scholarly journals Epidemiology of Measles in West Arsi Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia: 2011-2015

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tesfaye Solomon ◽  
Mamo Nigatu ◽  
Birhanu Areda
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Health Department ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Arsi Zone ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Measles Outbreaks ◽  
Measles Incidence ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Measles is a leading vaccine-preventable childhood disease, which has been designated for elimination. Despite the success of measles control, measles is still responsible for 145,700 deaths worldwide each year, with many of the outbreaks in developing countries including Ethiopia. We analyzed to characterize the epidemiology of measles and recommend better prevention and control strategies in West Arsi Zone, Ethiopia. Methods Data from 2011–2015 from the Public Health Emergency and Management Unit of the West Arsi Zone Health Department database were obtained using a semi-standard checklist. We analyzed and described the data by person, place, and time. Results We identified 1735 cases of measles between 2011–2015. The annual average measles incidence rate during 2011–2014 was 3.4/100,000 while the incidence rate in 2015 was 14/100,000. During 2011–2015, most of the cases occurred in children age less than 15 years old (87%), and 33 % were under five. Measles cases were reported every month, and March had the highest number of cases (24%). The districts with the highest incidence rates of measles had high routine measles vaccination coverage’s. The proportion of districts with an annual detection rate for non-measles febrile rash was 67% both in 2014 and 2015 which was below the national target (> 80%). Conclusions Measles outbreaks in children in 2015 in an area with high routine vaccination coverage were identified. We recommended improving vaccine management and supplementary vaccination for children less than 15 years. It needs further study to identify contributing factors for measles outbreaks and evaluating the effectiveness of measles control and prevention strategies.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Measles in West Arsi Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia: 2011-2015

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tesfaye Solomon ◽  
Mamo Nigatu ◽  
Birhanu Areda
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Health Department ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Arsi Zone ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Measles Outbreaks ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background: Measles is a leading vaccine-preventable childhood disease, which has been designated for elimination. Despite the success of measles control, measles is still responsible for 145,700 deaths worldwide each year, with many of the outbreaks in developing countries including Ethiopia. We analyzed to characterize the epidemiology of measles and recommend better prevention and control strategies in West Arsi Zone, Ethiopia. Methods: Data from 2011–2015 from the Public Health Emergency Management Unit of the West Arsi Zonal Health Department database were obtained using a semi-standard checklist. We analyzed and described the data by person, place, and time.Results: We identified 1735 cases of measles between 2011- 2015. The annual average measles incidence rate during 2011-2014 was 3.4/100,000 while the incidence rate in 2015 was 14/100,000. During 2011-2015, most of the cases occurred in children age less than 15 years old (87%), and 33 % were under five. Measles cases were reported every month, and March had the highest number of cases (24%). The districts with the highest incidence rates of measles had high routine measles vaccination coverage. The proportion of districts with an annual detection rate for non-measles febrile rash was 67% both in 2014 and 2015 which was below the national target (>80%).Conclusions: Measles outbreaks in children in 2015 in an area with high routine vaccination coverage were identified. We recommended improving vaccine management and supplementary vaccination for children less than 15 years. It needs further study to identify contributing factors for measles outbreaks and evaluating the effectiveness of measles control and prevention strategies.

scholarly journals Underreporting of communicable diseases in the prefecture of Achaia, western Greece, 1999-2004 – missed opportunities for early intervention

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (21) ◽  
Author(s):  
E Jelastopulu ◽  
G Merekoulias ◽  
E C Alexopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Health Centre ◽  
Health Resources ◽  
Health Department ◽  
Public Health Department ◽  
Missed Opportunities ◽  
Notification System ◽  
And Control ◽  
Western Greece

This study investigates the completeness of the reporting of infectious diseases in the prefecture of Achaia, western Greece in the period of 1999-2004. We collected hospital records relating to infectious diseases retrospectively from three major hospitals in the region and compared the records to corresponding records at the prefectural public health department (PHD). After record-linkage and cross-validation a total of 1,143 notifiable cases were identified in the three hospitals, of which 707 were reported to the PHD of Achaia, resulting in an observed underreporting of infectious diseases of 38% during the study period. At prefecture level, a further 259 cases were notified by other sources, mainly by the fourth hospital of the region not included in our study, resulting in a total of 966 cases reported to the PHD; 73% of these were reported from the three hospitals included in our study, 27% were notified by the fourth hospital not included in our study and less then 0,3% by physicians working in a private practice or health centre. Meningitis (51%), tuberculosis (12%) and salmonellosis (8%) were the most frequently reported diseases followed by hospitalised cases of varicella (7%), brucellosis (6%) and hepatitis (6%). During the study period, clustering of specific diseases like brucellosis, meningitis, mumps, and salmonellosis was observed, indicating possible outbreaks. Our results show that notification system needs to be improved, in order to ensure proper health resources allocation and implementation of focused prevention and control strategies.

scholarly journals Non-melanoma skin cancer in Serbia (1999-2015) -the need for national prevention and control strategy

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (11) ◽  
pp. 1154-1160
Author(s):  
Danijela Ilic ◽  
Goran Videnovic ◽  
Ruzica Kozomara ◽  
Sonja Radakovic ◽  
Zoran Vlahovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Preventive Strategy ◽  
Non Melanoma Skin Cancer ◽  
National Prevention ◽  
And Control ◽  
Melanoma Skin

Background/Aim. Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) are ones of the most rapidly increasing cancers worldwide. Although NMSCs have a relatively low mortality rate, they are an important public health concern and the most costly cancers in many countries. The two main objectives in this study were: first, to analyze the trend of age-standardized incidence rate of NMSCs in Serbia and second, to assess the need for national prevention and control strategy based on analyzed trend. Methods. From the Serbian Cancer Registry, we extracted all cases of NMSCs registered in central Serbia from January 1, 1999 to December 31, 2015. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to define trends and annual percentage change (APC). Results. NMSCs significantly increased for both genders with APC of +2.32% (p < 0.001). Significantly increasing trend of incidence rates was higher in women (APC, +2.63%; p < 0.0001) than in men (APC, +2.01%; p < 0.001). Conclusion. Our results show a continuously increasing incidence rate of NMCS in Serbia. Without the national preventive strategy, current sporadic activities are highly unlikely to result in reducing the growing trends

scholarly journals Spatio-temporal analysis of influenza-like illness and prediction of incidence in high-risk regions, in the United States from 2011 to 2020

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhijuan Song ◽  
Xiaocan Jia ◽  
Junzhe Bao ◽  
Yongli Yang ◽  
Huili Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Influenza Like Illness ◽  
Temporal Cluster ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
And Control

Abstract Introduction: About 8% of Americans get influenza during an average season from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States. It is necessary to strengthen the early warning of influenza and the prediction of public health. Methods In this study, we analyzed the characteristics of Influenza-like Illness (ILI) by Geographic Information System and SARIMA model, respectively. Spatio-temporal cluster analysis detected 23 clusters of ILI during the study period. Results The highest incidence of ILI was mainly concentrated in the states of Louisiana, District of Columbia and Virginia. The Local spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed the High-High cluster was mainly located in Louisiana and Mississippi. This means that if the influenza incidence is high in Louisiana and Mississippi, the neighboring states will also have higher influenza incidence rates. The regression model SARIMA(1, 0, 0)(1, 1, 0)52 with statistical significance was obtained to forecast the ILI incidence of Mississippi. Conclusions The study showed, the ILI incidence will begin to increase in the 45th week 2020 and peak in the 6th week 2021. To conclude, notable epidemiological differences were observed across states, indicating that some states should pay more attention to prevent and control respiratory infectious diseases.

scholarly journals Prevention and Control Strategies for Parasitic Infections in the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 401-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young Yil Bahk ◽  
Eun-Hee Shin ◽  
Shin-Hyeong Cho ◽  
Jung-Won Ju ◽  
Jong-Yil Chai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Centers For Disease Control ◽  
And Control

scholarly journals Tuberculosis in Poland in 2017

2019 ◽  
pp. 211-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Korzeniewska- Koseła
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Mdr Tb ◽  
Tuberculosis In Children ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Eu

AIM OF THE STUDY. To evaluate the main features of TB epidemiology in 2017 in Poland and to compare with the situation in the EU/EEA countries. METHODS. Analysis of case- based data on TB patients from National TB Register, data on anti-TB drug susceptibility testing results in cases notified in 2017, data from National Institute of Public Health- National Institute of Hygiene on cases of tuberculosis as AIDS-defining disease, data from Central Statistical Office on deaths from tuberculosis based on death certificates, data from ECDC report „European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control/WHO Regional Office for Europe. Tuberculosis surveillance and monitoring in Europe 2019-2017 data. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2019”. RESULTS. In 2017, 5 787 TB cases were reported in Poland. The incidence rate was 15.1 cases per 100 000, with large variability between voivodeships from 8.9 to 21.9 per 100 000. The mean annual decrease of TB incidence in 2013-2017 was 4.2%. In 2017, 5127 cases were newly diagnosed with no history of previous treatment i.e. 13.3 per 100 000. 660 cases i.e. 1.7 per 100 000 – 11.4% of all registered subjects were previously treated for tuberculosis. In 2017, the number of all pulmonary tuberculosis cases was 5 531 i.e. 14.4 per 100 000. Pulmonary cases represented 95.6% of all TB cases. In 2017, 256 extrapulmonary TB cases were found. In the whole country there were 68 pediatric cases of tuberculosis. TB in children represented 1.2% of all cases notified in Poland in 2017. The incidence rates of tuberculosis were growing along with the age group from 1.2 per 100 000 among children to 25.6 per 100 000 among subjects in the age group 45-64 years (the highest incidence rate). In 2017, the incidence rate in the age group ≥65 years was 22.6 per 100 000. The TB incidence among men i.e. 22.2 per 100.000 was 2.4 times higher than among women i.e. 8,4 per 100 000. The biggest difference in the TB incidence between the two sex groups occurred in persons aged 45 to 49 years – 36.1 vs. 8.1 and in age group 55- 59 years – 45.2 vs. 10.7. The TB incidence in rural population was lower than in urban, respectively 14.2 per 100.000 and 15.6 per 100 000. The number of all registered culture positive TB cases was 4 179. Pulmonary tuberculosis was bacteriologically confirmed in 4 057 subjects. Culture-confirmed cases represented 72.2% of all TB cases and 73.4% of all pulmonary TB cases. The number of smear-positive pulmonary TB cases reported in 2017 was 2 472 i.e. 6.4 per 100 000 accounting for 44.7% of all pulmonary TB cases and 60.9% of culture confirmed pulmonary TB cases.. TB was AIDS indicative disease in 16 subjects. In all patients with tuberculosis in Poland in 2017 there were 44 cases with MDR-TB (among them 12 foreigners) and 85 patients with resistance to isoniazid only, representing respectively 1.2% and 2.2% of cases with known DST results (DSTs were available in 90.5% of all cultureconfirmed TB cases). In 2017, there were 108 patients of foreign origin among all cases of tuberculosis in Poland. TUBERCULOSIS MORTALITY. There were 543 deaths due to tuberculosis reported in 2016 – 1.4 per 100 000; 526 people died from pulmonary and 17 from extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Mortality among males – 2.2 per 100 000 – was 3.7 X higher than among females – 0.6. 37.9% of all TB deaths were cases 65 years old and older – 3.3 per 100 000. In 2016, there was one death from tuberculosis in children and no deaths in adolescents. In 2016, tuberculosis represented 0.14% of total mortality in Poland and 28.1% of mortality from infectious diseases. CONCLUSIONS. In 2017, the incidence of tuberculosis in Poland was lower than in 2016. Despite a continuous decline it is still higher than the average in the EU/EEA countries. The highest incidence rates were observed in older age groups. The incidence in males was more than 2 times higher than in females. The impact of migration on the characteristics of tuberculosis in Poland is not substantial. In Poland, tuberculosis in children, tuberculosis in persons infected with HIV and MDR-TB is less common than the average in the EU/EEA countries.

scholarly journals The First exploratory spatial distribution analysis of tuberculosis and associated factors in Tonala, Mexico

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (02) ◽  
pp. 207-213
Author(s):  
Alejandro Escobar-Gutierrez ◽  
Armando Martinez-Guarneros ◽  
Gustavo Mora-Aguilera ◽  
Carlos Arturo Vazquez-Chacon ◽  
Gerardo Acevedo-Sanchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Health Department ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Spatial Approach ◽  
Patient Variables ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors ◽  
And Control

Introduction: The US-Mexico region is at high risk of elevated tuberculosis (TB) incidence due to mobility and migration. Knowledge of how socio-demographic factors varies geographically, provides clues to understanding the determinants of tuberculosis and may provide guidance for regional prevention and control strategies to improve public health in Mexico. The aim of the present study was to describe the epidemiologic characteristics and spatial patterns of the incidence of tuberculosis in Tonala, Jalisco (Mexico) from 2013-2015. Methodology: The Surveillance System Database from the Health Department, complemented by information from the National Institute of Statistics and Geography, was used to obtain data for a spatial-temporal analysis of TB cases. For the geographical analysis map creation and geoinformation storing, ArcGIS software was used. Results: This study sought to characterize problem areas and jurisdictional locations of TB via a spatial approach based on analyses of case distributions and individual patient variables. The study found that tuberculosis cases were dispersed throughout Tonala County and were mainly concentrated on the Guadalajara city border. The TB cases were mainly individuals between 31 and 45 years old. Most of the cases reported during the observation period were male patients, and most cases primarily had lung involvement; however, there were quite a few cases with lymph node and intestinal disease. Conclusion: Our findings show that TB cases are essentially located in areas close to the city of Guadalajara and that most TB cases were pulmonary cases spread throughout the whole jurisdiction.

scholarly journals The Morbidity Analysis of 17 Notifiable Bacterial Infectious Diseases in China, 2004-2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
yuliang zhu ◽  
Shenghong Lin ◽  
Shuaibing Dong ◽  
Cuihong Zhang ◽  
Lusha Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Laboratory Confirmation ◽  
Epidemic Dynamic ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
Increasing Trends

Abstract Background To better understand the epidemic dynamic of notifiable BIDs in China, and to provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control measures. Methods we gathered data from the NIDRIS in China from 2004 to 2019. The methods of descriptive epidemiology were applied to analyze the data of BIDs. The Joinpoint Regression analysis was utilized to examine trends in the incidence rates of BIDs. Results During 2004‒2019, the average annual incidence rate reported for notifiable BIDs was 134.00 of 100 000. The overall average annual percent changes (AAPC) for RTDs and DCFTDs was -1.98% and -11.66%, respectively. Both of BSTDs and ZVDs showed increasing trends with AAPCs of 4.74% and 4.46%, respectively. Pertussis and scarlet fever showed the fastest increase of the incidence rate in the age group of 0~5 years with AAPC of 15.17% and 12.05%. RTDs had the highest incidence rate in Northwest China. South and East China represented a higher morbidity in BSTDs. The proportion of laboratory confirmation of BIDs have increased from 43.80–64.04%. Conclusions RTDs and DCFTDs showed an overall downward trend in China for a dozen years, while BSTDs and ZVDs indicated significantly upward trends.

scholarly journals Analysis on the Trend of AIDS Incidence in Zhejiang, China Based on the Age-Period-Cohort Model from 2004 to 2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenzhen Lu ◽  
Weidong Ji ◽  
Yi Yin ◽  
Xinye Jin ◽  
Lu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cohort Effect ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Local Populations ◽  
Control Information ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Homosexual Transmission

Abstract Background: To predict the trend of acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS) in specific age groups and to determine the objective population for AIDS screening, we explored the three transmission routes (homosexual transmission, heterosexual transmission, drug injection and others) and characterized each patients group using the Age-Period-Cohort(APC) model based on the whole, local and immigrant populations in Zhejiang, China.Methods: The data recruited in this paper was obtained from the national "Comprehensive AIDS Prevention and Control Information System - Antiviral Therapy Management" database and the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System and the Statistical Yearbook of Zhejiang, China. An APC model was used to estimate the impact of age, period and cohort on the incidence rate of AIDS, and to predict the AIDS incidence rate in specific age groups based on sexes and transmission routes.Results: The AIDS incidence rate peaked in males between 20 and 35 years old; the incidence rate of males was higher than that of females due to the impact of period; obvious cohort effect was observed among the immigrants. In the whole and local populations, the incidence rates of males in all age groups and females in both the 35-year-old group and the whole age group were predicted to increase sharply in five years. In the immigrant population, the AIDS incidence rates of males and females in all age groups were expected to increase significantly in five years; influenced by age, the incidence of AIDS through homosexual transmission peaked between 20 and 35 years old in the whole and local populations; under the influence of period, the incidence of AIDS via homosexual transmission in the whole and local populations increased and remained stable after 2015, and the incidence of AIDS transmitted by homosexual and heterosexual routes in the immigrants also showed an increasing trend. As a result of the cohort effect, the incidence of AIDS transmitted through homosexual route among the whole and local populations peaked in 1990; the incidence of AIDS in all age groups through different transmission routes would show an upward trend over the next five years.Conclusions: The results elucidate that there are sex differences in AIDS incidence rate, and the incidence of AIDS through various transmission routes in all groups is predicted to exhibit an upward trend in the five years to come. Effective intervention strategies should be developed and implemented by the public health departments in Zhejiang to control the epidemic of AIDS.

Mass Shootings in Rural American Schools

2020 ◽  
pp. 104-121
Author(s):  
Lynn M. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
School Violence ◽  
Rural Schools ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Threat Assessment ◽  
Control School ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Mass Shootings ◽  
The Public ◽  
American Schools ◽  
And Control

Although student homicides have remained consistently low over the past decades, highly publicized lethal incidents in American schools have garnered concern among the public. Mass shootings in primary and secondary schools have impacted the fear of victimization and subsequently affected school policies to prevent and control school violence. While school violence is largely viewed as a problem in urban schools, mass shootings have occurred more often in town and rural schools. This chapter examines the nature, prevalence, and incidence of mass shootings and multiple victim violence in rural schools. The chapter includes a review of contributing factors to mass school shootings and examines perceptions and fear of the problem from students and parents. The chapter concludes with threat assessment, and research on prevention and control strategies.

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