scholarly journals Initial Evidence of Aedes Albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Domiciliation in Havana City, Cuba 1995-2018.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
María del Carmen Marquetti Fernández ◽  
Magaly Castillo ◽  
Iris Peraza ◽  
Maricely Milian ◽  
Roberto Molina ◽  
...  

Abstract Background. Various arboviruses are transmitted to humans by mosquitoes, particularly Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, two invasive and frequently sympatric species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavior of Ae. albopictus with regards to houses and association with other mosquitoes in Havana province. Methods. All deposits containing water in the houses and vacant lots of urban and peri urban municipalities of the province Havana were sampled during two periods: the first 1995 – 1999 and the second 2010-2018. Results. Patterns in the presence of Ae. albopictus in the study area were observed: the persistent absence of Ae. albopictus in one municipality; in two municipalities, starting from an absence in the first period to a rapid dispersion in the following period; and a sustained decrease in the dispersion of Ae. albopictus in two other municipalities. The association of Ae. albopictus with other mosquitoes smaller in the peripheral municipalities, although being the ones with the greatest presence of Ae. albopictus. However overall, we found an increase in this association when comparing the period 2010-2018 with the first period since its introduction in Havana. Inside the houses, Ae albopictus was present in 8% (2016) to 21.5% (2013) with an average of 15%, which evidences an initial domiciliation of the species.Conclusions. The results obtained in this work show an initiation of domiciliation of Ae albopictus in the urban area of Havana province. This is important to alert the National Control Program to strengthen the entomological monitoring of Ae. albopictus, and not only Ae. aegypti. The follow up of this domiciliation is important to guide control efforts, knowing its role as a vector of different arboviruses.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
María del Carmen Marquetti Fernández ◽  
Magaly Castillo ◽  
Iris Peraza ◽  
Maricely Milian ◽  
Roberto Molina ◽  
...  

Abstract Background. Various arboviruses are transmitted to humans by mosquitoes, particularly Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, two invasive and frequently sympatric species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavior of Ae. albopictus with regards to houses and association with other mosquitoes in Havana province. Methods. All deposits containing water in the houses and vacant lots of urban and peri urban municipalities of the province Havana were sampled during two periods: the first 1995 – 1999 and the second 2010-2018. Results. Patterns in the presence of Ae. albopictus in the study area were observed: the persistent absence of Ae. albopictus in one municipality; in two municipalities, starting from an absence in the first period to a rapid dispersion in the following period; and a sustained decrease in the dispersion of Ae. albopictus in two other municipalities. The association of Ae. albopictus with other mosquitoes smaller in the peripheral municipalities, although being the ones with the greatest presence of Ae. albopictus. However overall, we found an increase in this association when comparing the period 2010-2018 with the first period since its introduction in Havana. Inside the houses, Ae albopictus was present in 8% (2016) to 21.5% (2013) with an average of 15%, which evidences an initial domiciliation of the species.Conclusions. The results obtained in this work show an initiation of domiciliation of Ae albopictus in the urban area of Havana province. This is important to alert the National Control Program to strengthen the entomological monitoring of Ae. albopictus, and not only Ae. aegypti. The follow up of this domiciliation is important to guide control efforts, knowing its role as a vector of different arboviruses.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Yu ◽  
Shuai Han ◽  
Tian Tian ◽  
Ning Xiao ◽  
Xiaonong Zhou

Abstract Background A national control program for echinococcosis has been in effect since 2005 in China. This program has applied a comprehensive strategy, and good control results have been achieved. The objective of this study is focusing on the effectiveness of the programme with two indices, including patients treatment and registered dogs deworming, in endemic areas of echincoccosis control over the period of 10 years (2004-2014) in China. MethodsThe study was conducted in the pastoral and farming-pastoral regions of project counties in 10 provinces and autonomous regions, a database was established that included demography at county and township levels, grouping available patients into those subjected to surgery and those receiving drug treatment after population screening. Information was given regarding the diagnosis (CE, AE, co-infection or unclassified) and the number of registered dogs and that of those dewormed. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software version 18 (SPSS Institute, Chicago, IL, USA). The results are shown as percentages with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). The situation with respect to humans and dogs were described using epidemiological descriptive analyses and the direct costs calculated after discount. ResultsOur study showed that over the 10-years period, the coverage rate for the patients treatment had increased 32.4% on surgical treatment as well as 81.3% on medical treatment, meanwhile, it had increased by 58.6% for registered dog deworming since 2007. The accumulated costs of US 27.03 $ million after discount on patients and registered dog treatment, it has account for 1/4 on total accumulated inputs (110.67 $ million) by Chinese government, in addition, it was by 57-fold on the annual inputs whereas 368-fold on accumulated inputs since the national program implementation. Conclusions As found through this study, it is suggested that sustainable follow-up evaluations are crucial for success and continued implementation of the national program, which will be necessary until the disease is under control and has been eliminated in all endemic areas of China. Based on the results obtained through this study, we recommend that more attention should be paid to controlling stray dogs during the ongoing program period. Keywords: Control progamme; Effectiveness, Echinococcosis, humans and dogs


2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 1168-1174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Boaz ◽  
Zohar Landau ◽  
Zipora Matas ◽  
Julio Wainstein

Background: The ability to measure patient blood glucose levels at bedside in hospitalized patients and to transmit those values to a central database enables and facilitates glucose control and follow-up and is an integral component in the care of the hospitalized diabetic patient. Objective: The goal of this study was to evaluate the performance of an institutional glucometer employed in the framework of the Program for the Treatment of the Hospitalized Diabetic Patient (PTHDP) at E. Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel. Methods: As part of the program to facilitate glucose control in hospitalized diabetic patients, an institutional glucometer was employed that permits uploading of data from stands located in each inpatient department and downloading of that data to a central hospital-wide database. Blood glucose values from hospitalized diabetic patients were collected from August 2007 to October 2008. The inpatient glucose control program was introduced gradually beginning January 2008. Results: During the follow-up period, more than 150,000 blood glucose measures were taken. Mean glucose was 195.7 ± 99.12 mg/dl during the follow-up period. Blood glucose values declined from 206 ± 105 prior to PTHDP (August 2007–December 2007) to 186 ± 92 after its inception (January 2008–October 2008). The decline was associated significantly with time ( r = 0.11, p < 0.0001). The prevalence of blood glucose values lower than 60 mg/dl was 1.48% [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.36%] prior to vs 1.55% (95% CI 0.37%) following implementation of the PTHDP. Concomitantly, a significant increase in the proportion of blood glucose values between 80 and 200 mg/dl was observed, from 55.5% prior to program initiation vs 61.6% after program initiation ( p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The present study was designed to observe changes in institution-wide glucose values following implementation of the PTHDP. Information was extracted from the glucometer system itself. Because the aforementioned study was not a clinical trial, we cannot rule out that factors other than introduction of the program could explain some of the variability observed. With these limitations in mind, it nevertheless appears that the PTHDP, of which the institutional glucometer is an integral, essential component, was associated with improved blood glucose values in the hospitalized diabetic patient.


2004 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 492-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham Borer ◽  
Jacob Gilad ◽  
Eytan Hyam ◽  
Francisc Schlaeffer ◽  
Pnina Schlaeffer ◽  
...  

AbstractObjective:To implement a comprehensive infection control (IC) program for prevention of cardiac device-associated infections (CDIs).Design:Prospective before-after trial with 2 years of follow-up.Setting:A tertiary-care, university-affiliated medical center.Patients:A consecutive sample of all adults undergoing cardiac device implantation between 1997 and 2002.Intervention:An IC program was implemented during late 2001 and included staff education, preoperative modification of patient risk factors, intraoperative control of strict aseptic technique, surgical scrubbing and attire, control of environmental risk factors, optimization of antibiotic prophylaxis, postoperative wound care, and active surveillance. The clinical endpoint was CDI rates.Results:Between 1997 and 2000, there were 7 CDIs among 725 procedures (mean annual CDI incidence, 1%). During the first 9 months of 2001, there were 7 CDIs among 167 procedures (4.2%; P = .007): CDIs increased from 7 among 576 to 3 among 124 following pacemaker implantation (P = .39) and from 0 among 149 to 4 among 43 following cardioverter-defibrillator implantation (P = .002). Of the 14 CDIs, 5 involved superficial wounds, 7 involved deep wounds, and 2 involved endocarditis. Following intervention, there were no cases of CDI among 316 procedures during 24 months of follow-up (4.2% reduction; P = .0005).Conclusions:We observed a high CDI rate associated with substantial morbidity. IC measures had an impact on CDI. Although the relative weight of each measure in the prevention of CDI remains unknown, our results suggest that implementation of a comprehensive IC program is feasible and efficacious in this setting.


2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 871-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cinda L Hugos ◽  
Michelle H Cameron ◽  
Zunqiu Chen ◽  
Yiyi Chen ◽  
Dennis Bourdette

Background: A four-site RCT of Fatigue: Take Control (FTC), a multicomponent group program, found no significant differences from a control program, MS: Take Control (MSTC), in fatigue on the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) through 6 months. Objective: Assess FTC for a delayed effect on fatigue. Methods: Of 78 subjects at one site, 74 randomized to FTC or MSTC completed the MFIS at 12 months. Results: Compared to baseline, FTC produced greater improvements in MFIS scores than MSTC (FTC −8.9 (confidence interval (CI): 32.2, 45), MSTC −2.5 (CI 39.6, 47.7), p = 0.03) at 12 months. Conclusion: The delayed effect of FTC on fatigue suggests the need for longer follow-up when assessing interventions for fatigue.


1994 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Coura-Filho ◽  
Roberto Sena Rocha ◽  
Marcio Willian Farah ◽  
Grace Carolina da Silva ◽  
Naftale Katz

A fourteen year schistosomiasis control program in Peri-Peri (Capim Branco, MG) reduced prevalence from 43.5 to 4.4%; incidence from 19.0 to 2.9%, the geometric mean of the number of eggs from 281 to 87 and the level of the hepatoesplenic form cases from 5.9 to 0.0%. In 1991, three years after the interruption of the program, the prevalence had risen to 19.6%. The district consists of Barbosa (a rural area) and Peri-Peri itself (an urban area). In 1991, the prevalence in the two areas was 28.4% and 16.0% respectively. A multivariate analysis of risk factors for schistosomiasis indicated the domestic agricultural activity with population attributive risk (PAR) of 29.82%, the distance (< 10 m) from home to water source (PAR = 25.93%) and weekly fishing (PAR = 17.21%) as being responsible for infections in the rural area. The recommended control measures for this area are non-manual irrigation and removal of homes to more than ten meters from irrigation ditches. In the urban area, it was observed that swimming at weekly intervals (PAR = 20.71%), daily domestic agricultural activity (PAR = 4.07%) and the absence of drinking water in the home (PAR=4.29%) were responsible for infections. Thus, in the urban area the recommended control measures are the substitution of manual irrigation with an irrigation method that avoids contact with water, the creation of leisure options of the population and the provision of a domestic water supply. The authors call attention to the need for the efficacy of multivariate analysis of risk factors to be evaluated for schistosomiasis prior to its large scale use as a indicator of the control measures to be implemented.


Author(s):  
Ashley J Janich ◽  
Karla Saavedra-Rodriguez ◽  
Farah Z Vera-Maloof ◽  
Rebekah C Kading ◽  
Américo D Rodríguez ◽  
...  

Abstract There are major public health concerns regarding the spread of mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya, which are mainly controlled by using insecticides against the vectors, Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse). Pyrethroids are the primary class of insecticides used for vector control, due to their rapid knockdown effect and low toxicity to vertebrates. Unfortunately, continued use of pyrethroids has led to widespread insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti; however, we lack information for Ae. albopictus—a sympatric species in Chiapas since 2002. In this study, we evaluated the permethrin resistance status of Ae. albopictus collected from Mexico and Texas. We also selected for permethrin resistance in the laboratory and investigated the potential mechanisms conferring resistance in this species. Knockdown resistance mutations, specifically F1534C, in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene, and increased activity of detoxifying enzymes were evaluated. Low levels of permethrin resistance (&lt;2.4-fold) were observed in our field populations of Ae. albopictus and the F1534C mutation was not detected in any of the sites. Low levels of resistance were also observed in the artificially selected strain. There was significantly higher cytochrome P450 activity in our permethrin-selected and nonselected strains from Mexico compared to the control strain. Our results suggest the Ae. albopictus sampled from 2016 are mostly susceptible to pyrethroids. These results contrast with the high levels of permethrin resistance (&gt;58-fold) found in Ae. aegypti from the same sites in Mexico. This research indicates the importance of continued monitoring of Ae. albopictus populations to prevent resistance from developing in the future.


2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Nathália França de Oliveira ◽  
Maria Jacirema Ferreira Gonçalves

ABSTRACT Objective: to assess the effectiveness of the National Tuberculosis Control Program ( (NTCP) in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Method: this is an ecological study with a longitudinal, descriptive, and analytical design. It consisted of all new cases of tuberculosis,  among people living in Manaus, in all of its forms, notified by the Sistema de Informacao de Agravos de Notificacao of the Brazilian Health Ministry (Sinan/MS), within the period form 2001 to 2006, formally asked to the Health Ministry (MS) and made available in May 2008, totalling 9,521 notified cases.  The data were analyzed in the 56 legally formed neighborhoods of Manaus city, from 2001 to 2006. The variables were selected and, grouped, constituted the indicators of morbidity, process and follow up, results, and completeness of the information system. The classification was carried out heuristically, according to epidemiological criteria and goals from MS. The averages of the indicators were distributed among neighborhoods in two phases (2001-2003 and 2004-2006), and the cut off points were measured in order to obtain the classifications named Good, Intermediate, and Severe, whose distribution are analyzed through mapping. For the analysis Epi-Info 3.5 was used and for the mapping Terraview 3.3 was the option chosen. Results: some fields whose filling in was considered compulsory are not fully informed. Smear for diagnosis and supervised treatment are not frequently carried out. Treatment dropout rates are high and the cure and treatment completion rates are low. The mapping of neighborhoods showed the predominance of the classification Severe in both phases of the study, with a worsening of the program's situation in the second one. Conclusion: the results suggest that the NTCP is deficient especially with regard to epidemiological vigilance. Descriptors: assessment of health programs and projects; epidemiology; tuberculosis; effectiveness. RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a efetividade do Programa Nacional de Controle da Tuberculose (PNCT) em Manaus-AM. Método: trata-se de estudo ecológico longitudinal, descritivo e analítico. Foi constituído da totalidade dos casos novos de tuberculose, de pessoas residentes em Manaus, em todas as formas, notificados pelo Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação do Ministério da Saúde (Sinan/MS), no período de 2001 a 2006, solicitados formalmente ao Ministério da Saúde (MS) e disponibilizados em maio de 2008, perfazendo um total de 9.521 casos notificados. Os dados foram analisados nos 56 bairros legalmente constituídos da cidade de Manaus, de 2001 a 2006. Foram selecionadas variáveis que, agrupadas, compuseram os indicadores de morbidade, processo e acompanhamento, resultado e completude do sistema de informação. A classificação foi realizada heuristicamente, conforme critérios epidemiológicos e metas do MS. As médias dos indicadores foram distribuídas pelos bairros em duas fases (2001-2003 e 2004-2006), sendo avaliados os pontos de corte para obter as classificações nomeadas Boa, Intermediária e Grave, cuja distribuição é analisada por meio de mapeamento. Para a análise foi utilizado o Epi-Info 3.5 e para o mapeamento o Terraview 3.3 foi a opção adotada. Resultados: alguns campos considerados de preenchimento obrigatório não são informados integralmente. A baciloscopia para diagnóstico e o tratamento supervisionado são pouco realizados. São altas as taxas de abandono e baixas as de cura e encerramento. O mapeamento dos bairros mostrou a predominância da classificação Grave em ambas as fases do estudo, com piora da situação do programa na segunda. Conclusão: os resultados sugerem que o PNCT é deficiente principalmente em relação à vigilância epidemiológica. Descritores: avaliação de programas e projetos de saúde; epidemiologia; tuberculose; efetividade. RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar la efectividad del Programa Nacional de Control de la Tuberculosis (PNCT) en Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil. Método: esto es un estudio ecológico longitudinal, descriptivo y analítico. Fue constituido por la totalidad de los casos nuevos de tuberculosis, de personas residentes en Manaus, en todas sus formas, notificados por el Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação del Ministerio de la Salud brasileño (Sinan/MS), en el periodo de 2001 a 2006, solicitados formalmente al Ministerio de la Salud (MS) y disponibles en mayo de 2008, totalizando  9.521 casos notificados. Los datos fueron analizados en los 56 barrios legalmente formados de la ciudad de Manaus, de 2001 a 2006. Fueron seleccionadas variables que, agrupadas, formaron los indicadores de morbidad, proceso y acompañamiento, resultado y completud del sistema de información. La clasificación fue realizada heurísticamente según criterios epidemiológicos y metas del MS. Las medias de los indicadores fueron distribuidos por los barrios en dos fases (2001-2003 y 2004-2006), siendo evaluados los puntos de corte para obtener las clasificaciones denominadas Bueno, Intermediario y Grave, cuya distribución es analizada por medio de mapeamiento. Para el análisis se utilizó el Epi-Info 3.5 y para el mapeamiento el Terraview 3.3 fue la opción adoptada. Resultados: algunos campos considerados de relleno obligatorio no son totalmente informados. La baciloscopia para diagnóstico y el tratamiento supervisionado son poco realizados. Las tasas de abandono del tratamiento son altas y las tasas de cura y terminación del tratamiento son bajas. El mapeamiento de los barrios mostró la predominancia de la clasificación Grave en ambas fases del estudio, con empeoramiento de la situación del programa en la segunda. Conclusión: los resultados sugieren que el PNCT es deficiente principalmente en relación a la vigilancia epidemiológica. Descriptores: evaluación de programas y proyectos de salud; epidemiología; tuberculosis; efectividad.


1997 ◽  
Vol 171 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijoy K. Varma ◽  
N. N. Wig ◽  
B. M. Tripathi ◽  
Arun K. Misra ◽  
C. B. Khare ◽  
...  

BackgroundThis study explored the relation of level of socio-economic development to the course of non-affective psychosis, by extending the analysis of urban/rural differences in course in Chandigarh, India.MethodThe proportion of ‘best outcome cases between urban (n=110) and rural (n=50) catchment areas were compared at two-year follow-up, separately for CATEGO S+ and non-S+ schizophrenia.ResultsThe proportion of subjects with ‘best outcome’ ratings at the urban and rural sites, respectively, was similar for CATEGO S+ schizophrenia (29 v. 29%), but significantly different for non-S+ psychosis (26 v. 47%)ConclusionsThe fact that in rural Chandigarh, psychoses have a more favourable course than in the urban area may be explained in large part by psychoses distinct from ‘nuclear’ schizophrenia.


1978 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Landau Heckerman ◽  
Kelly D. Brownell ◽  
Robert J. Westlake

Subjects were 23 obese men and women who received a behavioral weight control program and were randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions: (1) subjects were weighed at the beginning of each treatment session and were encouraged to weigh themselves at home for “continuous feedback” or (2) subjects were not weighed at group meetings and were instructed to avoid weighing themselves at home in order to “concentrate on behavioral change.” At posttreatment and at 4-wk. follow-up, the groups did not differ for change in bodyweight or change in percentage overweight. There was, however, a tendency for subjects who did not weigh themselves to lose more weight and to display lower attrition than weighed subjects at posttreatment and at the 4-wk. and 6-mo. follow-ups.


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