Combined Toxicity and Toxicity Persistence of Antidepressants Citalopram and Mirtazapine to Zooplankton Daphnia Magna

Abstract Citalopram (CTP) and mirtazapine (MTP) are two typical psychoactive drugs used for the depression treatment. As emerging pollutants, CTP and MTP has been given widely concern because they are active substances for organisms. Therefore, the ecotoxicological risks of aquatic organisms should be paid more attention to. In this study, the effects of CTP and MTP on the feeding behavior, heartbeat, nutritional enzymes and related gene transcriptions of Daphnia magna were investigated under single and mixed environmental stress. Meanwhile, the recovery of exposed D. magna was studied to analyze the toxic persistence of those pollutants. After 24-hexposure, the ingestion rate decreased by 34.2% and 21.5%, in the group of C-H and Mix-H respectively. After 24-h recovery, the feeding behavior of D. magna was stimulated by compensatory stimulation. In exposure period, the heartbeat rate of D. magna increased by 132.3%, 69%, 111.9%, 139.4%, and 92.4%, in the group of C-L, C-H, M-L, M-H and Mix-L respectively, and was recovered during the recovery period. The activity of α-amylase (AMS) and trypsin were significantly changed in most of the exposed daphnia, both in the exposure period and recovery period. CTP/MTP exposure stimulated transcription of the α-amylase gene. M-H and Mix-H exposure inhibited transcription of the trypsin gene and other stimulated transcriptions. After 24-h recovery, the stimulative or inhibitory effects were alleviated. There were different responses between gene transcription and enzyme activity. In conclusion, our results highlighted the toxic effects of single and mixed pollution of CTP and MTP on feeding, heartbeat, enzymes and genes of D. magna.

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Combined Toxicity and Toxicity Persistence of Antidepressants Citalopram and Mirtazapine to Zooplankton Daphnia Magna

10.21203/rs.3.rs-608054/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yunfeng Ma ◽

Chenyang Li ◽

Shu Wei ◽

Ruixin Guo ◽

Yang Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Feeding Behavior ◽

Daphnia Magna ◽

Ingestion Rate ◽

Recovery Period ◽

Aquatic Organisms ◽

Exposure Period ◽

Psychoactive Drugs ◽

Gene Expressions ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Toxicity Potential

Abstract Citalopram (CTP) and mirtazapine (MTP) are two typical psychoactive drugs used for the treatment of depression. As emerging pollutants, CTP and MTP are of widely concern because they are active substances for organisms. However, the studies about the toxicity potential of CTP/MTP pollution to aquatic organisms were limited. In the present study, the effects of CTP and MTP on the feeding behavior, heartbeat, nutritional enzymes and related gene expressions of Daphnia magna were investigated under single and mixed environmental stress. Meanwhile, the recovery of exposed D. magna was studied to analyze the toxic persistence of those pollutants. After 24 h of exposure, the ingestion rate decreased significantly under 1.45 mg/L of CTP. In the mixed treatment groups, no significant synergistic effect of CTM and MTP on daphnia’ feeding inhibition was found. After 24 h of recovery, the feeding behavior of D. magna was stimulated by compensatory stimulation. At exposure period, the heartbeat rate of exposed D. magna increased significantly, and was recovered during the recovery period. The activity of α-amylase (AMS) and trypsin, and their relative gene expression were significantly changed in most of the exposed daphnia, both in the exposure period and recovery period. But there were different responses between gene transcription with enzyme activity. In general, psychoactive drugs have an obvious toxic threat to aquatic organisms, and after acute exposure, the physiological function of D. magna could be recovered to a certain extent. The results were helpful to evaluate the ecological risk of psychotropic drugs in aquatic environments.

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Psychoactive drugs citalopram and mirtazapine caused oxidative stress and damage of feeding behavior in Daphnia magna

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety ◽

10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.113147 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 230 ◽

pp. 113147

Author(s):

Shengzi Duan ◽

Yourong Fu ◽

Shanshan Dong ◽

Yunfeng Ma ◽

Hangyu Meng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Feeding Behavior ◽

Daphnia Magna ◽

Psychoactive Drugs

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Combined Toxicity of Copper, Cadmium and Lead Toward Daphnia magna: Recommendation for Bioassay-Based Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET) Testing in China

Journal of Surgical Oncology ◽

10.31487/j.jso.2020.06.05 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Liqun Xing ◽

Lichao Wang ◽

Liqun Xing ◽

Jie Sun ◽

Liye Yang

Keyword(s):

Daphnia Magna ◽

Aquatic Organisms ◽

Concentration Addition ◽

Response Relationship ◽

Combined Toxicity ◽

Whole Effluent Toxicity ◽

Potential Risks ◽

Action Models ◽

Cadmium And Lead ◽

Relationship Of

Metals cause popular attention worldwide due to their non-degradability and universal distribution in the aquatic ecosystem. In this study, the single, binary, and ternary combined toxicity of copper, cadmium, and lead toward survival rate of Daphnia magna were investigated based on different level fixed equivalenteffect concentration ratios. Furthermore, the combined toxicity was predicted by concentration addition and independent action models based on an established concentration-response relationship of a single toxicant and compared with the experimental data. The results indicated both binary and ternary mixture of the three metals had a strongly synergistic effect (EC50mix<1 TU) on the survival of Daphnia magna in all designed mixture ratios, which is meaning that there may be potential risks even when the single toxicant meets the discharged standards just based on chemical analysis. So, it is suggested that biological testing of whole effluents toxicity based on aquatic organisms should be applied in environment and risk management in China.

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Interactive toxic effects of agrochemicals on aquatic organisms

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1999.0067 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 357-364 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

A. Kungolos ◽

P. Samaras ◽

A. M. Kipopoulou ◽

A. Zoumboulis ◽

G. P. Sakellaropoulos

Keyword(s):

Daphnia Magna ◽

Marine Bacterium ◽

Methyl Parathion ◽

Vibrio Fischeri ◽

Interactive Effect ◽

Algal Growth ◽

Aquatic Organisms ◽

Interactive Effects ◽

Selenastrum Capricornutum ◽

Toxic Compound

The effects of three common agrochemicals, lindane, methyl parathion and atrazine, on crustacean Daphnia magna, alga Selenastrum capricornutum and marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri were investigated in this study. Methyl parathion was the most toxic compound towards all three organisms, while lindane was more toxic to Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri than atrazine, and atrazine was more toxic to Selenastrum capricornutum than lindane. Among the three aquatic organisms, Selenastrum capricornutum was most sensitive in detecting lindane and atrazine toxicity, while Daphnia magna was most sensitive in detecting methyl parathion toxicity. The interactive effects of the pesticides were also investigated. The interactive effect between lindane and methyl parathion on survival of Daphnia magna was synergistic, while the ones between lindane and atrazine and between methyl parathion and atrazine were generally additive. The interactive effect of the three pesticides applied together on Daphnia magna was synergistic. The interactive effect of the three pesticides on the growth of Selenastrum capricornutum was antagonistic with few cases of addition, while the effect of all the three pairs of pesticides on algal growth was also antagonistic. The interactive effect of lindane and methyl parathion on Vibrio fischeri was additive.

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Toxicity investigation of CeO2 nanoparticles coated with glucose and exopolysaccharides levan and pullulan on the bacterium Vibrio fischeri and aquatic organisms Daphnia magna and Danio rerio

Aquatic Toxicology ◽

10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105867 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 105867

Author(s):

Ivana Milenković ◽

Ksenija Radotić ◽

Jovana Despotović ◽

Branka Lončarević ◽

Marija Lješević ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Daphnia Magna ◽

Danio Rerio ◽

Vibrio Fischeri ◽

Aquatic Organisms ◽

Ceo2 Nanoparticles

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Risk Assessment of Malakite with the Active Substances Dithianon and Pyrimenthanil

European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety ◽

10.9734/ejnfs/2019/v9i430075 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 312-314

Author(s):

Torsten Källqvist ◽

Merete Grung ◽

Katrine Borgå ◽

Hubert Dirven ◽

Ole Martin Eklo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Surface Waters ◽

Plant Protection ◽

Aquatic Organisms ◽

Toxicity Tests ◽

Concentration Addition ◽

Active Ingredients ◽

Active Substances ◽

Assessment Factor

The plant protection product Malakite (BAS 669 01 F), containing the active substances dithianon and pyrimethanil, is a fungicide against scab in pome fruits. Products containing these active plant protection substances are approved in Norway, but not with both substances in the same product. The Swedish Chemicals Agency (KemI) has as zonal Rapporteur Member State (zRMS) of the Northern Zone evaluated the product Malakite and decided on non-approval due to the observation of unacceptable effects in exposed birds, aquatic organisms, non-target arthropods and earthworms. On request from The Norwegian Food Safety Authority, the VKM Panel on Plant Protection Products has discussed the available data and the report prepared by KemI, and has concluded as follows on the questions raised: On the refinement of DT50 in long term risk assessment for birds: It is the view of the VKM panel that the refinement is not acceptable because the analysis using first order kinetics seems not in line with a realistic and sufficiently conservative approach for the data provided. Furthermore, field studies from more sites are required. On the long term cumulative effects of the active substances on birds: VKM shares the view of KemI, that the combined sub-lethal and reproduction effects should be assessed because the mode of action of the two ingredients has only been shown in fungi, and since the mechanisms in birds could be different. On the reduction of assessment factor for fish: VKM opposes to the reduction of assessment factor for dithianon in fish because the data from acute toxicity tests cannot be extrapolated to chronic toxicity, and because the factor should reflect not only the variation in interspecies sensitivity, but also the uncertainty involved in extrapolation from laboratory tests to the field situation. On the choice of end point in risk assessment for fish: The VKM panel considers the NOEC of dithianon for fish determined from the study at pH 7.9 not to be adequate for the more acidic Norwegian surface waters, and recommends using the data from the test performed at pH 6.5. On the formulation studies for aquatic organisms: It is the opinion of the VKM panel that the formulation studies may be used together with corresponding studies with the active ingredients as long as the studies compared are performed and evaluated according to the same principles. However, VKM notes that the formulation tests as well as the tests of the active ingredients have been performed at high pH values, which are not representative to most Norwegian surface waters. Thus, the toxic effect of dithianon shown in these tests are likely to be lower than expected under typical conditions in Norway. On the assessment factors for concentration addition in fish: It is the opinion of the VKM panel that a reduction in assessment factor for one component in a mixture cannot be used for a formulation containing components for which a similar reduction has not been accepted. On effect studies of active substances and formulations on non-target arthropods: The VKM panel shares the view of KemI that the risk assessment should be based on all available information, including the studies presented for the active substances. On the endpoint in earthworm risk assessment: VKM supports the view of KemI that the observed effects of pyrimethanil on reproduction of earthworms should be considered in the risk assessment of Malakite.

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Development of Daphnia magna under exposure to the xenobiotic octylphenol

Journal of Vietnamese Environment ◽

10.13141/jve.vol6.no2.pp155-158 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 155-158

Author(s):

Thanh Son Dao ◽

Thi My Chi Vo ◽

Hong Lan Chi Do ◽

Phuoc Dan Nguyen

Keyword(s):

Developing Country ◽

Daphnia Magna ◽

Aquatic Organisms ◽

Environmental Concerns ◽

Human Beings ◽

Ecological Health ◽

Potential Toxicity ◽

Chronic Effects ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Significant Mortality

Xenobiotics are of human and environmental concerns due to their potential toxicity. Octylphenol is one of the very common and daily used xenobiotics in door and out door activities of human beings. Toxicity of octylphenol to aquatic organisms, especially to zooplankton (e.g. Daphnia magna) was investigated but not fully understood. In this study we evaluated the chronic effects of octylphenol at the concentrations of 5, 50 and 500 µg L-1 on Daphnia magna over a period of 14 days. The results showed that low concentration of octylphenol (5 µg L-1) stimulated the maturation while high concentrations of the chemical (50 and 500 µg L-1) caused a significant mortality to the Daphnia. Besides, all the tested concentrations of octylphenol had serious impacts on fecundity and growth of the animals. Investigations on the presence, distribution, fate and toxicity of xonobiotics including octylphenol in the developing country environment are suggested for human, environmental and ecological health protection. Những hợp chất tổng hợp đang là mối quan ngại cho con người và môi trường vì khả năng gây độc của chúng. Octylphenol là một trong những hợp chất tổng hợp được sử dụng phổ biến và thường xuyên trong những hoạt động của con người trong nhà và ngoài trời. Độc tính của octylphenol đối với thủy sinh vật, đặc biệt đối với động vật phù du (vd. Daphnia magna) mặc dù đã được nghiên cứu nhưng vẫn chưa được hiểu biết đầy đủ. Trong nghiên cứu này, chúng tôi đánh giá ảnh hưởng mãn tính của octylphenol ở các nồng độ 5, 50 và 500 µg/lít lên Daphnia magna trong thời gian 14 ngày. Kết quả cho thấy ở nồng độ octylphenol thấp (5 µg/lít) kích thích sự thành thục của sinh vật trong khi ở nồng độ cao hơn (50 và 500 µg/lít) gây chết đáng kể Daphnia. Bên cạnh đó, tất cả các nồng độ ocytlphenol dùng trong thí nghiệm gây ảnh hưởng nghiêm trọng lên sức sinh sản và sinh trưởng của sinh vật. Nghiên cứu về sự hiện diện, phân bố, phát tán và độc tính của những chất tổng hợp bao gồm octylphenol ở các nước đang phát triển nên được tiến hành vì mục tiêu bảo vệ sức khỏe con người, môi trường và hệ sinh thái.

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DEVELOPMENT OF THE BLACK SEA HYDROBIONT RESOURCE STUDY METHOD AS A NEW ECONOMICALLY FEASIBLE DIRECTION OF PHARMACOLOGY AIMING TOWARD SAVE HUMAN HEALTH AND ECOLOGY

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/941/1/012023 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 941 (1) ◽

pp. 012023

Author(s):

O P Chzhu ◽

D E Araviashvili ◽

A L Tumanova

Keyword(s):

Black Sea ◽

Extraction Method ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Aquatic Organisms ◽

Biologically Active ◽

The Black Sea ◽

Phase Extraction ◽

Biochemical Activity ◽

Two Phase ◽

Active Substances

Abstract The selection of the Black Sea aquatic area as a hydrobiont biologically active compound source allows resolving several environmental problems including development of an integrated hydrobiological resource management system for the Black Sea as a new sector of modern pharmacology. Aquatic organisms produce unique secondary metabolites. This paper presents the results of studies on the development of the biologically active substance extraction technology from non-commercial aquatic organisms as well as a preliminary assessment of the biochemical activity of the substrates obtained. Biologically active substances were extracted using the of two-phase extraction method in conjunction with ultrasound. For the substrates, the antioxidant activity was determined utilising the method that allow conducting screening of pharmaceutical raw materials and biologically active substances with high antioxidant activity. The protective activity evaluation was carried out during the study of the enzymatic alcoholic fermentation kinetics within a self-contained system. The evaluation of lymphocytes proliferative activities influenced by the obtained substrates was carried out using the cultivation method. The acquired data allows recommending the two-phase extraction method combined with ultrasonic voiceover as the effective one when processing analogical marine raw materials. The isolated substrates are characterised by a pronounced biochemical activity in relation to the living systems cells, which suggests a significant synergistic effect with derivatives of the microalgae Chlorella Vulgaris.

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