Households’ Perception of Fruits and Vegetables Consumption in Olorunda Local Government Area, Osun State, Nigeria

This study assessed respondents’ perception of fruits and vegetables consumption in the study area. Relevant data were collected from one hundred and twenty (120) randomly sampled households. Data were analyzed as appropriate. Results showed that 68.3% of the respondents were females, 96.7% had varying degrees of formal education while means of household size and monthly income were 4±2 persons and ₦57,500±23,300, respectively. Respondents had strong perception for the facts that vegetables can be easily incorporated into meals than fruits, fruits have more nutritional benefits than vegetables and too much consumption of fruits and vegetables lead to running stomach and watery stool ranking 1st, 2nd and 3rd, respectively but weak perception for the facts that fruits can be easily incorporated into meals than vegetables, excessive consumption of fruits and vegetables can cause stomach ulcer and fruits and vegetables are often costlier than real food items ranked 8th, 9th and 10th, respectively. Seasonality, availability and taste and preference were the major constraints to fruits and vegetables consumption in the study area. The study concluded that there were misperceptions on consumption of fruits and vegetables and recommended value re-orientation on nutritional and health benefits of fruits and vegetables consumption in the study area.

Evaluation of Pathogenic Potentials of Microbial Contaminants from Naira Notes in Nigeria

The study was done to determine burden of fiat currencies. A total of Six hundred and twenty four pieces of different denominations of naira notes obtained from banks in Enugu metropolis and samples of nose swabs aseptically collected from fifty two note counters from those banks were examined for similar bacterial and fungal contaminants. All sequences were identified using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) on National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website. While the fungi amplicons yielded DNA bands of approximately 650 base pair, that of the bacterial isolates were approximately 850 base pair. Proteus mirabilis (NR11449.1) and Escherichia coli (LN831043.1) were identical and selected from the bacterial category while Aspergillus fumigatus (MK910068), Aspergillus flavus (JQ860302) and Aspergillus niger (MK461093) were identical and selected from the fungal category. Rats inoculated orally with Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis presented with watery stool and reduction of weight by 16+0.4g after two weeks of commencement of inoculation. They showed reduction in activity and reduced locomotion when compared with the control. There were no physically observable changes in the other test groups. In the hematological investigation, the mean PCV in % were 39±1.0 for the E. coli, 40±0.4 for P. mirabilis, 35±0.2 for A. niger, 40±0.7 for A. fumigatus and 37±0.1 for A .flavus. These varied significantly at p<0.05 with the control which has mean PCV of 45±0.3. The differential leucocyte count showed a marked increase in the % neutrophil (E. coli 73±0.1, P. mirabilis 70±0.1, A. niger 78±1.1, A. fumigatus 59±0.3 and A. flavus 62±1.0) when compared with the control rats with percentage neutrophil of 20±0.2. There was also an increase in the white blood cell count of the test groups when compared with the control. Histopathological study of the lungs of the rats inoculated nasally with Aspergillus niger showed necrosis of the alveolar epithelium. This study has shown that naira notes could be a reservoir of microorganisms of medical importance which in turn could become vectors for the transmission of diseases in the society.

Clinical, Sociodemographic and Environmental Risk Factors for Acute Bacterial Diarrhea among Adults and Children over Five Years in Bangladesh

In 2016, diarrheal disease was the eighth leading cause of mortality globally accounting for over 1.6 million deaths with the majority of deaths in adults and children over 5 years. This study aims to investigate the clinical, sociodemographic, and environmental risk factors associated with common bacterial acute diarrhea among adults and children over 5. Data were collected from March 2019 to March 2020 in patients over 5 years presenting with acute gastroenteritis at icddr,b. Stool samples were collected from each patient for culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. Bivariate associations between independent variables and stool-testing indicating bacterial etiology were calculated. This analysis included 2,133 diarrheal patients of whom a bacterial enteropathogen was identified in 1,537 (72%). Detection of bacteria was associated with: younger age (OR 0.92; 95% CI: 0.88–0.96), lower mean arterial pressure (OR 0.84; 95% CI: 0.79–0.89), heart rate (OR 1.06; 95% CI: 1.01–1.10), percentage dehydration (OR 1.33; 95% CI: 1.13–1.55), respiration rate (OR 1.23; 95% CI: 1.04–1.46), lower mid-upper arm circumference (OR 0.97; 95% CI: 0.94–0.99), confused/lethargic mental status (OR 1.85; 95% CI: 1.11–3.25), rice watery stool (OR 1.92; 95% CI: 1.54–2.41), and vomiting more than three times in the past 24 hours (OR 1.30; 95% CI: 1.06–1.58). Higher monthly income (OR 0.92; 95% CI: 0.86–0.98), > 8 years of education (OR 0.79; 95% CI: 0.63–1.00), and having more than five people living at home (OR 0.80; 95% CI: 0.66–0.98) were associated with lower odds of bacterial diarrhea. These findings may help guide the development of predictive tools to aid in identifying patients with bacterial diarrhea for timely and appropriate use of antibiotics.

A plain language summary of the ASCENT study: Sacituzumab Govitecan for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer

Sacituzumab Govitecan (also known by the brand name TRODELVY®) is a new and available treatment for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer, or mTNBC for short. Metastatic breast cancer means the breast cancer has spread to other parts of the body. Triple negative means the breast cancer does not have 3 common proteins on the cell surface called receptors. This is a summary of the ASCENT study, published in the New England Journal of Medicine in April 2021. This study compared Sacituzumab Govitecan with standard chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is a treatment that kills cancer cells or stops them from dividing. 529 people with mTNBC took part in the study across 7 countries. All who took part had already received 2 previous chemotherapies, which stopped working for their cancer. The study showed that patients who took Sacituzumab Govitecan lived longer than those who took a different chemotherapy while on the study. Tumors shrank in more patients who took Sacituzumab Govitecan than in patients who took chemotherapy. In general, patients who took Sacituzumab Govitecan experienced more side effects. This included low levels of a type of white blood cell known as neutrophils (neutropenia) and loose or watery stool (diarrhea). Use of supportive care lessened these side effects. This summary also includes insights and perspectives from 2 breast cancer patient advocates. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT number: NCT02574455 . To read the full Plain Language Summary of this article, click on the View Article button above and download the PDF. Link to original article here .

A Comparative Evaluation on the effect of Zinc-Probiotic combination versus Zinc alone therapy in children (3month-5year) with acute watery diarrhea attending the outpatient clinic of Sub-District hospital, Uttarakhand

Background: Diarrhea is the major cause of morbidity and mortality among children worldwide.Various studies were done on the role of zinc therapy and probiotic therapy in reducing the durationand severity of acute watery diarrhea. This study aimed to compare the effect of Zinc –probioticcombination versus Zinc only therapy in acute watery diarrhea in pediatric patients. Material andMethods: This was an open, randomized control trial in the pediatric outpatient department of Sub-District Female Hospital, Haldwani (Uttarakhand), from June 2020 till August 2020 for three months.Total 104 children aged six months to 5 years with acute diarrhea who met the inclusion criteriawere enrolled and divided into 52 patients each. 1stGroup A (n=52) received Zinc-Probioticscombination therapy, and 2ndGroup B (n=52) received Zinc only. Measurement of disease severitywas based on the frequency of diarrhea (times/day) and duration of diarrhea (hours) after initialdrug consumption. The resolution was assessed in mean remission time (time required to form solidstool from watery stool).Result: Among the study population in group A, 62% were male, 38%were female, and in group B, 65% were male & 35% were female. Male predominance was observedin both groups. The mean frequency of diarrhea before treatment in Group A was 7.46 ± 4.1times/day as compared to 6.69 ± 3.6 times/day in Group B. Mean duration of diarrhea in Group Awas 53.5 ± 30.5 hours as compared to 57.6 ± 34.3 hours in Group B. Conclusion: Combinationtherapy was more effective than Zinc only therapy in early remission and resolution of acute waterydiarrhea in children.

Profil dan Prevalensi Blastocystis hominis di Laboratorium Parasitologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Kristen Indonesia

Abstrak Blastocystis hominis merupakan emerging disease yang terdistribusi luas di dunia, dengan prevalensi 10% di negara maju hingga 60% di negara berkembang. Perannya sebagai mikroorganisme patogen masih kontroversial. Diduga angka kejadian B. hominis lebih banyak didapatkan pada curah hujan yang rendah dan daerah tropis/ sub-tropis. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui prevalensi, profil B. hominis di Laboratorium Parasitologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Kristen Indonesia, serta hubungan antara angka kejadian infeksi B. hominis dengan curah hujan dan kelembaban pada musim penghujan dan kemarau. Penelitian potong lintang deksriptif berdasarkan data pemeriksaan feses di Laboratorium Parasitologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Kristen Indonesia selama 20 tahun sejak Januari 2000 sampai dengan Desember 2019. Sampel feses diperiksa dari sediaan basah dengan pewarnaan eosin dan lugol, dan hasilnya dilaporkan dengan sistem skoring semi kuantitatif. Data curah hujan dan kelembaban didapatkan dari Badan Meteorologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika Stasiun Meteorologi Kemayoran Jakarta.Didapatkan 3270 sampel, dengan hasil sampel positif B. hominissebanyak 440 sampel (14%), Prevalensi pada perempuan lebih tinggi dibandingkan laki-laki dan terbanyak pada kelompok usia 21-60 tahun (67,4%). Persentase tertinggi ditemukan pada feses dengan konsistensi cair. Tidak ditemukan hubungan antara prevalensi infeksi B. hominis dengan curah hujan (P=0,285) dan kelembaban (P=0,204). Kata kunci: prevalensi, konsistensi, curah hujan, kelembaban, musim Profile and Prevalence of Blastocystis hominis at Parasitology Laboratory, Medical Faculty Universitas Kristen Indonesia Abstract Blastocystis hominis is an emerging disease that is widely distributed in the world, with a prevalence of 10% in developed countries to 60% in developing countries. Its role as a pathogen is still controversial. It is suspected that the incidence of B. hominis is mostly found in low rainfall and tropical/ sub-tropical areas. The study was conducted to determine the prevalence and profile of B. hominis in the Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Kristen Indonesia.and the relationship between incidence of B. hominisinfection with rainfall and humidity in the rainy and dry seasons.This descriptive cross-sectional study was based on fecal examination data at the FK UKI Parasitology Laboratory for 20 years. from January 2000 to December 2019. Stool examination was carried out by making eosin and lugol wet preparations to examine intestinal protozoa, and the results were reported using a semi-quantitative scoring system.Rainfall and humidity data are obtained from the Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency of the Stasiun MeteorologiKemayoran, Jakarta. As many as3270 samples were obtained, feses with B. hominis positive results was 440 samples (14%). Based on gender, 53.1% of B. hominisinfected were women and most patients were found in the age range from 21 to 60 years (67.4%). The highest percentage was found in watery stool. There was no statistically significant between the prevalence of B. hominis infection with rainfall (p= 0.285) and humidity (p= 0.204). Key words: prevalence, consistency, rainfall, humidity, season

PSI-5 Effects of Bacillus and Lactobacillus in Milk Replacer on Calf Health

Stress in pre-ruminant calves can impact the functionality of the gastric epithelial lining, thereby impacting calf health during times of stress and potentially later in life. To mitigate this challenge, milk replacers frequently contain antibiotics to reduce the proliferation of harmful bacteria that may result in disease in pre-ruminant, milk supplemented calves. However, there is consumer and regulatory pressure to reduce the reliance on these antimicrobials and evaluate alternatives, such as probiotics, that may shift gut bacterial populations without impacting potential antimicrobial resistance. The objective of this study was to determine if supplementing calves with Lactobacillus and Bacillus species in milk replacer impacts pre-ruminant calf health. The project included 44 calves (50% Angus/50% Holstein) in a randomized complete block design, with calf serving as the experimental unit and age serving as a blocking factor. Calves were fed twice daily one of two treatments: 1) milk replacer with Lactobacillus and two Bacillus species at a total rate of 1.25 x 10^9 cfu/head/day; or 2) non-treated milk replacer. There were 22 replicates per treatment. To determine health status, calves were scored daily based on health indicators for fecal consistency or eye, nose, or ear normality. Health scores were ranked from 0 to 3, with 0 representing normal and 3 signaling severe symptoms, such as bilateral eye or nasal discharge, ear droop, or watery feces. Statistical analysis was performed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Overall, there was no evidence (P &gt; 0.05) that Lactobacillus and Bacillus inclusion impacted any measured health parameter. Notably, approximately 50% of calves had fecal scores indicating some level of watery stool, but this was not impacted (P &gt; 0.05) by probiotics. In summary, the inclusion of probiotics in calf milk replacer did not appear to impact calf health in the first 30 days.

Health Perceptions in Relation to Child Health and Mortality in a Rural Context, Sierra Leone: A Mixed Method Study

Child survival and wellbeing remain a global health challenge despite vast development within the area and a significant decline in mortality rates of children under five years of age. This study investigates the perceived causes of ill health and childhood mortality in the context of five villages located in the Tonkolili district of Sierra Leone. Mixed method methodology was applied in this study consisting of both quantitative and qualitative data contribution. The quantitative part consisted of a household survey on child health, where 341 households, equivalent to 50.6% of the total number of households in the five villages, participated with a response rate of 100%. The qualitative part consisted of six semi structured interviews—one with a health care worker and five with mothers from each village. The main perceived reason for child morbidity was inadequate care of children related to personal hygiene of the child, hygiene and safety in the environment, in-sufficient nutrition, inadequate supervision and poor healthcare seeking behavior. Additionally, reasons given for disease included supernatural forces such as witchcraft. In relation to the survey, the perceived causes of child mortality for ill children in the villages were mainly malaria (33.6%), diarrhea (11.6%), pneumonia (8.6%), and unknown (26%). The observed symptoms of illness among children were fever (43.7%), cough and difficulty breathing (10.7%), frequent watery stool (10.3%) and no symptoms (20.3%). The perception of ill health in children was mainly associated with the parent’s ability to cater for the child’s physical needs, but also associated with external factors such as witchcraft and “God’s will”. In addition, biomedical causes for disease and supernatural causes for disease were seen to coexist.

THE EFFECT OF EDUCATION WITH THE LEAFLET MEDIA ON MOTIVATION IN CARING BABY WITH DIARRHEA

Diarrhea is the highest cause of death in infants due to infectious disease characterized by increasing frequency of defecation more than three times per day with changes in the consistency of watery stool. The purpose of this study will to determine if health influence education with leaflet. The motivation of mother in caring for toddler diarrhea. The research is a quasy-experimental study with non randomized design without control group, pretest-posttest design with 27 taken then the respondents are divided group leaflet. Changes in motivation of the mother in caring toddler with diarrhea measured using questionnaires motivation with likert scale. There are difference of motivation of mother in caring for children with diarrhea before and after being given education with value ? value <0.05. Change in leaflet (motivation: 9.8, attitude: 10.2). It is expected that educators to apply audiovisual media in health education activities.

The situation of antibiotic use for diarrhea treatment on pediatric inpatient at Pediatrics - Kien Giang General Hospital in 2019-2020

Background: To survey for evaluation the use of antibiotic for diarrhea treatment on pediatric inpatient in compliance with MOH, WHO or treatment regimen. Objectives: (1) To describe the situation of antibiotic use for diarrhea treatment and (2) to determine factors that affected on indication of antibiotic for pediatric inpatient under 15 years at Kien Giang General Hospital in 2019. Subjects and methods: A cross-sectional study on 251 medical records of pediatric inpatients who treated by one of any drug from 01/2019 to 12/2019. Results: one antibiotic was prescribed in 71.7% in comparison with 17.1% on two antibiotics. The antibiotic prescription was based on the results of blood test including examinations of white blood cells (WBC), the percentage of neutrophils (Neu%) and/or C-reactive protein (CRP) (59.4%), stool with white blood cells and/or red blood cells (1.6%), high fever without causes (27.9%), watery stool (86.3%), loose stool with blood (100%), loose stool (97.9%). The most used antibiotics are ceftriaxone (53.4%), ciprofloxacin (12.4%). Duration of antibiotic use is 5 days in median. Conclusion: The rate of antibiotic prescription that met MOH and WHO guidelines was 88.3% in comparison with 11.7% of non-conformance. The compliance prescriptions based on antibiogram were 77.8%, non-compliance were 22.5%. The compliance dosage refered to guideline was 86.4%, non-conpliance was 2.4%. The duration of hospitalization and neutrophil are factors that affected the use of antibiotics (p < 0.05). Keywords: diarrhea, pediatric inpatient, antibiotic, Pediatrics-Kien Giang General Hospital