scholarly journals Sex Differences In COVID-19 Mortality In The Netherlands

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annabel Niessen ◽  
Anne Teirlinck ◽  
Scott McDonald ◽  
Wim van der Hoek ◽  
Rianne van Gageldonk-Lafeber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratio ◽  
Predisposing Factor ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Male Female Ratio ◽  
Mortality Ratio ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Population Mortality

Abstract Introduction: Since the first reports of COVID-19 cases, sex-discrepancies have been reported in COVID-19 mortality. We provide a detailed description of these sex differences in relation to age and comorbidities among notified cases as well as in relation to age and sex specific mortality in the general Dutch population. Methods: Data on COVID-19 cases and mortality until May 31st was extracted from the national surveillance database with exclusion of healthcare workers. Association between sex and case fatality was analyzed with multivariable logistic regression. Subsequently, male-female ratio in standardized mortality ratios and population mortality rates relative to all-cause and infectious diseases-specific mortality were computed stratified by age.Results: Male-female odds ratio for case fatality was 1.33 [95% CI 1.26-1.41] and among hospitalized cases 1.27 [95% CI 1.16-1.40]. This remained significant after adjustment for age and comorbidities. The male-female ratio of the standardized mortality ratio was 1.70 [95%CI 1.62-1.78]. The population mortality rate was 35.1 per 100.000, with a male-female rate ratio of 1.25 (95% CI 1.18-1.31) which was higher than in all-cause and infectious disease mortality.Conclusion: Our study confirms male sex is a predisposing factor for severe outcomes of COVID-19, independent of age and comorbidities. The underlying mechanisms are likely to be COVID-19 specific.

scholarly journals Epidemiological study of fatal road traffic accident cases

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 255-257
Author(s):  
O Gambhir Singh
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Study ◽  
Traffic Accident ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Care Centre ◽  
Health Care Centre ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Male Female Ratio

The present study is an epidemiological study of fatal Road Traffic (RTA) cases brought and admitted in our tertiary health care centre from Nov 2017 to December 2019. There were 148 fatal RTA cases involving 112 males and 36 female. In the present study males cases outnumbered the female with an approximate male female ratio of 3.1:1. Many cases of fatal head injuries were due to four & two wheelers. Most commonly seen external injuries were abrasions. Lower limbs showed fractured in 31 cases, 20.95%, and upper limbs showed fractured in 22 cases, 14.89%. So, far case fatality is concerned involvement of head plays the most important role.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Case Fatality Risk of COVID-19 between Singapore and Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 3326
Author(s):  
Taishi Kayano ◽  
Hiroshi Nishiura
Keyword(s):  
Age Distribution ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratio ◽  
Fatality Risk ◽  
Illness Onset ◽  
High Virulence ◽  
Mortality Ratio ◽  
The Many ◽  
Case Fatality Risk ◽  
Protection Against Infection

The crude case fatality risk (CFR) for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Singapore is remarkably small. We aimed to estimate the unbiased CFR by age for Singapore and Japan and compare these estimates by calculating the standardized mortality ratio (SMR). Age-specific CFRs for COVID-19 were estimated in real time, adjusting for the delay from illness onset to death. The SMR in Japan was estimated by using the age distribution of the Singapore population. Among cases aged 60–69 years and 70–79 years, the age-specific CFRs in Singapore were estimated as 1.84% (95% confidence interval: 0.46–4.72%) and 5.57% (1.41–13.97%), respectively, and those in Japan as 5.52% (4.55–6.62%) and 15.49% (13.81–17.27%), respectively. The SMR of COVID-19 in Japan, when compared with Singapore as the baseline, was estimated to be 1.46 (1.09–2.96). The overall CFR for Singapore is lower than that for Japan. It is possible that the circulating variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Singapore causes a milder clinical course of COVID-19 infection compared with other strains. If infection with a low-virulence SARS-CoV-2 variant provides protection against infection by high-virulence strains, the existence of such a strain is encouraging news for the many countries struggling to suppress this virus.

The Use of Alpha-Chloralose for the Repeated Capture of Western Gray Kangaroos, Macropus-Fuliginosus

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 527 ◽  
Author(s):  
GW Arnold ◽  
D Steven ◽  
J Weeldenburg ◽  
OE Brown
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Taste Aversion ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Male Female Ratio ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Population Mortality ◽  
Alpha Chloralose ◽  
Initial Capture ◽  
Time Dose

Alpha-chloralose was used for 9 years in a study of growth, development and population size of western grey kangaroos, Macropus fuliginosus. Grain and water at accustomed feeding and watering points were drugged at intervals, for one night at a time; dose rates varied from 1.9 to 2.7 gl-1 in the water, and from 12 to 18 g kg-1 in the food. Many individuals developed a taste aversion to the drug, so that the number captured decreased over successive drug-nights. The taste could not be masked in water, but was in food when the type of food was changed. In the year after their initial capture, 44% of females and 35% of males were recaptured. Some were repeatedly captured in subsequent years; others only at intervals of several years. Animals drugged first as young-at-foot or as juveniles were captured in subsequent years less often than those first caught as subadults or adults. The male : female ratio in the adults captured was higher than in the population. Mortality was 4.5% of 1165 animals captured; 27% of deaths being due to fox predation. Females wlth pouch young, captured several times in a year, lost 8.8% of their young.

scholarly journals Comparison of three small-area mortality metrics according to urbanity in Korea: the standardized mortality ratio, comparative mortality figure, and life expectancy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikhan Kim ◽  
Hwa-Kyung Lim ◽  
Hee-Yeon Kang ◽  
Young-Ho Khang
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratio ◽  
Mortality Figure ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Mortality Ratio

Abstract Background: This study aimed to compare three small-area level mortality metrics according to urbanity in Korea: the standardized mortality ratio (SMR), comparative mortality figure (CMF), and life expectancy (LE) by urbanity.Methods: We utilized the National Health Information Database to obtain annual age-specific numbers of population and deaths for all neighborhood-level areas in Korea between 2013 and 2017. First, differences in the SMR by urbanity were examined, assuming the same age-specific mortality rates in all neighborhoods. Second, we explored the differences in ranking obtained using the three metrics (SMR, CMF, and LE). Third, the ratio of CMF to SMR by population was analyzed according to urbanity.Results: We found that the age-specific population distributions in urbanized areas were similar, but rural areas had a relatively old population structure. The age-specific mortality ratio also differed by urbanity. Assuming the same rate of age-specific mortality across all neighborhoods, we found that comparable median values in all areas. However, areas with a high SMR showed a strong predominance of metropolitan areas. The ranking by SMR differed markedly from the rankings by CMF and LE, especially in areas of high mortality, while the latter two metrics did not differ notably. The ratio of CMF to SMR showed larger variations in neighborhoods in rural areas, particularly in those with small populations, than in metropolitan and urban areas.Conclusions: In a comparison of multiple SMRs, bias could exist if the study areas have large differences in population structure. The use of CMF or LE should be considered for comparisons if it is possible to acquire age-specific mortality data for each neighborhood.

Male-Female Enrollment across Mathematics Tracks in Predominantly Black High Schools

1983 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-118
Author(s):  
Cora Bagley Marrett ◽  
Harold Gates
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
High Schools ◽  
Large City ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Slight Variation ◽  
Predominantly Black ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Mathematics Courses ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male Female Ratio

The study examined sex differences in enrollment across mathematics tracks for six predominantly black senior high schools in a large city. The aggregate data for the schools showed only slight variation in the male-female ratio across the two tracks: Females were about half of the students in each track. There were differences among the schools, however, in the tracking patterns for female students and in how all the mathematics enrollees—both male and female—were divided between the tracks. In most of the schools, relatively few students of either sex were taking the higher track courses. The findings suggest that participation in higher level mathematics courses might reflect important characteristics of and conditions within schools.

scholarly journals Conditional Survival, Cause-Specific Mortality, and Risk Factors of Late Mortality After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

2020 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. 1153-1161 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Lennie Wong ◽  
Jennifer Berano Teh ◽  
Liezl Atencio ◽  
Tracey Stiller ◽  
Heeyoung Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cell Transplantation ◽  
Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratio ◽  
Conditional Survival ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Mortality Ratio ◽  
Related Mortality

Abstract Background Long-term mortality after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is conventionally calculated from the time of HCT, ignoring temporal changes in survivors’ mortality risks. Conditional survival rates, accounting for time already survived, are relevant for optimal delivery of survivorship care but have not been widely quantified. We estimated conditional survival by elapsed survival time in allogeneic HCT patients and examined cause-specific mortality. Methods We calculated conditional survival rates and standardized mortality ratio for overall and cause-specific mortality in 4485 patients who underwent HCT for malignant hematologic diseases at a large transplant center during 1976–2014. Statistical tests were two-sided. Results The 5-year survival rate from HCT was 48.6%. After surviving 1, 2, 5, 10, and 15 years, the subsequent 5-year survival rates were 71.2%, 78.7%, 87.4%, 93.5%, and 86.2%, respectively. The standardized mortality ratio was 30.3 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 29.2 to 35.5). Although the standardized mortality ratio declined in longer surviving patients, it was still elevated by 3.6-fold in survivors of 15 years or more (95% CI = 3.0 to 4.1). Primary disease accounted for 50% of deaths in the overall cohort and only 10% in 15-year survivors; the leading causes of nondisease-related mortality were subsequent malignancy (26.1%) and cardiopulmonary diseases (20.2%). We also identified the risk factors for nondisease-related mortality in 1- and 5-year survivors. Conclusion Survival probability improves the longer patients survive after HCT. However, HCT recipients surviving 15 years or more remain at elevated mortality risk, largely because of health conditions other than their primary disease. Our study findings help inform preventive and interventional strategies to improve long-term outcomes after allogeneic HCT.

Standardized Mortality Ratio for Evaluating Center-Specific Mortality: Assessment and Alternative

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin He ◽  
Douglas E. Schaubel
Keyword(s):  
Standardized Mortality Ratio ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Mortality Ratio

scholarly journals Comparison of three small-area mortality metrics according to urbanity in Korea: the standardized mortality ratio, comparative mortality figure, and life expectancy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikhan Kim ◽  
Hwa-Kyung Lim ◽  
Hee-Yeon Kang ◽  
Young-Ho Khang
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratio ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Mortality Figure ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Small Area Level ◽  
Mortality Ratio

Abstract Background: This study aimed to compare three small-area level mortality metrics according to urbanity in Korea: the standardized mortality ratio (SMR), comparative mortality figure (CMF), and life expectancy (LE) by urbanity.Methods: We utilized the National Health Information Database to obtain annual small-area level age-specific numbers of population and deaths in Korea between 2013 and 2017. First, differences in the SMR by urbanity were examined, assuming the same age-specific mortality rates in all small-areas. Second, we explored the differences in ranking obtained using the three metrics (SMR, CMF, and LE). Third, the ratio of CMF to SMR by population was analyzed according to urbanity.Results: We found that the age-specific population distributions in urbanized areas were similar, but rural areas had a relatively old population structure. The age-specific mortality ratio also differed by urbanity. Assuming the same rate of age-specific mortality across all small-areas, we found that comparable median values in all areas. However, areas with a high SMR showed a strong predominance of metropolitan areas. The ranking by SMR differed markedly from the rankings by CMF and LE, especially in areas of high mortality, while the latter two metrics did not differ notably. The ratio of CMF to SMR showed larger variations in small-areas in rural areas, particularly in those with small populations, than in metropolitan and urban areas.Conclusions: In a comparison of multiple SMRs, bias could exist if the study areas have large differences in population structure. The use of CMF or LE should be considered for comparisons if it is possible to acquire age-specific mortality data for each small-area.

scholarly journals Erratum: Okui, T. Socioeconomic Disparities in All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality Rates among Municipalities in Japan, 1999–2019. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 9213

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 5781
Author(s):  
Tasuku Okui
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Socioeconomic Disparities ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratio ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Mortality Ratio

The author wants to correct the values of the 95% confidence interval of the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) in Table 3 and Table 4 in the following paper [...]

scholarly journals Socioeconomic Disparities in All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality Rates among Municipalities in Japan, 1999–2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (24) ◽  
pp. 9213
Author(s):  
Tasuku Okui
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Socioeconomic Disparities ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratio ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Cause Of Deaths ◽  
Mortality Ratio ◽  
The Difference

Differences in all-cause and cause-specific mortality rates depending on municipal socioeconomic status (SES) in Japan have not been revealed over the last 20 years. This study exposes the difference in 1999 and 2019 using the Vital Statistics. All of the municipalities were grouped into five quintiles based on their SES, and standardized mortality ratio (SMR) of each municipal quintile compared with all of Japan was calculated for all-cause mortality and representative cause of deaths. As a result, although SMR for all-cause mortality for women tended to be lower in low SES quintiles in 1999, the reverse phenomenon was observed in 2019. Additionally, although SMR for all-cause of mortality for men was the lowest in the highest SES quintiles already in 1999, the difference in the SMR for all-cause mortality rates between the lowest and highest SES quintiles increased in 2019. The improvement of the SMR in the highest SES quintile and the deterioration in the lowest was also observed in representative types of cancer, heart disease, stroke, pneumonia, liver disease, and renal failure for men and women. Therefore, this study indicates a disparity in mortality depending on municipal SES enlarged in the last 20 years.

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