scholarly journals Social Risk Factors Associated With Daily Tobacco Smoking and Binge Drinking Among Zambians: Evidence From the 2017 STEPS Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Silumbwe ◽  
Miguel San Sabastian ◽  
Charles Michelo ◽  
Joseph Mumba Zulu ◽  
Klara Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Binge Drinking ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
World Health ◽  
Social Risk ◽  
Social Risk Factors ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Harmful Alcohol

Abstract Background: The burden of disease attributable to tobacco smoking and harmful alcohol consumption poses a major threat to sustainable development in most low- and middle-income countries. However, evidence on tobacco use and harmful alcohol consumption to inform context-specific interventions addressing these harmful social behaviours is limited in the African context. This study aimed to determine the social risk factors associated with daily tobacco smoking and binge drinking in Zambia.Methods: The study stems from nationwide population-based representative survey data collected using the World Health Organization’s STEPwise approach for non-communicable disease risk factor surveillance in 2017 among 18–69-year-old Zambians. The main outcomes were daily tobacco smoking and binge drinking, and the demographic and socioeconomic variables included sex, marital status, age, residence, level of education and occupation. Prevalence ratios were calculated using log-binomial regression analysis.Results: Overall, 4302 individuals (weighted percentage 49.0% men and 51.0% women) participated in the survey. The prevalence of daily tobacco smoking was 9.04%, and 11.6% of participants engaged in binge drinking, both of which were higher among men than women (17.1% vs. 1.28% and 18.6% vs. 5.29%, respectively). The risk of daily tobacco smoking was significantly higher in men (PR 14.3; 95% CI [9.74, 21.0]) than women, in the >45-year-old group (PR 1.44; 95% CI [1.03, 1.99]) compared to the 18–29-year-old group, and in those with no education (PR 2.70; 95% CI [1.79, 2.99]) or primary education (PR 1.86; 95% CI [1.22, 2.83]) compared to those with higher secondary or tertiary education. The risk of binge drinking was 3.67 times higher (95% CI [2.83, 4.76]) in men than in women. Significantly lower levels of binge drinking were observed among rural residents (PR 0.59; 95% CI [0.46, 0.77]) compared to urban residents and students/homemakers (PR 0.58; 95% CI [0.35, 0.94]) compared to the employed.Conclusion: This study shows huge differences between men and women regarding tobacco smoking and binge drinking in Zambia. A high occurrence of tobacco smoking was observed among men, older members of society and those with lower levels of education, while binge drinking was more common in men and in those living in urban areas. There is a need to reshape and refine preventive and control interventions for tobacco smoking and binge drinking to target the most at-risk groups in the country.

scholarly journals A study of risk factors associated with hypertension among the school going children in Puducherry

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 764
Author(s):  
Arun Daniel J. ◽  
Kavinilavu R.
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
High Blood Pressure ◽  
Private School ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Social Risk ◽  
Social Risk Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
History Of

Background: High blood pressure in childhood is a predictor of hypertension in adults and its presence is influenced by various clinical and social risk factors. The objectives of the study were to estimate the prevalence of high BP in school going children aged 10 years and above; to assess the risk factors associated with high blood pressure; to compare the prevalence of high blood pressure and associated risk factors among the government and private school going children.Methods: A community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted during July to August 2016 by selecting two schools situated in the urban field practice areas including 423 children aged 10 to 18 years. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire in which dietary habits were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire and anthropometric measurements were made under standard WHO protocol.Results: The overall prevalence of high blood pressure was 12.8%. Factors like age (p=0.005), family history of hypertension (p=0.01), both parents having history of hypertension (p=0.02), poor school performance (p=0.05)and obesity(p=0.001) were significantly associated with high blood pressure among the school children.Conclusions: There were a higher proportion of male hypertensives in the private schools whereas government schools had more female hypertensives. 

scholarly journals ROCK MUSIC, SUICIDE AND MEDIA INFLUENCE

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-33
Author(s):  
Miroslav Komlenić
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Rock Music ◽  
Social Risk ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Social Risk Factors ◽  
History Of

Suicide risk factors usually include: previous attempts, depression, comorbidity of alcohol consumption and drug abuse, gender (three to four times more suicides in men than in women), family history of psychiatric disorders, environmental and social factors such as periods of major social changes or movements: revolution, industrialization, secularization, migration, wars and the like. In this paper we should try to approach the problem by looking into the hypothesis of some researchers that rock music, or rock and hippie movements from the 60s to the end of the 80s of the 20th century, are included in these social risk factors, directly or indirectly. The arguments that the authors refer to are mainly: numerous suicides among both performers and listeners of rock music, many cases of emulated suicides of rock stars by fans, a large number of songs whose content speaks of suicide, evidence on the spot of suicide related to listening to such songs at the time of committing suicide, many lawsuits and trials against rock composers and performers by grieving relatives, etc. The aim of this paper is to analyze critically these facts as problematic for stating them as causes of suicide. Additionally, the paper aims to explain that for already predisposed, latent suicidal people, this type of music is only a mediator towards more intense socializing with similar listeners, indulging in latent suicide activities such as alcohol consumption and drug abuse and only subsequently to depression and suicide. Since suicide does not have to be associated with depression and the death drive, but on the contrary with the urge to live and the desire to be prominent, loved and remembered, the thesis that suicides of rock artists and supporters belong to this category should not be removed.

scholarly journals Social factors associated with chronic non-communicable disease and comorbidity with mental health problems in India: a scoping review

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. e035590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saju Madavanakadu Devassy ◽  
Anuja Maria Benny ◽  
Lorane Scaria ◽  
Anjana Nannatt ◽  
Meredith Fendt-Newlin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Social Risk ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Social Risk Factors ◽  
Factors Associated

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study is to examine the existing literature of the major social risk factors which are associated with diabetes, hypertension and the comorbid conditions of depression and anxiety in India.DesignScoping review.Data sourcesScopus, Embase, CINAHL Plus, PsycINFO, Web of Science and MEDLINE were searched for through September 2019.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesStudies reporting data on social risk factors for diabetes or hypertension and depression or anxiety in community-based samples of adults from India, published in English in the 10 years to 2019, were included. Studies that did not disaggregate pooled data from other countries were excluded.Data extraction and synthesisTwo independent reviewers extracted study aims; methods; sample size and description; demographic, social and behavioural risk factors and a summary of findings from each paper. Risk factors were synthesised into six emergent themes.ResultsTen studies were considered eligible and included in this review. Nine presented cross-sectional data and one was a qualitative case study. Six themes emerged, that is, demographic factors, economic aspects, social networks, life events, health barriers and health risk behaviours.ConclusionsLiterature relating to the major social risk factors associated with diabetes, hypertension and comorbid depression and anxiety in India is sparse. More research is required to better understand the interactions of social context and social risk factors with non-communicable diseases and comorbid mental health problems so as to better inform management of these in the Indian subcontinent.

scholarly journals Non-communicable disease risk factors among a cohort of mine workers in Mongolia

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
A McCarthy ◽  
N Damiran
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
General Population ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Mine Workers

Abstract Background Prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCD) are growing among working populations globally. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates NCD are responsible for 80% of all premature deaths (Lancet, 2016). The purpose of this study is to determine baseline level of NCD and risk factors among mine workers and to identify intervention strategies based on results. The collected results will be compared with a NCD study on the general population of Mongolia. Methods A cross sectional design was used for this study. 684 employees were randomly recruited to the study. We utilised WHO questionnaire to collect anthropogenic measurements, health behaviours, alcohol consumption, smoking, NCD and work related information.. The study focused on four (4) key risk factors of hypertension, obesity, drinking habits and smoking habits. These factors are key contributors to NCD and decreased life expectancy. Results Results of the study showed prevalence's of hypertension 12.9%, obesity 64.1%, alcohol users 22.1% and smokers 38.8%. The general population prevalence's are 27.5%, 56.8%, 15.5% and 24.8% respectively. Differences between gender in the study cohort for smoking rate (men = 43.3%, women = 8.9%), alcohol consumption (men = 29.9%, women = 16.1%) and central obesity (men = 78.3%, women = 35.1%) were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusions Prevalence of arterial hypertension for the mine worker cohort was lower than general population, however, obesity, drinking and smoking rates were higher. The study findings allow us to target intervention strategies to mitigate the risk of NCD development in the future. Key messages Understand the risk factors and control measures available to mitigate the risk of the development of NCD. Comparison of the mine site cohort with the general population to understand similarities and differences.

Suicide in the Mentally Ill

1994 ◽  
Vol 165 (5) ◽  
pp. 658-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth King
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Mentally Ill ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Psychiatric Service ◽  
Social Risk ◽  
Time Of Death ◽  
Social Risk Factors ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Relative Risks

BackgroundInformation on risk factors associated with high rates of suicide is necessary, if suicide rates among the mentally ill are to be reduced.MethodWe used ICD-9 E-codes to define deaths on which suicide or open (undetermined death) verdicts were returned, among residents of a catchment area defined by OPCS area codes. Relative risks of suicide and undetermined deaths for recent patients (those in contact with a psychiatric service in the year preceding death) were calculated.ResultsOf the 286 persons, 108 were recent patients. Eighty-four per cent suffered from schizophrenia or depression. Risks of suicide and undetermined death for these patients were 31 and 20 times, respectively, those of other residents. Social risk factors varied with diagnosis.ConclusionOver 90% of recent patients were receiving medical care at time of death; not all were treated appropriately. Recognising medical and social risk factors in recent patients, and effective monitoring of treatment, is important.

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