scholarly journals A Quantitative Interspecies Comparison of The Respiratory Mucociliary Clearance Mechanism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Burn ◽  
Martin Schneiter ◽  
Manuel Ryser ◽  
Peter Gehr ◽  
Jaroslav Ricka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wave Field ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Mucociliary Clearance ◽  
Ciliary Activity ◽  
Mucociliary Transport ◽  
Metachronal Wave ◽  
Transport Direction ◽  
Clearance Mechanism ◽  
Lower Ratio ◽  
Metachronal Waves

Abstract Background: Collectively coordinated ciliary activity constantly propels the airway surface liquid, which lines the luminal surface of the vertebrate respiratory system, in cranial direction – constituting mucociliary clearance, the primary defence mechanism of our airways. Our contemporary understanding on how the quantitative characteristics of the metachronal wave field determines the resulting mucociliary transport is still limited, which is partly due to the sparse availability of quantitative observational data. Methods: We employed high-speed video reflection contrast microscopy to simultaneously image and quantitatively characterize the metachronal wave field as well as the mucociliary transport in excised bovine, porcine, ovine, lapine, turkey and ostrich samples of the luminal tracheal wall. Advanced image processing techniques were used to determine the ciliary beating frequency (CBF), the velocity and the wavelength of the metachronal wave as well as the mucociliary transport velocity. Results: The mucociliary transport direction was found to strongly correlate with the mean wave propagation direction in all six species. The CBF yielded similar values (10−15 Hz) for all six species. Birds were found to exhibit considerably higher transport speeds (130−260 μm/s) than mammals (20−80 μm/s). While the average transport direction significantly deviates from the tracheal long axis (TLA) in mammals, no significant deviation from the TLA was found in birds. In comparison to mammals, longer metachronal wavelengths were found in birds. Finally, the metachronal waves were found to propagate at about 4−8 times the speed of mucociliary transport in mammals, whereas the metachronal waves propagate at about the speed of mucociliary transport in birds. Conclusions: The tracheal mucociliary clearance mechanism is based on a symplectic metachronsim in all examined species. The mucociliary transport in birds is fast and roughly follows the TLA, whereas the transport is slower and proceeds along a left-handed spiral in mammals. The longer wavelengths and the lower ratio between the metachronal wave speed and the mucociliary transport speed provide further evidence that the mucociliary clearance mechanism operates differently in birds than in mammals.

Scintigraphic evaluation of nasal mucociliary activity in unilateral chronic otitis media

2005 ◽  
Vol 119 (6) ◽  
pp. 443-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cemal Cingi ◽  
Fazilet Altin ◽  
Hamdi Cakli ◽  
Ernre Entok ◽  
Kezban Gurbuz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Mucociliary Clearance ◽  
Chronic Otitis Media ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ciliary Activity ◽  
Mucociliary Transport ◽  
Defence Mechanism ◽  
Lower Airways ◽  
The Difference

Mucociliary clearance is a key defence mechanism in human upper and lower airways. Although mucociliary activity is present in both ears of the patients, most cases of chronic otitis media are unilateral.In this study, we aim to evaluate the difference between nasal mucociliary activity of the affected and non-affected sides in patients with unilateral chronic otitis media. Both nasal transport times of 36 patients with unilateral chronic otitis media were compared statistically with each other and with the control group by independent samples t-test. The nasal mucociliary transport times of the nasal cavity at the same side as the affected ear and as the non-affected ear are significantly different, in the same patients.Our study shows that impaired or decreased nasal mucociliary activity may result in dysfunction of the eustachian tube and middle-ear ciliary activity, which plays an important role in the aetiopathogenesis of chronic otitis media.

scholarly journals Spatial Intra- and Intercellular Alignment of Respiratory Cilia and its Relation to Function

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Schneiter ◽  
Sebastian Halm ◽  
Adolfo Odriozola ◽  
Helga Mogel ◽  
Jaroslav Rička ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mucociliary Clearance ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Ciliary Activity ◽  
Respiratory Cilia ◽  
Transport Direction ◽  
Mucociliary Function ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ciliary Dyskinesia ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Volume Electron Microscopy

Ciliary alignment is considered necessary to establish respiratory tract mucociliary clearance, and disorientation is often associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a detailed analysis of ciliary orientation (CO). We used volume electron microscopy to examine CO relative to the tracheal long axis (TLA) by measuring the inter- and intracellular basal body orientation (BBO) and axonemal orientation (AO), which are considered to coincide, both equivalently indicating the effective stroke direction. Our results, however, reveal that only the mean BBO is aligned with the TLA, whereas the AO determines the effective stroke direction as well as the mucociliary transport direction. Furthermore, we show that even if the mean CO is conserved across cell boundaries, a considerable gradient in CO exists within individual cells, which we suspect to be crucial for the emergence of coordinated ciliary activity. Our findings provide new quantitative insight into CO and correlate this new structural information with mucociliary function.

scholarly journals Ciliary activity of cultured rabbit tracheal epithelium: beat pattern and metachrony

1981 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 331-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Sanderson ◽  
M.A. Sleigh
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Power Stroke ◽  
Ciliary Activity ◽  
Relative Duration ◽  
Beat Pattern ◽  
Recovery Stroke ◽  
Cultured Epithelia ◽  
Metachronal Waves ◽  
Scanning Electron

The beat pattern of rabbit tracheal cilia has been investigated using high-speed cine photography and scanning electron microscopy, on cultured epithelia of known orientation. The cilia normally rest in the position reached at the end of the effective stroke, the ciliary tips pointing towards the oropharynx. Each beat begins with a recovery (or preparative) stroke in which a bend is propagated up the cilium causing the cilium to rotate backwards in a clockwise sweep, as viewed from above. At the end of its recovery stroke the cilium progresses immediately into the effective (or power) stroke, which is almost planar and in a cephalad direction. The active cilium describes an arc of almost 110 degrees before reaching the rest stage. This beat pattern is not significantly altered over an increase in frequency from 13–29 Hz; the relative duration of the 2 active phases of the beat remain similar over this range. Metachronal waves exist in the form of short erratic areas of coordinated beating which travel only short distances. Within each area, the non-planar recovery strokes initiate an antilaeoplectic wave of activity which recruits inactive cilia to extent the wave. As cilia perform their effective strokes, adjacent cilia in the plane of beating move in an antiplectic sequence. This pattern of coordination is related to the pattern of beat of the cilia and their distribution on the epithelium.

Sinonasal effects of external dacryocystorhinostomy

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
H Eyigor ◽  
E A Cetinkaya ◽  
D T Coban ◽  
G Ozturk ◽  
Ö Erdem
Keyword(s):  
Mucociliary Clearance ◽  
Nasal Symptom ◽  
Ciliary Activity ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Saccharine Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Symptom Scores ◽  
Endoscopic Score ◽  
External Dacryocystorhinostomy

Abstract Objective External dacryocystorhinostomy is thought to cause mucociliary dysfunction by damaging the mucosa, in turn affecting ciliary activity and mucus quality. This study investigated the effect of external dacryocystorhinostomy on sinonasal function. Methods Patients scheduled for unilateral external dacryocystorhinostomy who underwent endoscopic nasal examination and paranasal sinus computed tomography were included in this study. A saccharine test was performed on the planned surgical side and the mucociliary clearance time was determined. The sinonasal quality of life was measured in all patients, pre-operatively and at six months post-operatively, using the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-22. The Lund–Kennedy endoscopic score was also determined in all patients, both pre- and post-operatively. Results The study comprised 28 patients (22 females and 6 males). A statistically significant difference was found between the pre- and post-operative saccharine test results (p = 0.006), but not between the pre- and post-operative Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-22 scores (p > 0.05). Conclusion This study is one of only a few to investigate the effect of external dacryocystorhinostomy on sinonasal function. The results showed that external dacryocystorhinostomy impairs mucociliary clearance. The surgical procedure is well tolerated and does not significantly change nasal symptom scores.

scholarly journals Evaluation of nasal mucociliary clearance in rheumatoid arthritis: a comparative analysis using saccharin test

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 5026 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelja Deswal ◽  
Jyoti Yadav ◽  
Mohit Deswal ◽  
Harpreet Singh
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Disease Duration ◽  
Mucociliary Clearance ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ciliary Activity ◽  
Multisystem Disease ◽  
Organic Particles ◽  
Nasal Mucociliary Clearance

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic multisystem disease of unknown etiology characterized by persistent inflammatory synovitis, usually involving peripheral joints in a symmetric distribution. RA is a systemic disease often associated with cutaneous and organ-specific extra-articular manifestations the mucociliary clearance system protects the lower respiratory system by trapping and removing inhaled pathogenic viruses and bacteria, in addition to nontoxic and toxic particulates (e.g., pollen, ash, mineral dust, mold spores, and organic particles), from the lungs. Effective clearance requires both ciliary activity and the appropriate balance of periciliary fluid and mucus.Methods: This was a case control study conducted in the Department of Physiology, Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak in 50 females of age group 30-50 years. Control group comprised of 25 healthy volunteer females while study group comprised of 25 rheumatoid arthritis female patients with disease duration of more than five years. Proven cases of RA (as per 1987 ACR criteria) were taken with disease duration of more than five years from Rheumatology clinic of Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak. Nasal mucociliary clearance time was evaluated by saccharin method.Results: The results of our study showed abnormal mucociliary clearance in rheumatoid arthritis patients.Conclusions: The study shows an abnormal mucociliary clearance in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Impairment of mucociliary clearance seems to be the result of qualitative and quantitative alterations in respiratory secretions.

Superimposed Oscillations Enhance the Clearance of Mucus Simulant at Low Air Flows in a Rigid Tracheal Model

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter E. Krumpe ◽  
Cahit A. Evrensel ◽  
Amgad A. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Mucociliary Clearance ◽  
Healthy People ◽  
Pulmonary Diseases ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Airway Clearance ◽  
Clearance Mechanism ◽  
Primary Means ◽  
Air Flows ◽  
Expiratory Flow Rates

Clearance of mucus by the beating action of cilia is the primary means of removing inhaled particulates and airway debris from airways in healthy people. However many pulmonary diseases are associated with impaired mucociliary clearance mechanisms. For these patients, cough is the default airway clearance mechanism. Unfortunately most pulmonary disease patients can only produce low expiratory flow rates and have difficulty coughing for this reason.

scholarly journals Interaction between ion transporters and the mucociliary transport system in dog and baboon

1997 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 1348-1359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scot L. Winters ◽  
Donovan B. Yeates
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Transport System ◽  
Mucociliary Clearance ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Nuclear Imaging ◽  
Ciliary Beat Frequency ◽  
Lung Deposition ◽  
Mucociliary Transport ◽  
Ion Transporters ◽  
Dry Air

Winters, Scot L., and Donovan B. Yeates. Interaction between ion transporters and the mucociliary transport system in dog and baboon. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(4): 1348–1359, 1997.—To gain insight into the role of epithelial ion channels, pumps, and cotransporters in regulating airway water and mucociliary transport, we administered inhibitors of the Na+ channel (amiloride), 3Na-2K-adenosinetriphosphatase (acetylstrophanthidin), and Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (furosemide) to anesthetized dogs and/or baboons. Tracheal ciliary beat frequency was measured by using heterodyne laser light scattering. Tracheal mucus velocity (TMV) and bronchial mucociliary clearance (BMC) or lung mucociliary clearance were measured by using radioaerosols and nuclear imaging. Respiratory tract fluid output was collected by using a secretion-collecting endotracheal tube. In six dogs, amiloride aerosol [lung deposition, 96 ± 11 μg (means ± SE)] had minimal effect, whereas acetylstrophanthidin aerosol (lung deposition, 71 ± 9 μg) increased BMC, and furosemide (40 mg iv) markedly increased TMV. In five baboons, TMV increased after iv furosemide administration (2 mg/kg) as well as by aerosol (lung deposition, 20 ± 3 mg), coincident with increases in ciliary-mucus coupling from 11.5 ± 0.1 to 29.5 ± 0.4 and 46.5 ± 0.7 μm/beat, respectively. Furosemide also increased lung mucociliary clearance in baboons. In dogs, respiratory tract fluid output increased after intravenous furosemide from 2.2 ± 0.5 to 6.8 ± 1.7 mg/min. When combined with dry-air inhalation, furosemide failed to stimulate TMV and reversed the inhibition of BMC by dry air. Thus pharmacological manipulation of the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter and the 3Na-2K-adenosinetriphosphatase pump may provide increases of clinical relevance in airway hydration and mucociliary transport.

Altered Sinonasal Ciliary Dynamics in Chronic Rhinosinusitis

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bei Chen ◽  
Jeffrey Shaari ◽  
Steven Eau Claire ◽  
James N. Palmer ◽  
Alexander G. Chiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Rhinosinusitis ◽  
Adenosine Triphosphate ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Ciliary Beat Frequency ◽  
Ciliary Activity ◽  
Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy ◽  
Dynamic Regulation ◽  
Mucus Clearance ◽  
Persistent Inflammation

Background Although multiple etiologies contribute to the development of rhinosinusitis, a common pathophysiological sequelae is ineffective sinonasal mucociliary clearance, resulting in stasis of sinonasal secretions, with subsequent infection, and persistent inflammation. The respiratory cilia beat continually at a basal rate, while during times of stress, such as exercise or infection, ciliary beat frequency (CBF) increases, accelerating mucus clearance. Previous investigations have led to conflicting results with some authors reporting decreased CBF while others have found normal values of CBF in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Additionally, these studies have only analyzed basal CBF. The goal of this study was to compare the basal as well as the stimulated sinonasal CBF in patients with CRS versus controls. Methods A dual temperature controlled perfusion chamber, differential interference contrast microscopy, and high-speed digital video were used to analyze both basal and adenosine triphosphate (100 μM)–stimulated CBF in human sinonasal mucosal explants. Results Although no difference in basal CBF was detected between control and CRS patients, a marked difference in stimulated CBF was noted. Exogenously applied adenosine triphosphate resulted in a 50–70% increase of CBF in control tissue with a minimally observed CBF increase in explants from CRS patients. Conclusion Dynamic regulation of respiratory ciliary activity is critical for the respiratory epithelium to adapt to varying environmental situations. Thus, diminished or absent adaptation could predispose the sinonasal cavity to accumulation of inhaled infectious and noxious particulate matter resulting in infection/inflammation. Our findings suggest that CRS patients have decreased sinonasal ciliary adaptation to environmental stimuli.

Inhibition of Mucociliary Clearance of the Eustachian Tube by Leukotrienes C4 and D4

1995 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuya Ganbo ◽  
Tsukasa Nakajima ◽  
Ken-Ichi Hisamaisu ◽  
Hajime Inoue ◽  
Shin-Ichi Shimomura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eustachian Tube ◽  
Mucociliary Clearance ◽  
Ciliary Activity ◽  
Leukotriene D4 ◽  
Auditory Brain Stem Response ◽  
Auditory Brain Stem ◽  
Brain Stem Response ◽  
Ear Effusion

The effect of leukotrienes C4 (LTC4) and D4 (LTD4) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on mucociliary clearance of the eustachian tube was investigated in vitro and in vivo. Normal ciliated epithelium was obtained from the eustachian tube of guinea pigs and incubated separately with LTC4, LTD4, and PGE2 at concentrations of 10−8 mol/L and 10−6 mol/L. Ciliary activity was measured photoelectrically. Leukotriene D4 progressively inhibited ciliary activity, while PGE2 promoted it. Leukotriene C4 also induced ciliary inhibition. One milliliter each of 10−5 mol/L LTC4, LTD4, and PGE2 was directly injected into the tympanic bullae of chinchillas under anesthesia. The middle ears were examined by otomicroscopy, tympanometry, and auditory brain stem response over time. Clearance of middle ear effusion was delayed by LTC4 and LTD4, as compared with PGE2 and the control. These findings indicate that LTC4 and LTD4 inhibit mucociliary clearance of the eusiachian tube.

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