Different sequential chemical treatments used to obtain bleached cellulose from orange bagasse

Abstract The development of efficient pretreatments is widely used in biobased products aiming to add value to the residue. In this study, orange bagasse is investigated for cellulose extraction under moderate chemical sequential extraction conditions. Three pretreatments are evaluated: alkaline treatment, organosolv, and residue insoluble alcohol. After, all pretreated samples are bleached. The results are analyzed by chemical composition, Fourier–transformed infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis. In general, similar results are observed for all bleaching samples, independently of the pretreatment. It is observed a similar cellulose amount among the samples. When compared only to the pretreatments, alkaline shows to be a more effective way of presenting a higher crystallinity index. Hemicellulose and lignin are mostly removed after pretreatment. FTIR and XRD indicated that the pretreatment seems to be more effective in the first step. TG curves presented a more homogeneous pattern due to cellulose removal showing three steps for pre-treatment and two steps for bleached samples. The obtained cellulose has numerous potential applications, and a suitable route can be selected according to available reagents.

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Preparation and Properties of Nanocellulose from Miscanthus x giganteus

Journal of Nanomaterials ◽

10.1155/2019/3241968 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Valerii A. Barbash ◽

Olha V. Yashchenko ◽

Olesia A. Vasylieva

Keyword(s):

Structural Changes ◽

Thermochemical Treatment ◽

Crystallinity Index ◽

Alkaline Treatment ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Miscanthus X Giganteus ◽

X Ray ◽

Second Stage ◽

20 Nm ◽

Hydrolysis Of

Miscanthus x giganteus stalks were used to make organosolvent pulp and nanocellulose. The organosolvent miscanthus pulp (OMP) was obtained through thermal treatment in the mixture of glacial acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide at the first stage and the alkaline treatment at the second stage. Hydrolysis of the never-dried OМP was carried out by a solution of sulfuric acid with concentrations of 43% and 50% and followed by ultrasound treatment. Structural changes and the crystallinity index of OMP and nanocellulose were studied by SEM and FTIR methods. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed an increase in the crystallinity of OMP and nanocellulose as a result of thermochemical treatment. We show that nanocellulose has a density of up to 1.6 g/cm3, transparency up to 82%, and a crystallinity index of 76.5%. The AFM method showed that the particles of nanocellulose have a diameter in the range from 10 to 20 nm. A thermogravimetric analysis confirmed that nanocellulose films have a denser structure and lower mass loss in the temperature range of 320–440°C compared to OMP. The obtained nanocellulose films have high tensile strength up to 195 MPa. The nanocellulose obtained from OMP exhibits the improved properties for the preparation of new nanocomposite materials.

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Extraction and characterisation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from sugarcane bagasse using ionic liquids

10.51415/10321/3219 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Gcinile Pretty Mdletshe

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Ionic Liquids ◽

Sugarcane Bagasse ◽

Cellulose Nanocrystals ◽

Crystallinity Index ◽

Attenuated Total Reflection ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Pre Treatment

Lignocellulosic materials have the potential to partly replace fossil-based resources as a source of bio-fuels, bio-chemicals, bio-composites and other bio-products. In this study, ionic liquids (ILs) were used in the pre-treatment of ground sugarcane bagasse (SCB). The ILs used were 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate or 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulphate at varied times. The ILs were able to remove lignin and hemicellulose from biomass. The IL [bmim][HSO4] had the highest amount of lignin removed after 12 h than all samples. Moreover, it resulted in the greatest cellulose amount. Milled SCB was pre-treated with IL/dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) mixtures. The IL [bmim][HSO4] was able to produce cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) at 90 % IL and 100 % IL. The other IL failed to produce CNCs. Freeze drying the CNC suspension showed morphologies of long fibrous structures and rods which were evident in the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. The crystallinity index of cellulose in the form of CNCs was calculated from powder X-ray diffraction (P-XRD). Thermal analysis of the CNCs was obtained from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) was used to confirm the absence of lignin and hemicellulose in CNCs. The size distribution of CNCs was obtained by using a dynamic light scattering (DLS) which showed that all the CNCs for the 100 % IL [bmim][HSO4] pre-treatment had a length < 500 nm. It was found that [bmim][HSO4], with no DMSO, was the most effective in terms of cellulose dissolution and the crystal sizes of CNCs. The conversion of cellulose to CNCs was successful with a 80 % and 100 % conversion for 90 % [bmim][HSO4]/DMSO and 100 % [bmim][HSO4], respectively.

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Characterization of microcrystalline cellulose extracted from walnut and apricots shells by alkaline treatment

Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society ◽

10.2298/jsc200806011m ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 11-11

Author(s):

Yasmine Mahmoud ◽

Zitouni Safidine ◽

Naima Belhaneche-Bensemra

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽

Paper Industry ◽

Crystallinity Index ◽

Alkaline Treatment ◽

Agricultural Wastes ◽

Morphological Properties ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray

In this study, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was isolated from walnut and apricot shells (WS and AS) as agricultural wastes in order to use it as reinforcement in polymer composites. The microcrystalline cellulose was extracted by alkaline treatment and bleached by peroxide as an environmentally friendly treatment, called walnut cellulose (WC) and apricot cellulose (AC). The chemical composition of the samples was set according to the Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPP). After treatments, the alpha-cellulose content increased by about 23 % for the two used cellulose sources. The structural and morphological properties of the samples were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the attenuated total reflectance mode (ATR-FTIR), optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The crystallinity index values evaluated for WC and AC via X-ray diffraction were respectively 86.4 and 80.3 %. The alkaline soluble fractions of walnut (ASW) and apricot (ASA) shells were recovered and characterized by OM and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Furthermore, their chemical composition was analyzed. The characterization and the properties of the WC and AC were similar to those of commercial MCC and MCC prepared in literature from wood and some agricultural wastes.

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Influence of Chemical Treatments Sequence on Morphology and Crystallinity of Sorghum Fibers

Indonesian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.22146/ijc.27194 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 349 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ismojo Ismojo ◽

Abdul Aziz Ammar ◽

Ghiska Ramahdita ◽

Anne Zulfia ◽

Mochamad Chalid

Keyword(s):

Crystallinity Index ◽

Natural Fibre ◽

Sodium Chlorite ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Chemical Treatments ◽

Infra Red ◽

Promising Area ◽

Enhanced Crystallinity ◽

Amorphous Part

Micro-fibrillated cellulose (MFC) derived from natural fibre is continuously gaining interest to produce an environmentally-friendly material, due to economic and ecological reasons. In consequence, sorghum is one of the most-cultivated crops that usually remain the waste as by product of bioethanol production. Indeed, it will be a promising area to utilize sorghum waste to produce MFC for enhancing polymer performance, especially in terms of crystallinity. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of a sequence of chemical modification was applied to sorghum fibres, i.e. alkalization using 4% sodium hydroxide followed by bleaching using 1.7% sodium chlorite plus acetic acid as a buffer. The treatment was purposed to unbundle the lignocellulose networks into microfibrils cellulose with less amorphous part and lower hydrophilic properties. Evaluation of the chemical treatments effect on internal microstructure, crystallinity index and chemical composition of sorghum fibre was measured via Field-Emission Scanning Electron microscope (FE-SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transformation Infra-Red (FTIR) Spectroscopy. The experiments show that treatments led to a removal of binding materials, such as amorphous parts hemicellulose and lignin, from the sorghum fibres, resulting MFC of sorghum fibres and enhanced crystallinity index from 41.12 % to 75.73%.

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Effect of Ionic Liquids/water Pre-Treatment of Luffa ﬁbres on the Structural Properties

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.3587 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 610-613 ◽

pp. 3587-3590

Author(s):

Li Wei ◽

Xiao Qing Shi ◽

Ying Wang ◽

Ying Chong Ma ◽

Ji Xiang Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ionic Liquids ◽

Interfacial Adhesion ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Crystallinity Index ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

Raw Material ◽

Water Mixture ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Pre Treatment

Recently, the use of lignocellulosic ﬁbres to reinforcing composite has received an increased attention. However, lack of good interfacial adhesion makes important the treatment of raw materials. In this study, the raw material Luffa ﬁbres were treated by ionic liquids/water mixture and this treatment proved to be useful by elimination of gummy and waxy substances. The effect of the treatments on the structure of ﬁbres was showed using SEM and XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) analysis. The SEM results revealed that the treatment resulted in a removal of lignin, pectin and hemicellulose substances, and change the characteristics of the surface topography. The XRD analysis shows the increase of crystallinity index.

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Valorization of Byproducts of Hemp Multipurpose Crop: Short Non-Aligned Bast Fibers as a Source of Nanocellulose

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26164723 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (16) ◽

pp. 4723

Author(s):

Sara Dalle Vacche ◽

Vijayaletchumy Karunakaran ◽

Alessia Patrucco ◽

Marina Zoccola ◽

Loreleï Douard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Thermogravimetric Analysis ◽

Cannabis Sativa ◽

Crystallinity Index ◽

Residual Lignin ◽

Chemical Pretreatment ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Bast Fibers ◽

Seed Maturity

Nanocellulose was extracted from short bast fibers, from hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) plants harvested at seed maturity, non-retted, and mechanically decorticated in a defibering apparatus, giving non-aligned fibers. A chemical pretreatment with NaOH and HCl allowed the removal of most of the non-cellulosic components of the fibers. No bleaching was performed. The chemically pretreated fibers were then refined in a beater and treated with a cellulase enzyme, followed by mechanical defibrillation in an ultrafine friction grinder. The fibers were characterized by microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray diffraction after each step of the process to understand the evolution of their morphology and composition. The obtained nanocellulose suspension was composed of short nanofibrils with widths of 5–12 nm, stacks of nanofibrils with widths of 20–200 nm, and some larger fibers. The crystallinity index was found to increase from 74% for the raw fibers to 80% for the nanocellulose. The nanocellulose retained a yellowish color, indicating the presence of some residual lignin. The properties of the nanopaper prepared with the hemp nanocellulose were similar to those of nanopapers prepared with wood pulp-derived rod-like nanofibrils.

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Laser-Induced Deposition of Plasmonic Ag and Pt Nanoparticles, and Periodic Arrays

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14010010 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 10

Author(s):

Daria V. Mamonova ◽

Anna A. Vasileva ◽

Yuri V. Petrov ◽

Denis V. Danilov ◽

Ilya E. Kolesnikov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Substrate Surface ◽

Pt Nanoparticles ◽

Single Step ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Ag Nps ◽

X Ray ◽

Periodic Arrays ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Surface Decoration ◽

Wide Potential

Surfaces functionalized with metal nanoparticles (NPs) are of great interest due to their wide potential applications in sensing, biomedicine, nanophotonics, etc. However, the precisely controllable decoration with plasmonic nanoparticles requires sophisticated techniques that are often multistep and complex. Here, we present a laser-induced deposition (LID) approach allowing for single-step surface decoration with NPs of controllable composition, morphology, and spatial distribution. The formation of Ag, Pt, and mixed Ag-Pt nanoparticles on a substrate surface was successfully demonstrated as a result of the LID process from commercially available precursors. The deposited nanoparticles were characterized with SEM, TEM, EDX, X-ray diffraction, and UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy, which confirmed the formation of crystalline nanoparticles of Pt (3–5 nm) and Ag (ca. 100 nm) with plasmonic properties. The advantageous features of the LID process allow us to demonstrate the spatially selective deposition of plasmonic NPs in a laser interference pattern, and thereby, the formation of periodic arrays of Ag NPs forming diffraction grating

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Preliminary Preparation and Characterization Studies of Cellulose from Merbau (Intsia bijuga)

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.620.314 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 620 ◽

pp. 314-319

Author(s):

Nur Amira Mamat Razali ◽

Fauziah Abdul Aziz ◽

Saadah Abdul Rahman

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Alkaline Treatment ◽

Raw Material ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Preliminary Preparation ◽

Characterization Studies ◽

Scanning Electron

Hardwood is wood from angiosperm trees. The characteristic of hardwood include flowers, endosperm within seeds and the production of fruits that contain the seeds. This paper aims to discuss the preparation and characterization of cellulose obtained from hardwood. The hardwood Merbau (Intsia bijuga) was chosen as raw material in this study. Alkaline treatment and delignification methods were used for the preparation of cellulose. Acid hydrolysis was employed to produce cellulose nanocrystal (CNC). The treated and untreated samples were characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The final product, from both trated and untreated samples were then compared.

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Influence of High Current Pulsed Electron Beam Irradiation on Ni-P Electroless Plating

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.299-300.77 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 299-300 ◽

pp. 77-81

Author(s):

Yang Xu ◽

Sheng Zhi Hao ◽

Xiang Dong Zhang ◽

Min Cai Li ◽

Chuang Dong

Keyword(s):

Electroless Plating ◽

Electron Beam Irradiation ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

High Current ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Pulsed Electron Beam ◽

6063 Aluminum Alloy ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Better Than

The surface irradiation of 6063 aluminum alloy by high current pulsed electron was conducted with the aim of replacing the complicated pre-treatment in the processes of electroless plating. To explore the microstructure changes, optical metallography, SEM (scanning electron microscope), XRD (X-ray diffraction) analyses were carried out, and the sliding tests were used for the detection of wear resistance. It was concluded that the HCPEB irradiation could replace the pre-treatment of aluminum substrate as required in conventional electroless plating with a decreased surface roughness of Ni-P alloy plating layer. The plates exhibited an amorphous microstructure as demonstrated by XRD analysis. The plates, produced with the routine of HCPEB irradiation, activation and electroless plating possess, also exhibited good quality, even better than that of conventional electroless plating technique.

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Synthesis of Three-Dimensional Fe3O4/Graphene Aerogels for the Removal of Arsenic Ions from Water

Journal of Nanomaterials ◽

10.1155/2015/864864 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Yan Ye ◽

Da Yin ◽

Bin Wang ◽

Qingwen Zhang

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽

3D Structure ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Graphene Aerogels ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Removal Of Arsenic

We report the synthesis of three-dimensional Fe3O4/graphene aerogels (GAs) and their application for the removal of arsenic (As) ions from water. The morphology and properties of Fe3O4/GAs have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and superconducting quantum inference device. The 3D nanostructure shows that iron oxide nanoparticles are decorated on graphene with an interconnected network structure. It is found that Fe3O4/GAs own a capacity of As(V) ions adsorption up to 40.048 mg/g due to their remarkable 3D structure and existence of magnetic Fe3O4nanoparticles for separation. The adsorption isotherm matches well with the Langmuir model and kinetic analysis suggests that the adsorption process is pseudo-second-ordered. In addition to the excellent adsorption capability, Fe3O4/GAs can be easily and effectively separated from water, indicating potential applications in water treatment.

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