.3% consumed goat’s milk. There was a 2.18 times increased odds (95% CI 0.96 to 4.95) of infection with calving/abortions and a 4.26 times increased odds (95% CI 1.33 to 13.6) with goat’s milk but not bovine milk consumption. Conclusions An association with calving/abortions and goat’s milk consumption was seen. Brucella vaccination of household livestock would reduce the risk to humans in such settings. Additional measures include biosecurity training around calving/abortions, education to boil all milk and for healthcare workers to test for brucellosis.

Prevalence of Rotavirus among Iraqi children with diarrhea in Diyala province

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali R. Hameed
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Test Device ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rotavirus Infection ◽  
High Infection ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Rotavirus is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in children below five years. Objectives: The aim of this study to evaluate the prevalence of rotavirus among children with diarrhea, the efficacy of Rotavirus Rapid Test Device (RTD)and ELISA and evaluate the relationship between the demographic agent and clinical presentation associated with rotavirus. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at AL-Batool Teaching Hospital in Baqubah, from the first of April 2019 to 31 of March 2020, on (300) children with diarrhea below five years of age. The patients included (n=161, 53.6%) males and (n=139, 46.3%) females. The patient’s age, gender, living area, season, mode of feeding, source of water supply and sterilization, were collected through a questionnaire prepared for this study. The Rapid Test and ELISA are used for the detection of rotavirus in fecal specimens.  Results: The rotavirus antigen was detected in (47.33%) stool specimens by the ELISA test and (59%) by Rotavirus Rapid Test Device (RTD) from (300) children with diarrhea and high infection in the age group between 13-24 months at the rate (49.40%). The highest infection rate in spring was (56.00%) and lower in summer (33.33%). The infection males more than females (42.24% vs. 39.57%). High significant infection among children living in rural areas (55.68%) compared to those living in urban areas (35.48%). According to the clinical features, the results showed the rate of rotavirus infection in children with fever was (54.90%), vomiting (42.03%), those suffering from severe dehydration (48.85) some dehydration 78 (46.15%), however, rotavirus infection was significant with fever only. 

scholarly journals Performance of Latex agglutination, ELISA and RT-PCR for diagnosis of Rotavirus infection

2018 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hosna Hamzavi ◽  
Azarakhsh Azaran ◽  
Manoochehr Makvandi ◽  
Sahar Karami ◽  
Mohammad Roayaei Ardakani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Latex Agglutination ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Rotavirus Infection ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Positive Results

The rotavirus is one of the major factors of inducing the acute gastroenteritis infection in children under 5 years of age. The laboratory diagnosis is progress and bringing it under control as well as avoiding its diffusion. The purpose of the present study was to determine the performance of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Latex agglutination (LA) tests against reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for evaluating the children’s acute gastroenteritis by rotavirus. One hundred feces specimens were collected from February to May 2014 and analyzed by LA, ELISA and RT-PCR. In this study, the positive results for rotavirus detected by ELISA, LA and RT-PCR were 37, 43 and 27%, respectively. In addition, the result showed that the sensitivity and specificity of ELISA and LA were 74 and 85%, respectively, when compared to RT-PCR. For laboratory detection of Rotavirus infection, RT-PCR has the highest sensitivity and specificity but because of the high costs, ELISA and LA based kits with good performance, as shown by this study, can be preferred for the routine use.

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