Uncomplicated falciparum malaria among schoolchildren in Bajil district of Hodeidah governorate, west of Yemen: Association with anaemia and underweight

Abstract Background Malaria, malnutrition and anaemia are major public health problems in Yemen, with Hodeidah being the most malaria-afflicted governorate. To address the lack of relevant studies, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum and its relation to nutritional status and haematological indices among schoolchildren in Bajil district of Hodeidah governorate, west of Yemen. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 schoolchildren selected randomly from four schools in Bajil district. Data about demographic characteristics, risk factors and anthropometric measurements of age, height and weight were collected. Duplicate thick and thin blood films were prepared, stained with Giemsa and examined microscopically for malaria parasites. The density of P. falciparum asexual stages was estimated on thick films. EDTA-blood samples were examined for the haematological indices of haemoglobin (Hb) and blood cell counts. Results P. falciparum was prevalent among 8.0% (32/400) of schoolchildren with a mean parasite density of 244.3 \(\pm\)299.3/µl of blood and most infections showing low-level parasitaemia, whereas Plasmodium vivax was detected in one child (0.25%). Residing near water collections was a significant predictor of falciparum malaria (OR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.14–5.05; p = 0.019) in schoolchildren. Mild anaemia was prevalent among more than half of P. falciparum-infected schoolchildren and significantly associated with falciparum malaria, with a mean Hb concentration of 10.7 \(\pm\)1.0 g/dL. Although the mean values of the total white blood cells, monocytes and platelets were significantly lower in infected than non-infected schoolchildren, they were within normal ranges. More than half of the children were malnourished, with stunting (39.3%) and underweight (36.0%) being the most prevalent forms of malnutrition; 6.3% of children were wasted. Underweight (OR = 3.3, 95% CI = 1.55–6.93; p = 0.001), but not stunting or wasting, was a significant predictor of falciparum malaria among schoolchildren. Conclusion Asymptomatic falciparum malaria is prevalent among schoolchildren in Bajil district of Hodeidah Governorate, with predominance of low parasitaemic infections and significant association with mild anaemia and underweight. Residence near water collection is a significant predictor of infection with falciparum malaria among schoolchildren. Further studies among children with severe malaria and those with high parasite densities are recommended.

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Uncomplicated falciparum malaria among schoolchildren in Bajil district of Hodeidah governorate, west of Yemen: Association with anaemia and underweight

10.21203/rs.3.rs-45486/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Talal S Alwajeeh ◽

Rashad Abdul-Ghani ◽

Amal F. Allam ◽

Hoda F. Farag ◽

Safia S.M. Khalil ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Falciparum Malaria ◽

White Blood Cells ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Significant Independent Predictor ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Mean Values ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Normal Ranges ◽

Mild Anaemia ◽

Haematological Indices

Abstract Background Malaria, malnutrition and anaemia are major public health problems in Yemen, with Hodeidah being the most malaria-afflicted governorate. To address the lack of relevant studies, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum and its relation to nutritional status and haematological indices among schoolchildren in Bajil district of Hodeidah governorate, west of Yemen. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 schoolchildren selected randomly from four schools in Bajil district. Data about demographic characteristics, risk factors and anthropometric measurements of age, height and weight were collected. Duplicate thick and thin blood films were prepared, stained with Giemsa and examined microscopically for malaria parasites. The density of P. falciparum asexual stages was estimated on thick films. EDTA-blood samples were examined for the haematological indices of haemoglobin (Hb) and blood cell counts. Results P. falciparum was prevalent among 8.0% (32/400) of schoolchildren with a mean parasite density of 244.3 299.3/µl of blood and most infections showing low-level parasitaemia, whereas Plasmodium vivax was detected in one child (0.25%). Residing near water collections was a significant independent predictor of falciparum malaria [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.6, 95.0% CI: 1.20–5.72; p = 0.016] in schoolchildren. Mild anaemia was prevalent among more than half of P. falciparum-infected schoolchildren and significantly associated with falciparum malaria (AOR = 5.8, 95.0% CI: 2.39–14.17; p <0.001), with a mean Hb concentration of 10.7 1.0 g/dL. Although the mean values of the total white blood cells, monocytes and platelets were significantly lower in infected than non-infected schoolchildren, they were within normal ranges. More than half of the children were malnourished, with stunting (39.3%) and underweight (36.0%) being the most prevalent forms of malnutrition; 6.3% of children were wasted. Underweight (AOR = 5.3, 95.0% CI: 2.09–13.62; p <0.001) but not stunting or wasting, was a significant predictor of falciparum malaria among schoolchildren. Conclusion Asymptomatic falciparum malaria is prevalent among schoolchildren in Bajil district of Hodeidah Governorate, with predominance of low parasitaemic infections and significant association with mild anaemia and underweight. Residence near water collection is a significant predictor of infection with falciparum malaria among schoolchildren. Further studies among children with severe malaria and those with high parasite densities are recommended.

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Uncomplicated falciparum malaria among schoolchildren in Bajil district of Hodeidah governorate, west of Yemen: association with anaemia and underweight

Malaria Journal ◽

10.1186/s12936-020-03431-1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Talal S. Alwajeeh ◽

Rashad Abdul-Ghani ◽

Amal F. Allam ◽

Hoda F. Farag ◽

Safia S. M. Khalil ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plasmodium Falciparum ◽

Falciparum Malaria ◽

White Blood Cells ◽

Significant Independent Predictor ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Mean Values ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Normal Ranges ◽

Mild Anaemia ◽

Haematological Indices

Abstract Background Malaria, malnutrition and anaemia are major public health problems in Yemen, with Hodeidah being the most malaria-afflicted governorate. To address the lack of relevant studies, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum and its relation to nutritional status and haematological indices among schoolchildren in Bajil district of Hodeidah governorate, west of Yemen. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 schoolchildren selected randomly from four schools in Bajil district. Data about demographic characteristics, risk factors and anthropometric measurements of age, height and weight were collected. Duplicate thick and thin blood films were prepared, stained with Giemsa and examined microscopically for malaria parasites. The density of P. falciparum asexual stages was estimated on thick films. EDTA-blood samples were examined for the haematological indices of haemoglobin (Hb) and blood cell counts. Results Plasmodium falciparum was prevalent among 8.0% (32/400) of schoolchildren with a mean parasite density of 244.3 ± 299.3/µL of blood and most infections showing low-level parasitaemia, whereas Plasmodium vivax was detected in one child (0.25%). Residing near water collections was a significant independent predictor of falciparum malaria [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.6, 95.0% CI 1.20–5.72; p = 0.016] in schoolchildren. Mild anaemia was prevalent among more than half of P. falciparum-infected schoolchildren and significantly associated with falciparum malaria (AOR = 5.8, 95.0% CI 2.39–14.17; p < 0.001), with a mean Hb concentration of 10.7 ± 1.0 g/dL. Although the mean values of the total white blood cells, monocytes and platelets were significantly lower in infected than non-infected schoolchildren, they were within normal ranges. More than half of the children were malnourished, with stunting (39.3%) and underweight (36.0%) being the most prevalent forms of malnutrition; 6.3% of children were wasted. Underweight (AOR = 5.3, 95.0% CI 2.09–13.62; p < 0.001) but not stunting or wasting, was a significant predictor of falciparum malaria among schoolchildren. Conclusion Asymptomatic falciparum malaria is prevalent among schoolchildren in Bajil district of Hodeidah Governorate, with predominance of low parasitaemic infections and significant association with mild anaemia and underweight. Residence near water collection is a significant predictor of infection with falciparum malaria among schoolchildren. Further studies among children with severe malaria and those with high parasite densities are recommended.

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Uncomplicated falciparum malaria among schoolchildren in Bajil district of Hodeidah governorate, west of Yemen: association with anaemia and underweight

10.21203/rs.3.rs-45486/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Talal S Alwajeeh ◽

Rashad Abdul-Ghani ◽

Amal F. Allam ◽

Hoda F. Farag ◽

Safia S.M. Khalil ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plasmodium Falciparum ◽

Falciparum Malaria ◽

White Blood Cells ◽

Significant Independent Predictor ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Mean Values ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Normal Ranges ◽

Mild Anaemia ◽

Haematological Indices

Abstract BackgroundMalaria, malnutrition and anaemia are major public health problems in Yemen, with Hodeidah being the most malaria-afflicted governorate. To address the lack of relevant studies, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum and its relation to nutritional status and haematological indices among schoolchildren in Bajil district of Hodeidah governorate, west of Yemen. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 schoolchildren selected randomly from four schools in Bajil district. Data about demographic characteristics, risk factors and anthropometric measurements of age, height and weight were collected. Duplicate thick and thin blood films were prepared, stained with Giemsa and examined microscopically for malaria parasites. The density of P. falciparum asexual stages was estimated on thick films. EDTA-blood samples were examined for the haematological indices of haemoglobin (Hb) and blood cell counts. Results Plasmodium falciparum was prevalent among 8.0% (32/400) of schoolchildren with a mean parasite density of 244.3 299.3/µl of blood and most infections showing low-level parasitaemia, whereas Plasmodium vivax was detected in one child (0.25%). Residing near water collections was a significant independent predictor of falciparum malaria (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.6, 95.0% CI: 1.20-5.72; p = 0.016) in schoolchildren. Mild anaemia was prevalent among more than half of P. falciparum-infected schoolchildren and significantly associated with falciparum malaria (AOR = 5.8, 95.0% CI: 2.39-14.17; p <0.001), with a mean Hb concentration of 10.7 1.0 g/dL. Although the mean values of the total white blood cells, monocytes and platelets were significantly lower in infected than non-infected schoolchildren, they were within normal ranges. More than half of the children were malnourished, with stunting (39.3%) and underweight (36.0%) being the most prevalent forms of malnutrition; 6.3% of children were wasted. Underweight (AOR = 5.3, 95.0% CI: 2.09-13.62; p <0.001) but not stunting or wasting, was a significant predictor of falciparum malaria among schoolchildren. ConclusionAsymptomatic falciparum malaria is prevalent among schoolchildren in Bajil district of Hodeidah Governorate, with predominance of low parasitaemic infections and significant association with mild anaemia and underweight. Residence near water collection is a significant predictor of infection with falciparum malaria among schoolchildren. Further studies among children with severe malaria and those with high parasite densities are recommended.

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Genetic Variation of a −176g>c Interleukin-6 Correlated with White Blood Cells Count in Obesity of Indonesia

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3889/oamjms.2021.6149 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (A) ◽

pp. 324-327

Author(s):

Dwi Eni Danarsih ◽

Pramudji Hastuti ◽

Agus Kristianto

Keyword(s):

Blood Cell ◽

Interleukin 6 ◽

Blood Cells ◽

White Blood Cells ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Obese Group ◽

Obese People ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Gene Variation ◽

Cell Counts

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Obesity can trigger inflammation by increasing the synthesis of interleukin-6 (IL-6) which leads to leukocyte recruitment, differentiation of B lymphocytes, activating T lymphocyte cells, and triggering hematopoiesis. Variations in the IL-6 promoter gene are known to affect transcription rates. The previous studies have still found different results regarding the relationship between these gene variations and blood cell numbers. AIM: This study aimed to determine the influence of IL-6 gene variation with white blood cells counts in obese people of Indonesia. METHODS: A total of 148 people participated in this cross-sectional study. The number of obese people was 80 subjects and there were 68 non-obese people as controls. Obesity was determined based on the criteria of Asians. RESULTS: Genotype CC was not found in this study, while the GC genotype was found only in the obese group. The GG genotype in obese group had waist circumference, diastolic blood pressure, and higher lymphocyte rates significantly higher than the non-obese group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Variation of −174G>C IL-6 gene is associated with high white blood cell counts, especially lymphocytes number in obese people in Indonesia.

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Effect of Medialization of the Trochlear Groove and Lateralization of the Tibial Tubercle on TT-TG Distance: A Cross-sectional Study of Dysplastic and Nondysplastic Knees

The American Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/0363546520987819 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 036354652098781

Author(s):

Mathias Paiva ◽

Lars Blønd ◽

Per Hölmich ◽

Kristoffer Weisskirchner Barfod

Keyword(s):

Trochlear Dysplasia ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Magnetic Resonance Images ◽

Tibial Tubercle ◽

Control Group ◽

Trochlear Groove ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Mean Values ◽

The Mean

Background: Tibial tubercle–trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance is often used as a measure of lateralization of the TT and is important for surgical planning. Purpose: To investigate if increased TT-TG distance measured on axial magnetic resonance images is due to lateralization of the TT or medialization of the TG. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 84 knees (28 normal [NK], 28 with trochlear dysplasia [TD], and 28 with patellar dislocation without TD [PD]) were examined. The medial border of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) was chosen as the central anatomic landmark. The distance from the TT to PCL (TT-PCL) was measured to examine the lateralization of the TT. The distance from the TG to the PCL (TG-PCL) was measured to examine the medialization of the TG. Between-group differences were investigated by use of 1-way analysis of variance. Results: The mean values for TT-TG distance were 8.7 ± 3.6 mm for NK, 12.1 ± 6.0 mm for PD, and 16.7 ± 4.3 mm in the TD group ( P < .01). The mean values for TT-PCL distance were 18.5 ± 3.6 mm for NK, 18.5 ± 4.5 mm for PD, and 21.2 ± 4.2 mm in the TD group ( P = .03). The mean values for TG-PCL distance were 9.6 ± 3.0 mm for NK, 7.1 ± 3.4 mm for PD, and 5.1 ± 3.3 mm in the dysplastic group ( P < .01). Conclusion: The present results indicate that increased TT-TG distance is due to medialization of the TG and not lateralization of the TT. Knees with TD had increased TT-TG distance compared with the knees of the control group and the knees with PD. The TT-PCL distance did not differ significantly between groups, whereas the TG-PCL distance declined with increased TT-TG.

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Risk factors for cerebral vasospasm in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Open Medicine ◽

10.1515/med-2020-0169 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 598-604

Author(s):

Valentina Opancina ◽

Snezana Lukic ◽

Slobodan Jankovic ◽

Radisa Vojinovic ◽

Milan Mijailovic

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽

Cerebral Vasospasm ◽

Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽

Medical Center ◽

White Blood Cells ◽

Cerebral Aneurysms ◽

International Normalized Ratio ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional

AbstractIntroductionAneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is a type of spontaneous hemorrhagic stroke, which is caused by a ruptured cerebral aneurysm. Cerebral vasospasm (CVS) is the most grievous complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The aim of this study was to examine the risk factors that influence the onset of CVS that develops after endovascular coil embolization of a ruptured aneurysm.Materials and methodsThe study was designed as a cross-sectional study. The patients included in the study were 18 or more years of age, admitted within a period of 24 h of symptom onset, diagnosed and treated at a university medical center in Serbia during a 5-year period.ResultsOur study showed that the maximum recorded international normalized ratio (INR) values in patients who were not receiving anticoagulant therapy and the maximum recorded white blood cells (WBCs) were strongly associated with cerebrovascular spasm, increasing its chances 4.4 and 8.4 times with an increase of each integer of the INR value and 1,000 WBCs, respectively.ConclusionsSAH after the rupture of cerebral aneurysms creates an endocranial inflammatory state whose intensity is probably directly related to the occurrence of vasospasm and its adverse consequences.

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Micronutrient Deficiencies and Stunting Were Associated with Socioeconomic Status in Indonesian Children Aged 6–59 Months

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13061802 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 1802

Author(s):

Fitrah Ernawati ◽

Ahmad Syauqy ◽

Aya Yuriestia Arifin ◽

Moesijanti Y. E. Soekatri ◽

Sandjaja Sandjaja

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Vitamin A Deficiency ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽

Normal Height ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Severe Stunting ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Hb Concentration

Micronutrient deficiencies and stunting are known as a significant problem in most developing countries, including Indonesia. The objective of this study was to analyze the association between micronutrient deficiencies and stunting with socioeconomic status (SES) among Indonesian children aged 6–59 months. This cross-sectional study was part of the South East Asian Nutrition Surveys (SEANUTS). A total of 1008 Indonesian children were included in the study. Anemia, iron deficiency, vitamin A deficiency, vitamin D deficiency, and stunting were identified in this study. Structured questionnaires were used to measure SES. Differences between micronutrient parameters and anthropometric indicators with the SES groups were tested using one-way ANOVA with post-hoc test after adjusted for age, area resident (rural and urban), and sex. The highest prevalence of anemia, stunting, and severe stunting were found to be most significant in the lowest SES group at 45.6%, 29.3%, and 54.5%, respectively. Children from the lowest SES group had significantly lower means of Hb, ferritin, retinol, and HAZ. Severely stunted children had a significantly lower mean of Hb concentration compared to stunted and normal height children. Micronutrient deficiencies, except vitamin D, and stunting, were associated with low SES among Indonesian children aged 6–59 months.

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The situation of antibiotic use for diarrhea treatment on pediatric inpatient at Pediatrics - Kien Giang General Hospital in 2019-2020

Journal of Medicine and Pharmacy ◽

10.34071/jmp.2020.6.2 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 15-24

Author(s):

Nhon Tran Van ◽

Mai Do Van ◽

Hien Ha Minh

Keyword(s):

General Hospital ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Antibiotic Prescription ◽

White Blood Cells ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Loose Stool ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Watery Stool ◽

Pediatric Inpatient

Background: To survey for evaluation the use of antibiotic for diarrhea treatment on pediatric inpatient in compliance with MOH, WHO or treatment regimen. Objectives: (1) To describe the situation of antibiotic use for diarrhea treatment and (2) to determine factors that affected on indication of antibiotic for pediatric inpatient under 15 years at Kien Giang General Hospital in 2019. Subjects and methods: A cross-sectional study on 251 medical records of pediatric inpatients who treated by one of any drug from 01/2019 to 12/2019. Results: one antibiotic was prescribed in 71.7% in comparison with 17.1% on two antibiotics. The antibiotic prescription was based on the results of blood test including examinations of white blood cells (WBC), the percentage of neutrophils (Neu%) and/or C-reactive protein (CRP) (59.4%), stool with white blood cells and/or red blood cells (1.6%), high fever without causes (27.9%), watery stool (86.3%), loose stool with blood (100%), loose stool (97.9%). The most used antibiotics are ceftriaxone (53.4%), ciprofloxacin (12.4%). Duration of antibiotic use is 5 days in median. Conclusion: The rate of antibiotic prescription that met MOH and WHO guidelines was 88.3% in comparison with 11.7% of non-conformance. The compliance prescriptions based on antibiogram were 77.8%, non-compliance were 22.5%. The compliance dosage refered to guideline was 86.4%, non-conpliance was 2.4%. The duration of hospitalization and neutrophil are factors that affected the use of antibiotics (p < 0.05). Keywords: diarrhea, pediatric inpatient, antibiotic, Pediatrics-Kien Giang General Hospital

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Comparative assessment of odontometric parameters for gender determination: A hospital based cross-sectional study

Indian Journal of Forensic and Community Medicine ◽

10.18231/j.ijfcm.2021.030 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 147-152

Author(s):

Mosmi Lomi ◽

Jonathan Daniel M

Keyword(s):

Sexual Dimorphism ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Mean Value ◽

The Body ◽

Central Incisor ◽

Maxillary Canine ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Mean Values ◽

Gender Determination ◽

Significant Difference

Determining gender is one of the most important procedure in forensics. Teeth are made of the most enduring mineralized tissues in the body, as such, they have an extraordinary resistance to putrefaction and the effects of external agents (physical, thermal, mechanical, chemical or biological) which makes them invaluable material for anthropological, genetic, odontologic and forensic examinations.i)To assess the degree of sexual dimorphism in maxillary canine using maxillary canine index, maxillary first molar and central incisor using mesiodistal (MD) and buccolingual/buccopalatal (BL) dimensions of the crown. ii) To determine the accuracy of maxillary canine index, first molar and central incisor dimensions (mesiodistal and buccolingual/buccopalatal) in determining sex.This study consisted of total 30 participants (males=15, females=15) of age group ranging from 20 to 35 yrs. Measurement of dimensions of selected teeth were performed on maxillary cast using digital Vernier caliper, resolution 0.01mm. Data thus obtained were analyzed statistically.The mean values of all the measurements in males were greater than females. There was statistical significant difference in mean value of bucco-lingual width of molar, mesiodistal width of canine (on left side, right side and average) and the inter-canine distance between males and females. The buccolingual width of molar showed the highest % of sexual dimorphism (5.33%) and the mesiodistal width of molar showed the least % of dimorphism (0.7%). Bucco-lingual width of molar posed the highest prediction accuracy for gender determination. We conclude that buccolingual width of maxillary first molar can be used to predict the gender when only teeth of maxillary arch are available for forensic examination.

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High expression of E-cadherin and Ki-67 associated with functional/dysfunctional phenotypes of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes among Chinese patients with operable breast cancer

Journal of International Medical Research ◽

10.1177/0300060518799567 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 46 (12) ◽

pp. 5219-5227 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ruibin Wang ◽

Feng Shi ◽

Lin Zhao ◽

Yanjie Zhao ◽

Guangjiang Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Clinicopathological Features ◽

Chinese Patients ◽

Ki 67 ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Infiltrating Lymphocytes ◽

E Cadherin

Objective Breast cancer has become the most common cancer in women in China, and the clinicopathological features differ from those in Western patients. This study was performed to investigate the distribution of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)+/PD-1− tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and its association with clinicopathological features among Chinese patients with breast cancer. Methods In total, 133 consecutive patients with primary breast cancer were recruited into this cross-sectional study from 2012 to 2013. TILs were measured by cell counts under high-power fields (HPFs). Immunohistochemistry was used to detect PD-1 expression on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in the microenvironment. Results The median cell counts of the overall TILs, PD-1+ TILs, and PD-1− TILs were 80, 18, and 55/HPF, respectively. The number of PD-1− TILs was significantly lower in older than younger patients (50 vs. 60/HPF). Patients with positive E-cadherin expression had more PD-1− TILs than patients with negative E-cadherin expression (57 vs. 27/HPF). The Ki-67 index was positively correlated with the cell counts of PD-1+ TILs, and the correlation coefficient was 0.29. Conclusions PD-1 expression on TILs had different clinicopathological features in Chinese patients with breast cancer. E-Cadherin expression was associated with PD-1− TILs; however, Ki-67 expression was associated with PD-1+ TILs.

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