Mass Shootings in Rural American Schools

2020 ◽  
pp. 104-121
Author(s):  
Lynn M. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
School Violence ◽  
Rural Schools ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Threat Assessment ◽  
Control School ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Mass Shootings ◽  
The Public ◽  
American Schools ◽  
And Control

Although student homicides have remained consistently low over the past decades, highly publicized lethal incidents in American schools have garnered concern among the public. Mass shootings in primary and secondary schools have impacted the fear of victimization and subsequently affected school policies to prevent and control school violence. While school violence is largely viewed as a problem in urban schools, mass shootings have occurred more often in town and rural schools. This chapter examines the nature, prevalence, and incidence of mass shootings and multiple victim violence in rural schools. The chapter includes a review of contributing factors to mass school shootings and examines perceptions and fear of the problem from students and parents. The chapter concludes with threat assessment, and research on prevention and control strategies.

Integration of Renewable Energy in Refrigerated Warehouses

2015 ◽  
pp. 803-853
Author(s):  
Kostadin Fikiin ◽  
Borislav Stankov
Keyword(s):  
Solar Wind ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Food Storage ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Public ◽  
And Control

Refrigerated warehouses are large energy consumers and account for a significant portion of the global energy demand. Nevertheless the opportunity for integration of renewable resources in the energy supply of large cold storage facilities is very often unjustifiably neglected, whereas the employment of renewable energy for many other industrial and comfort applications is actively promoted and explored. In that context, the purpose of this chapter is to bridge the existing gap by raising the public awareness of stakeholders, researchers, practicing engineers and policy makers about the availability of a number of smart engineering solutions and control strategies to exploit renewables of different nature (solar, wind, geothermal, biogas, etc.) in the food storage sector, as well as by calling the readers' attention to the specialised knowledge in the matter, which has been published so far.

scholarly journals An Assessment Model for Rating High-Threat Crop Pathogens

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 616-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. W. Schaad ◽  
J. Abrams ◽  
L. V. Madden ◽  
R. D. Frederick ◽  
D. G. Luster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Threat Assessment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Rating Model ◽  
And Control ◽  
High Threat

Natural, accidental, and deliberate introductions of nonindigenous crop pathogens have become increasingly recognized as threats to the U.S. economy. Given the large number of pathogens that could be introduced, development of rapid detection methods and control strategies for every potential agent would be extremely difficult and costly. Thus, to ensure the most effective direction of resources a list of high-threat pathogens is needed. We address development of a pathogen threat assessment model based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) that can be applied world-wide, using the United States as an illustrative example. Previously, the AHP has been shown to work well for strategic planning and risk assessment. Using the collective knowledge of subject matter expert panels incorporated into commercial decision-making software, 17 biological and economic criteria were determined and given weights for assessing the threat of accidental or deliberately introduced pathogens. The rating model can be applied by experts on particular crops to develop threat lists, especially those of high priority, based on the current knowledge of individual diseases.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Measles in West Arsi Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia: 2011-2015

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tesfaye Solomon ◽  
Mamo Nigatu ◽  
Birhanu Areda
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Health Department ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Arsi Zone ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Measles Outbreaks ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background: Measles is a leading vaccine-preventable childhood disease, which has been designated for elimination. Despite the success of measles control, measles is still responsible for 145,700 deaths worldwide each year, with many of the outbreaks in developing countries including Ethiopia. We analyzed to characterize the epidemiology of measles and recommend better prevention and control strategies in West Arsi Zone, Ethiopia. Methods: Data from 2011–2015 from the Public Health Emergency Management Unit of the West Arsi Zonal Health Department database were obtained using a semi-standard checklist. We analyzed and described the data by person, place, and time.Results: We identified 1735 cases of measles between 2011- 2015. The annual average measles incidence rate during 2011-2014 was 3.4/100,000 while the incidence rate in 2015 was 14/100,000. During 2011-2015, most of the cases occurred in children age less than 15 years old (87%), and 33 % were under five. Measles cases were reported every month, and March had the highest number of cases (24%). The districts with the highest incidence rates of measles had high routine measles vaccination coverage. The proportion of districts with an annual detection rate for non-measles febrile rash was 67% both in 2014 and 2015 which was below the national target (>80%).Conclusions: Measles outbreaks in children in 2015 in an area with high routine vaccination coverage were identified. We recommended improving vaccine management and supplementary vaccination for children less than 15 years. It needs further study to identify contributing factors for measles outbreaks and evaluating the effectiveness of measles control and prevention strategies.

Integration of Renewable Energy in Refrigerated Warehouses

2017 ◽  
pp. 721-770
Author(s):  
Kostadin Fikiin ◽  
Borislav Stankov
Keyword(s):  
Solar Wind ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Food Storage ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Public ◽  
And Control

Refrigerated warehouses are large energy consumers and account for a significant portion of the global energy demand. Nevertheless the opportunity for integration of renewable resources in the energy supply of large cold storage facilities is very often unjustifiably neglected, whereas the employment of renewable energy for many other industrial and comfort applications is actively promoted and explored. In that context, the purpose of this chapter is to bridge the existing gap by raising the public awareness of stakeholders, researchers, practicing engineers and policy makers about the availability of a number of smart engineering solutions and control strategies to exploit renewables of different nature (solar, wind, geothermal, biogas, etc.) in the food storage sector, as well as by calling the readers' attention to the specialised knowledge in the matter, which has been published so far.

scholarly journals Patterns of epidemiology and control of onchocerciasis in West Africa

1997 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Boatin ◽  
D.H. Molyneux ◽  
J.M. Hougard ◽  
O.W. Christensen ◽  
E.S. Alley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
The Public ◽  
And Control ◽  
Combined Impact ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Onchocerciasis Control

AbstractThis paper summarizes the work of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme (OCP) in West Africa, a programme which over a 22 year history has reduced the public health problems of blinding onchocerciasis in eleven countries of West Africa through vector control and, more recently, ivermectin distribution. The paper emphasizes the different approaches to control the programme has developed in the different parts of the programme area which have been determined by the epidemiology of the disease (savanna/forest form), the migratory characteristics of the vectors, intensity of the disease before commencement of treatment, the combined impact of vector control and ivermectin and the likelihood of infiltration of infective blackflies from outside the programme area. The programme has constantly monitored the impact of operations on the trends in prevalence, incidence, annual transmission potential, ocular morbidity and species of fly populations, and as a result, has identified areas where special interventions are required until the programme comes to an end in 2002. The paper illustrates the changes in intensity of infection as measured by community microfilarial load and annual transmission potential over the duration of the programme control activities. The paper also defines and justifies the control strategies in different areas and identifies areas for special interventions.

scholarly journals Canine Leishmaniosis: tools for diagnosis in veterinary practice in Colombia

2015 ◽  
pp. 4822-4842
Author(s):  
Víctor Acero P ◽  
Perla Ángel B ◽  
Esther Fonseca B ◽  
Lluís Ferrer ◽  
Xavier Roura
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Canine Leishmaniosis ◽  
Veterinary Clinic ◽  
The Public ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
And Control ◽  
Different Parts

ABSTRACT The objective of this article is to perform a critical analysis and guide veterinarians in the management of canine Leishmaniosis. A systematic literature review was performed between 2005 and 2014 including scientific papers which take into account experiences and reports of: pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical presentation, treatment, vaccination, prevention and control strategies. We discuss the different aspects of VL management and aspects that should be taken into account depending on the country, after a patient is suspected or confirmed as positive, including the possibility of euthanasia. We describe the different clinical manifestations of the disease, diagnosis, signs and treatment of canine leishmaniosis. Canine leishmaniosis is present in different parts of the country, therefore it must be considered as a possible differential diagnosis in the veterinary clinic, in patients with dermatological and systemic signs that are compatible with various diseases. In Colombia, the patients diagnosed with cutaneous leishmaniasis could be treated and have a favorable prognosis, whereas in canines with diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis euthanasia should be considered because of the public health implications.

scholarly journals Study on spatial-temporal distribution and environmental ties of Japanese B Encephalitis’s mosquito vector as well as landing rate in The Olympic forest park

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei-De Liu ◽  
Yong Zhang ◽  
Ying Tong ◽  
Hong-Jiang Zhang ◽  
Qiu-Hong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Forest Park ◽  
The Public ◽  
Environmental Features ◽  
The People ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background: Mosquito surveillance is crucial for understanding the epidemic potential, planning early-warning, and effective control strategies. As a key public place in Beijing, the Beijing Olympic Forest Park (BOFP) makes serious epidemiological means for the Beijing, and the survey on the Japanese B Encephalitis (JBE) vector of Culex tritaeniorhynchus and mosquito landing in BOFP is crucial for the people living as well as JBE surveillance and control. It was hypothesized that the Cx. tritaeniorhynchus could be trapped in a well-urbanization area of Beijing, and the distribution of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and mosquito landing rate are determined by the environmental factors. Methods: Thus, this investigation was performed to understand the spatial-temporal distribution of Cx. Tritaeniorhynchus and landing rate in BOFP, and the relationship between environmental features and densities of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus as well as mosquito landing rate, considering the vector competent of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and important epidemiological means of BOFP in Beijing. From July to September, the Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was trapped with CDC-lights together with CO2 and the landing rate on the same sites as light traps were also investigated. What’s more, the ties of environmental factors to the density of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and landing rate was performed with SPSS, after the environmental factors datasets had been extracted with the 3S procedures. Results: As result showed, the highest density of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus could be detected in September in the wetland environment, and the density was related to the grass-water in 400meters buffer (GW_400) and lower-trees in 100meter buffer distance (LT_100). For the landing rate investigation, the highest landing rates was observed in the wetland environment during September. In addition, there were two environmental features could be identified to correlate to landing rates; that is, grass-water in 400meters buffer (GW_400) and high-trees in 100meter buffer distance (HT_100). It was concluded that the Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, the vector of JBE, could be detected in BOFP (well-urbanization area), and the environmental factor could affect not only the spatial distribution of JBE vector but also the mosquito landing rates in BOFP. Conclusions: The information achieved from this study could offer advice to people escaping from mosquito biting and provide useful information to prevent mosquito-borne diseases in Beijing, which means a lot to the public health of Beijing.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Pandemic: What Can the West Learn From the East?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mostafa Shokoohi ◽  
Mehdi Osooli ◽  
Saverio Stranges
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
The West ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
The Public ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
And Control

Differences in public health approaches to control the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic could largely explain substantial variations in epidemiological indicators (such as incidence and mortality) between the West and the East. COVID-19 revealed vulnerabilities of most western countries’ healthcare systems in their response to the ongoing public health crisis. Hence, western countries can possibly learn from practices from several East Asian countries regarding infrastructures, epidemiological surveillance and control strategies to mitigate the public health impact of the pandemic. In this paper, we discuss that the lack of rapid and timely community-centered approaches, and most importantly weak public health infrastructures, might have resulted in a high number of infected cases and fatalities in many western countries.

scholarly journals Eradication and Control Strategies for Red Imported Fire Ants (Solenopsis invicta) in Taiwan

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 3951
Author(s):  
Helen K. Liu ◽  
Chung-Chi Lin ◽  
Li-Hsin Huang ◽  
Sin-An Huang ◽  
Rong-Nan Huang
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Red Imported Fire Ant ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Adoption Of Technology ◽  
The Public ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Horizontal Networks ◽  
And Control

Invasive alien species are one of the major threats to biological diversity, public safety, agriculture, and economics. In recent years, a new wave of the red imported fire ant (RIFA) has been detected in new regions, including Kobe (Japan), Daegu (South Korea), Kaohsiung (Taiwan), and other locations in southeast Asia. Due to the increasing number of invasions, practitioners and scientists are seeking effective strategies to respond to RIFA invasions in Pacific regions, especially in countries that have had no presence of RIFA. This study aims to identify the strategies adopted to eradicate RIFA in Taiwan and to elucidate some of the assumptions about RIFA prevention and treatment in infested areas with diverse land patterns. Through a literature review and examination of eradication cases in Taiwan, five essential eradication lessons are discussed: (1) Immediate action through partnership with universities and the private sector; (2) engagement with the public and community with an interest in RIFA control through technology; (3) establishment of multi-level horizontal networks of response teams; (4) strategy implementation ranging from large-scale prevention to precise treatment; and (5) adoption of technology and social media. These strategies will have implications and applications for east and south Asian countries that are dealing with similar challenges.

Utility of Clinical-Epidemiological Profiles in Outbreaks of Foodborne Disease, Catalonia, 2002 through 2006

2010 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. DOMÍNGUEZ ◽  
S. BRONER ◽  
N. TORNER ◽  
A. MARTÍNEZ ◽  
J. M. JANSÀ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Foodborne Disease ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Outbreak Investigations ◽  
And Control

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of clinical-epidemiological profiles for classifying non–laboratory-confirmed outbreaks of foodborne disease (FBD) in Catalonia between 2002 and 2006 and for elucidating associations among factors contributing to these outbreaks. A total of 275 nonfamily outbreaks were studied, of which 190 (69.1%) were laboratory confirmed and 85 (30.9%) were not. In 176 (92.6%) of laboratory-confirmed outbreaks and 69 (81.2%) of non–laboratory-confirmed outbreaks, information was obtained on contributing factors (P = 0.009). In 72% of non–laboratory-confirmed outbreaks, the etiology was assigned by using clinical-epidemiological profiles; thus, 93% of outbreaks eventually were associated with an etiology. In laboratory-confirmed outbreaks, poor personal hygiene was positively associated with norovirus (odds ratio [OR], 2.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.47 to 4.89; P = 0.0007) and negatively associated with Salmonella and Campylobacter (OR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.33 to 0.89; P = 0.01), and an unsafe source was positively associated with Salmonella and Campylobacter (OR, 4.07; 95% CI, 1.72 to 10.09; P = 0.001) and negatively associated with norovirus (OR, 0.14; 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.58; P = 0.001). No differences were found among contributing factors associated with outbreaks with a laboratory-confirmed etiology and those associated with outbreaks with an etiology assigned according to the clinical-epidemiological profiles. Clinical-epidemiological profiles are useful for determining what prevention and control strategies are appropriate to the agents involved in each community and for designing outbreak investigations.

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