scholarly journals Torula Yeast in the Diet of Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar and the Impact on Growth Performance and Gut Microbiome.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Leeper ◽  
Ricardo Ekmay ◽  
Stephen Knobloch ◽  
Sigurlaug Skírnisdóttir ◽  
Madhushri Varunjikar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Torula Yeast ◽  
Alternative Protein ◽  
Inclusion Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Marine Protein

Abstract BackgroundLarge scale Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture is expanding, and with it, the need to find suitable replacements of conventional protein sources used in formulated feeds. Torula yeast (Cyberlindnera jadinii) has been identified as a promising alternative protein for aquaculture feeds, and can be sustainable cultivated from lignocellulosic biomasses, contributing to circular economic growth. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of torula yeast on the growth performance and the gut microbiome of freshwater Atlantic salmon to facilitate the commercial uptake of this alternative protein. Two types of diets were assessed in this study. Firstly, a marine protein base diet where fish meal (FM) was replaced with increasing inclusion levels of torula yeast, (0%, 10%, 20%) to provide a simplified replacement. Secondly, a marine protein and plant protein combination where mixed plant meals (MIX) were replaced with increasing inclusion levels of torula yeast, (0%, 10%, 20%) to provide a commercial relevant dietary replacement.ResultsThis study demonstrated that 20% torula yeast can replace fish meal without alteration to the growth performance while leading to potential benefits for the gut microbiome by increasing the presence of bacteria positively associated with the host. However, when torula yeast replaced a mix of plant meal in a combined protein source diet results suggest 10% inclusion of yeast produced the best growth performance results compared with both the control and 20% inclusion. At the highest inclusion level for the mixed diets potentially negative changes were observed in the gut microbial community, such as a decrease in lactic acid bacteria and an increased level of bacteria associated with slower growth in other salmonid species.ConclusionsThis study supports the application of torula yeast in the diet of Atlantic salmon as a partial replacement for conventional protein sources. However, the other components of the diet will need to be considered to determine the optimal inclusion level for this alternative protein. Future research should further optimise the inclusion of torula yeast in salmonid diets and investigate its influence on the functional role of the fish gut microbiome to facilitate improved formulated feed formulations and ensure a sustainable development of the aquaculture industry.

scholarly journals Torula yeast in the diet of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and the impact on growth performance and gut microbiome

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Leeper ◽  
Ricardo Ekmay ◽  
Stephen Knobloch ◽  
Sigurlaug Skírnisdóttir ◽  
Madhushri Varunjikar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Torula Yeast ◽  
Alternative Protein ◽  
Performance Results ◽  
Gut Microbial Community ◽  
The Impact

AbstractAtlantic salmon aquaculture is expanding, and with it, the need to find suitable replacements for conventional protein sources used in formulated feeds. Torula yeast (Cyberlindnera jadinii), has been identified as a promising alternative protein for feed and can be sustainably cultivated on lignocellulosic biomasses. The present study investigated the impact of torula yeast on the growth performance and gut microbiome of freshwater Atlantic salmon. A marine protein base diet and a mixed marine and plant protein base diet were tested, where conventional proteins were replaced with increasing inclusion levels of torula yeast, (0%, 10%, 20%). This study demonstrated that 20% torula yeast can replace fish meal without alteration to growth performance while leading to potential benefits for the gut microbiome by increasing the presence of bacteria positively associated with the host. However, when torula yeast replaced plant meal in a mixed protein diet, results suggested that 10% inclusion of yeast produced the best growth performance results but at the 20% inclusion level of yeast, potentially negative changes were observed in the gut microbial community, such as a decrease in lactic acid bacteria. This study supports the continued investigation of torula yeast for Atlantic salmon as a partial replacement for conventional proteins.

scholarly journals Torula Yeast in the Diet of Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar and the Impact on Growth Performance and Gut Microbiome.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Leeper ◽  
Ricardo Ekmay ◽  
Stephen Knobloch ◽  
Sigurlaug Skírnisdóttir ◽  
Madhushri Varunjikar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Torula Yeast ◽  
Alternative Protein ◽  
Performance Results ◽  
Gut Microbial Community ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Atlantic salmon aquaculture is expanding, and with it, the need to find suitable replacements for conventional protein sources used in formulated feeds. Torula yeast (Cyberlindnera jadinii), has been identified as a promising alternative protein for feeds and can be sustainably cultivated from lignocellulosic biomasses. The present study investigates the impact of torula yeast on the growth performance and the gut microbiome of freshwater Atlantic salmon. Both a marine protein base diet and a mixed marine and plant protein base diet were tested, where conventional proteins were replaced with increasing inclusion levels of torula yeast, (0%, 10%, 20%). This study demonstrated that 20% torula yeast can replace fish meal without alteration to growth performance while leading to potential benefits for the gut microbiome by increasing the presence of bacteria positively associated with the host. However, when torula yeast replaced plant meal in a mixed protein diet, results suggest 10% inclusion of yeast produced the best growth performance results and at the highest inclusion level, potentially negative changes were observed in the gut microbial community, such as a decrease in lactic acid bacteria. This study supports the continued investigation of torula yeast for Atlantic salmon as a partial replacement for conventional proteins.

scholarly journals The impact of dietary protein: lipid ratio on growth performance, fatty acid metabolism, product quality and waste output in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Aquaculture ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 501 ◽  
pp. 191-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas S. Mock ◽  
David S. Francis ◽  
Matthew K. Jago ◽  
Brett D. Glencross ◽  
Richard P. Smullen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Product Quality ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Fatty Acid Metabolism ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Lipid Ratio ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Effects of marine protein-, marine oil- and marine-free diets on the growth performance and innate immune responses of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar, L.) post-smolts

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 2495-2515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoforos Panicos Metochis ◽  
Vivian O Crampton ◽  
Kari Ruohonen ◽  
Adel El-Mowafi ◽  
John Gordon Bell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Marine Oil ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Marine Protein

scholarly journals Recommendations for dietary level of micro-minerals and vitamin D3 to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr and post-smolt when fed low fish meal diets

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e6996 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Antony Jesu Prabhu ◽  
Erik-Jan Lock ◽  
Gro-Ingunn Hemre ◽  
Kristin Hamre ◽  
Marit Espe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Salmon Parr ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Parr

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) feeds have changed drastically in their composition from being predominantly marine-based to plant-based. This has altered the dietary supply and availability of micro-nutrients to Atlantic salmon. The impact of graded inclusion levels of a nutrient package (NP) comprising of 25 different micro-nutrients were studied in Atlantic salmon parr in freshwater (Trial 1) and post-smolts in seawater (Trial 2). In brief, the NP was included from 0 to 400%, where 100% corresponded to the recommendation by the National Research Council, 2011. Micro-nutrients, namely Zn, Mn, Se, Cu, Fe, Co, I and vitamin D3 were included in the NP with the objective of (re)evaluating the dietary need to meet the requirement of Atlantic salmon parr and post-smolt, when fed low fish meal, plant ingredient-based diets. Responses in apparent availability coefficient (AAC), whole body and vertebrae mineral concentrations, and retention were analysed. AAC of Cu, Mn, Se and Zn responded in a quadratic fashion with an increase in NP from 0 to 400% in freshwater parr; AAC could not be measured in post-smolt salmon. The whole-body concentration of Zn, Se, Co and I in Atlantic salmon parr were significantly affected by increasing NP inclusion; the same was observed for Zn, Se and Co in post-smolt Atlantic salmon. Vertebrae mineral concentration as the response criterion was non-responsive in parr; whereas, in post-smolt, Co had a linear increase, while Zn and Se showed a non-linear increase upon 0 to 400 NP inclusion. Zinc concentration and activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) in vertebrae indicated increased bone resorption in post-smolt Atlantic salmon; TRAP activity increased linearly with NP inclusion in post-smolt, but not in parr. Significant correlations between Zn and Se were observed in AAC and vertebral concentrations, indicating an interaction in intestinal uptake and vertebral deposition. Overall, Atlantic salmon parr held in freshwater were able to satisfy the requirement for the trace minerals Zn, Mn, Se, Cu, and Fe through supply from 100–150 NP, corresponding to 101–132, 47–63, 0.6–0.8, 12–16 and 150–166 mg kg −1, respectively; for iodine, dietary supply from 150–200 NP, corresponding to 0.7–1.6 mg kg−1, was required. In the seawater, Atlantic salmon post-smolt, in general, required micro-minerals and vitamin D3 levels as supplied through 150–200 NP, corresponding to 140–177, Zn; 61–67, Mn; 0.9–1, Se; 14–16, Cu; and vitamin D3, 0.06–0.09 mg kg −1 to fulfil the requirement, except for Cu which was satisfied at 100–150 NP, equivalent to 13–14 mg kg −1 diet.

scholarly journals Changes in the liver transcriptome of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed experimental diets based on terrestrial alternatives to fish meal and fish oil

BMC Genomics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Caballero-Solares ◽  
Xi Xue ◽  
Christopher C. Parrish ◽  
Maryam Beheshti Foroutani ◽  
Richard G. Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Liver Transcriptome ◽  
Farmed Atlantic Salmon

Elements in the development of conservation plans for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (S1) ◽  
pp. 312-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian J Dodson ◽  
R John Gibson ◽  
Richard A Cunjak ◽  
Kevin D Friedland ◽  
Carlos Garcia de Leaniz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Size Structure ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Conservation Unit ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Conservation Plan ◽  
Conservation Plans ◽  
The Impact

This paper examines two areas to be considered in developing conservation plans for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): goal statements and the general framework for the implementation of a conservation plan. From a biological perspective, the appropriate conservation unit for Atlantic salmon is the Evolutionary Significant Unit (ESU). As conservation decisions will rarely be based solely on biological information, the Operational Conservation Unit (OCU) is defined as resulting from the interplay between biological requirements and socio-economic issues. A multi-scale habitat inventory of Atlantic salmon rivers to know what their status is relative to historical conditions is the first step in a functional conservation plan. The viability of salmon populations may be assessed according to 6 variables: abundance, resilience, age and size structure, sex ratio, spatial and geographical distribution. A genetically viable population possesses the species' evolutionary legacy and the genetic variation on which future evolutionary potential depends. Four factors important to monitoring changes in a population's genetic health are genetic diversity, effective population size, genetic bottlenecks and founder effects and gene flow. Implementation of a conservation plan must be proactive to maintain the quality of the OCUs. Commercial and recreational fisheries need to be limited and several case studies are reviewed. The importance of avoiding the introduction of exotics and minimizing the impact of sampling methodology, as well as the pitfalls of planting eggs, fry, or parr, are addressed. Finally, the importance of fostering public awareness of the value of conservation is essential to apply the political pressure necessary to preserve natural resources.

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