Analyses and Findings of Unusual Substitute Materials in a Raincoat From WWII

Abstract Due to the coating materials used, historic raincoats are vulnerable to degradation and rarely survive long periods of time. The investigated raincoat dating from 1943 is no exception – the coating is unusually stiff and flaking off in areas around folds and cracks. Study into its material composition can contribute to important knowledge of the availability of materials for waterproof clothing during the time of the German occupation of Denmark (1940-1945) when the usual materials for raincoats, cotton fabric and rubber, were in short supply. Optical microscopy and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) identified the fabric to consist of rayon stable fibers and paper yarn, and the coating to be based on cellulose nitrate (CN) lacquer, an unknown plasticizer and titanium white (TiO2). Though the results are atypical for a raincoat, they are in good accordance with the raw materials available in Denmark in 1943. Analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS), and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), identified the plasticiser as poly(1,3-butylene) adipate. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) moreover identified the titanium white pigment as the anatase form. By historical discussion this study argues that IG Farben AG is the likely producer of poly(1,3-butylene) adipate, even though the first known marketing of the plastiticiser is from 1986 where the Swiss firm Ciba-Geigy introduced poly(1,3-butylene) adipate as a plasticiser for PVC cling films under the tradename Reoplex® 346. The finding is an extraordinary example on how advanced the chemical industry was in the early 1940’s when it came to polymer science.

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Analyses and findings of unusual substitute materials in a raincoat from WWII

Heritage Science ◽

10.1186/s40494-021-00572-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Clara Bratt Lauridsen ◽

Theis Brock-Nannestad ◽

Kim Pilkjær Simonsen

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Resonance Spectroscopy ◽

Polymer Science ◽

Coating Materials ◽

Rayon Staple ◽

Short Supply ◽

Interesting Insight ◽

New Information ◽

Materials Used ◽

Titanium White

AbstractDue to the coating materials used, historic raincoats are vulnerable to degradation and rarely survive long periods of time. The investigated raincoat dating from 1943 is no exception—the coating is unusually stiff and flaking off in areas around folds and cracks. Study into its material composition can contribute to important knowledge of the availability of materials for waterproof clothing during the time of the German occupation of Denmark (1940–1945) when the usual materials for raincoats, cotton fabric and rubber, were in short supply. Optical microscopy and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) identified the fabric to consist of rayon staple fibres and paper yarn, and the coating to be based on cellulose nitrate (CN) lacquer and an unknown plasticiser. Though the results are atypical for a raincoat, they are in good accordance with the raw materials available in Denmark in 1943. Analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS), and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), identified the plasticiser as poly(1,3-butylene) adipate. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) moreover identified the pigment as titanium white of the anatase form. By historical discussion, this study argues that IG Farben is the likely producer of poly(1,3-butylene) adipate, even though the first known marketing of the plasticiser is from 1986 where the Swiss firm Ciba-Geigy introduced poly(1,3-butylene) adipate as a plasticiser for PVC cling films under the tradename Reoplex® 346. The results give an interesting insight into the use of substitution products during WWII and provide new information on polymer science of the time.

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The Production Technology of, and Trade in, Egyptian Blue Pigment in the Roman World

Communities and Connections ◽

10.1093/oso/9780199230341.003.0013 ◽

2007 ◽

Author(s):

Michael Tite ◽

Gareth Hatton

Keyword(s):

Roman Empire ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Eastern Mediterranean ◽

Blue Pigment ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Egyptian Blue ◽

Intimate Mixture ◽

Materials Used ◽

Scanning Electron

Egyptian blue was first used as a pigment on tomb paintings in Egypt from around 2300 BC, and during the subsequent 3,000 years, its use both as a pigment and in the production of small objects spread throughout the Near East and Eastern Mediterranean and to the limits of the Roman Empire. During the Roman period, Egyptian blue was distributed in the form of balls of pigment up to about 15mm across, and appears to have been the most common blue pigment to be used on wall paintings throughout the Empire. Egyptian blue was both the first synthetic pigment, and one of the first materials from antiquity to be examined by modern scientific methods. A small pot containing the pigment that was found during the excavations at Pompeii in 1814 was examined by Sir Humphrey Davy. Subsequently, x-ray diffraction analysis was used to identify the compound as the calcium-copper tetrasilicate CaCuSi4O10, and to establish that Egyptian blue and the rare natural mineral cuprorivaite are the same material. Examination of Egyptian blue samples in cross-section in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed that they consist of an intimate mixture of Egyptian blue crystals (i.e. CaCuSi4O10) and partially reacted quartz particles together with varying amounts of glass phase (Tite, Bimson, and Cowell 1984). At this stage it should be emphasized that, in the literature, the term Egyptian blue tends to be used to describe both crystals of calcium-copper tetrasilicate and the bulk polycrystalline material that is used as the pigment and is sometimes referred to as frit. In this chapter, the suffix ‘crystal’ or ‘mineral’ will be added when the former meaning applies, and the suffix ‘pigment’, ‘sample’, or ‘frit’ will be added when the latter meaning applies. For the current study, a small group of Roman Egyptian blue samples were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with attached analytical facilities. Using the chemical compositions of the samples, together with the description of the manufacture of Egyptian blue given by Vitruvius (Morgan 1960) at the beginning of the first century BC in his Ten Books on Architecture, an attempt is made to identify the raw materials used in the production of Roman Egyptian blue.

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Archaeometric Characterisation of Decorated Pottery from the Archaeological Site of Villa dei Quintili (Rome, Italy): Preliminary Study

Geosciences ◽

10.3390/geosciences9040172 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 172 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Michela Ricca ◽

Giuseppe Paladini ◽

Natalia Rovella ◽

Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo ◽

Luciana Randazzo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multidisciplinary Approach ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Archaeological Site ◽

Optical Microscope ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Geochemical Study ◽

Renaissance Period ◽

Preliminary Study ◽

Materials Used

This work focused on the study of decorated pottery dated back to the 16th century from the Roman archaeological site of Villa dei Quintili, a monumental complex located in the south-eastern part of Rome (Italy). A minero-petrographic and geochemical study was undertaken to analyse five archaeological samples in order to define textural features and raw materials used for their production, along with the chemical and physical composition of the superficial decorative glazed coatings. For this purpose, different analytical methods were used, such as polarising optical microscope (POM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro-Raman spectroscopy, X-Ray fluorescence (XRF), and electron microprobe analysis coupled with energy dispersive spectrometry (EMPA-EDS). The results of such a multidisciplinary approach allowed us to achieve important results crucial to recognise the shards as majolica of the Renaissance period, improving knowledge about manufacturing processes of these renowned painted ceramic artefacts.

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Chemical and mineralogical characterization of portuguese ceramic tiles in the historic center of São Luís do Maranhão (Brazil): an approximation of the mineralogy and firing temperature of the raw materials

Rem Revista Escola de Minas ◽

10.1590/s0370-44672013000100012 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 66 (1) ◽

pp. 91-98 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

José Manuel Rivas Mercury ◽

Domingos de Jesus Costa Pereira ◽

Nazaré do Socorro Lemos Silva Vasconcelos ◽

Aluísio Alves Cabral Jr. ◽

Romulo Simões Angélica

Keyword(s):

Firing Temperature ◽

Raw Materials ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Ceramic Tiles ◽

Mineralogical Characterization ◽

Calcium Carbonates ◽

Historic Center ◽

Mineral Phases ◽

Materials Used

This work involved the first-ever characterization of antique Portuguese ceramic wall tiles in the Historic Center of São Luis do Maranhão, Brazil. The tiles were characterized by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and chemical analysis to identify the possible raw materials used in the fabrication process, as well as the firing temperature of these materials. The results indicate that the microstructure of these materials consists of pores of varying sizes with calcite incrustations and quartz grain sizes smaller than 500 µm distributed in a pinkish yellow matrix, which were identified by XRD as calcite, gehlenite, wollastonite, quartz, and amorphous mineral phases. Based on this information, it can be inferred that the original raw materials probably consisted of a mixture of kaolinitic clays (Al2O3·2SiO2·2H2O) rich in calcium carbonates and quartz, or mixtures of kaolinitic clays, quartz and calcite, which did not reach the pre-firing temperature of 950ºC.

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Effect of ZnO on Properties of Gels for Heritage Objects Conservation

Gels ◽

10.3390/gels7040251 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 251

Author(s):

Oana-Cătălina Mocioiu ◽

Irina Atkinson ◽

Ana-Maria Mocioiu ◽

Simona Neagu ◽

Robert Ruginescu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Sol Gel ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Salt Crystal ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

X Ray ◽

Transitional Metals ◽

Materials Used ◽

Growth Of Bacteria ◽

Scanning Electron

One of the current research objectives is the development of new films for the conservation of glass heritage objects. The value of historical glass objects is given by the technology and raw materials used in production as well as their transparency and color. Their colors are correlated with oxide composition rich in transitional metals, which decrease resistance of corrosive agents from the atmosphere. In this paper, SiO2-ZnO gels have been designed to protect historical glass objects. The sol–gel method used to obtain gels is a powerful tool for functionalizing different materials. An important functionalization is the antibacterial activity. By applying a gel, the coated material is able to decrease the growth of bacteria. After deposition, some gels must be strengthened by heat treatment. The effect of ZnO content (10 mol% and 20 mol%) on the properties of the studied gels was investigated by Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and antibacterial tests. Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, and the halotolerant bacterium, Virgibacillus halodenitrificans, isolated from a salt crystal from Unirea mine, Slănic Prahova, Romania, were used. The gel Gel 2 (SiO2-ZnO (20 mol%)) showed the best properties.

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Pengaruh Waktu Hidrotermal terhadap Karakteristik Zeolite Socony Mobile-5 (ZSM-5) Tanpa Template Menggunakan Reaktor Autoclave

KOVALEN ◽

10.22487/kovalen.2021.v7.i3.15598 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 208-213

Author(s):

Mukhtar Ghozali ◽

Gamaliel Tanaka ◽

Muhammad Misbahussalam ◽

Tifa Paramitha

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Hydrothermal Process ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Hydrothermal Time ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Hydrothermal Temperature ◽

X Ray ◽

Materials Used ◽

Autoclave Reactor ◽

Silica Oxide

ZSM-5 is a synthetic zeolite which has a complex production process and is affected by operating conditions, such as temperature and time. In this study, synthesized ZSM-5 without template by hydrothermal method. An autoclave reactor was used for the hydrothermal process. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of varied hydrothermal times of 24 and 48 hours with a hydrothermal temperature of 180oC on the characteristic of ZSM-5. The raw materials used were silica oxide and aluminum hydroxide as a source of silica and alumina. The synthesis results were characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Based on XRD results, the best result was obtained in performed at 48 hours hydrothermal time indicating the formation of ZSM-5 material at the 22.2o position. The percentage crystallinity of the sample at the hydrothermal time of 48 hours was 51.3%.

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Quality Characterization of Iron Dust Exhaust Thermal as Alternative Ceramic Coating Raw Materials in a Brazilian Company

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1077.135 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1077 ◽

pp. 135-138

Author(s):

Luiz Oliveira Veriano dalla Valentina ◽

Marilena Valadares Folgueras ◽

Wanessa Rejane Knop ◽

Maria Cristina Pacheco do Nascimento ◽

Glaucia Aparecida Prates

Keyword(s):

Ceramic Coating ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Ceramic Materials ◽

Raw Material ◽

Silica Sand ◽

Commercial Application ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Materials Used

As the raw materials used in the ceramic materials manufacturing are natural, it is important to use them as a alternative materials, thus decreasing the elements demand taken from nature. This paper aims the characterization of foundry solid powder exhaust from a brazilian company located in Joinville - SC as an alternative raw material for ceramic coating by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analysis (DSC) and thermogravimetric (TG). The dust depletion is caused in the manufacturing mold sand process, when the bentonita (clay), silica sand and coal during the metal parts production are mixed in green sand production. The raw materials were characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal (DSC) and thermogravimetric analisys (TG). The atomized powder thermogravimetric analysis curve shows three intervals associated with the mass loss and it is typical of clay commercial application.

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Chemical-Mineralogical and Microscopic Characterization of Clay Used as Raw Materials in Santa Gertrudes' Ceramic Pole

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.869.191 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 869 ◽

pp. 191-194

Author(s):

Carolina del Roveri ◽

R.A. Cunha ◽

Antenor Zanardo ◽

Letícia Hirata Godoy ◽

Maria Margarita Torres Moreno ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Microscopic Analysis ◽

Major Elements ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Ceramic Tiles ◽

X Ray ◽

Mineral Phases ◽

Icp Ms ◽

Materials Used

The Santa Gertrudes ́ Ceramic Polo is the Brazilian region with national and international prominence in the manufacturing of ceramic tiles. Some raw materials used by ceramic industry and coatings industries in this region were characterized in terms of chemical-mineralogical and microscopic view, in order to promote the best technological characterization of them. For this, chemical analysis of major elements and trace X-ray diffraction and microscopic analysis by SEM, TEM and Electron microprobe were performed by ICP-MS. The results showed that the raw materials commonly referred to as "clays" are actually constituted by various mineral phases, which directly influence the properties of the same ceramics. Also showed that, by virtue of this constitution, different formulations can be developed, using the best raw materials found in the region of Santa Gertrudes, SP.

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Thermal behaviour of ‘metamorphic vermiculite’ in Ca-rich ancient ceramic sherds and experimental ceramics

Mineralogical Magazine ◽

10.1180/minmag.2010.074.4.747 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 74 (4) ◽

pp. 747-771 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

C. Rathossi ◽

P. Tsolis-Katagas ◽

C. Katagas

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Thermal Transformation ◽

White Mica ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Maximum Reaction ◽

Different Types ◽

Constituent Phase ◽

Ancient Ceramic ◽

Materials Used

AbstractA ‘metamorphic vermiculite’-like phase was identified in Ca-rich ancient ceramic sherds from excavations in NW Peloponnese, Greece. Archaeometric investigations have shown that the raw materials used in the production of ancient ceramics were derived from local Plio-Pleistocene sediments. Analysis by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy showed that ‘metamorphic vermiculite’ is a common constituent phase of these sediments occurring in three texturally different types: as interstratified white mica-chlorite and chlorite-vermiculite, and white mica-(white mica-chlorite) stacks. In an attempt to elucidate the thermal transformation of ‘metamorphic vermiculite’ present in the calcareous raw materials, we produced experimental ceramics made from these local raw materials and fired them at 700, 750, 850, 950 and 1050°C in a static air furnace. The mixed-layered chlorite-vermiculite was transformed completely at ∼800°C contributing to the formation of new high-Tminerals. The two other types of ‘metamorphic vermiculite’ retain their original lath-like shape up to 1050°C and only a few crystals show that they have undergone complete transformation at this temperature. In the latter crystals, numerous nanocrystals were formed sub-parallel to the former cleavages of ‘metamorphic vermiculite’ pseudomorphs, suggesting their contribution to the nucleation of high-Tminerals (i.e. ferrian aluminian diopside, spinel, Fe oxides) by reactions with the available CaO. It is suggested that the firing conditions (i.e. maximum reaction temperature of 1050°C, reaction time of 1 h, oxygen atmosphere) which promote disequilibrium reactions, and the greater contribution of the white mica constituent against chlorite in some of the initial structures of ‘metamorphic vermiculite’ may be responsible for the delay of its thermal decomposition at 1050°C.

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Compositional Characterization and Chronology of Roman Mortars from the Archaeological Site of Arroyo De La Dehesa De Velasco (Burgo De Osma- Ciudad De Osma, Soria, Spain)

Minerals ◽

10.3390/min10050393 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 393

Author(s):

Ainhoa Alonso-Olazabal ◽

Luis Angel Ortega ◽

Maria Cruz Zuluaga ◽

Graciela Ponce-Antón ◽

Javier Jiménez Echevarría ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Radiocarbon Dating ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Archaeological Site ◽

First Century ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Brick Powder ◽

Multilayer Wall ◽

Materials Used ◽

Compositional Characterization

This study characterises the mortar materials used in the construction of walls and floors at the Arroyo de la Dehesa de Velasco site, located near the Roman city of Uxama Argaela (the modern Burgo de Osma—Ciudad de Osma, Soria, Spain). Multilayer mortars have been characterised by petrographic, mineralogical (X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive analyses and geochemical analysis (X-ray fluorescence). Additionally, radiocarbon dating of the mortar binder fraction was performed in order to establish the chronology of the building in the absence of other archaeological chronological records. The results showed that similar siliceous aggregates and lime binders were used in the fabrication of multilayer system mortars. Some multilayer wall mortars show ceramic fragments or brick powder to produce hydraulic mortars and improve the resistance to moisture. The raw materials used for the construction of the site were of local origin and the construction was built during the first century BC, according to radiocarbon dating.

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