Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors Analysis of Hepatitis B & C Infections in the Low Socioeconomic Communities; A Cross-Sectional Study from Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aisha Noreen ◽  
Fazal Adnan ◽  
Naik Alam ◽  
Zainab Syed ◽  
Aroosa Aftab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Hepatitis B Vaccination ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Chi Square Test

Abstract Background: Pakistan is bearing the second highest global burden of hepatitis C and B virus, infecting 3-4 % of its overall 22 million population. These infections remain unchecked in most of the cases and such incidences become a continuous source of infection to the healthy population. Maximum efforts for screening, prevalence and surveillance of these viral infections is needed to stem the devastating impact on the underprivileged communities living in the outskirt of major cities. Methods: This study was designed to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B & C and the corresponding risk factors among the low socioeconomic communities of Islamabad. Participants (aged 10-70 years) were recruited from six localities inhabited with people living in underprivileged conditions. Relationship between hepatitis B/C incidence, demographics and risk factors was measured using Pearson's Chi-square test, univariate and multivariate regression analysis. A total of 1004 individuals were enrolled in this study.Results: Out of 1004 individuals, almost 4% were found positive for hepatitis C and 1% for hepatitis B after screening with PCR. Pearson’s Chi-square test showed a strong relationship of hepatitis B/C infection with marital status (p= 0.000), hepatitis B vaccination status (p= 0.000), blood or blood product recipient (p= 0.000), having a tattoo, family income (p= 0.026) and participant age (p= 0.000). Multivariable analysis showed hepatitis B vaccination odds ratio (OR) =5.309 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.812-10.025), population exposed to therapeutic injections four-times/past 6 months OR=4.328 (95% CI 1.319-13.617) dental visit four-time/past six months OR=11.9 (95% CI 3.350-40.098) people having exposure to HCV patients ≥6 times/past six months OR=3.095 (95% CI 1.577-6.074) and age of the participants OR=1.049 (95% CI 1.026-1.072) were independently associated with hepatitis C infection. Conclusions: These findings show that the risk of hepatitis B/C is multifactorial. However, on multivariate analysis, no association was found between hepatitis C incidence and blood donation, blood recipient, nose/ear piercing, barber visit, tattooing, drug abuse, marital status, family income and education status.

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Bloodborne Exposure and Infection in Correctional Healthcare Workers

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robyn R. M. Gershon ◽  
Martin Sherman ◽  
Clifford Mitchell ◽  
David Vlahov ◽  
Melissa J. Erwin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Hepatitis B Vaccination ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus Infection ◽  
Job Duties ◽  
Correctional Healthcare

Objective.To determine the prevalence and risk factors for bloodborne exposure and infection in correctional healthcare workers (CHCWs).Design.Cross-sectional risk assessment study with a confidential questionnaire and serological testing performed during 1999-2000.Setting.Correctional systems in 3 states.Results.Among 310 participating CHCWs, the rate of percutaneous injury (PI) was 32 Pis per 100 person-years overall and 42 Pis per 100 person-years for CHCWs with clinical job duties. Underreporting was common, with only 25 (49%) of 51 Pis formally reported to the administration. Independent risk factors for experiencing PI included being age 45 or older (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.41 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.31-4.46]) and having job duties that involved needle contact (aOR, 3.70 [95% CI, 1.28-10.63]) or blood contact (aOR, 5.05 [95% CI, 1.45-17.54]). Overall, 222 CHCWs (72%) reported having received a primary hepatitis В vaccination series; of these, 150 (68%) tested positive for anti-hepatitis B surface antigen, with negative results significantly associated with receipt of last dose more than 5 years previously. Serologic markers of hepatitis В virus infection were identified in 31 individuals (10%), and the prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection was 2% (n = 7). The high hepatitis B vaccination rate limited the ability to identify risk factors for infection, but hepatitis C virus infection correlated with community risk factors only.Conclusion.Although the wide coverage with hepatitis B vaccination and the decreasing rate of hepatitis C virus infection in the general population are encouraging, the high rate of exposure in CHCWs and the lack of exposure documentation are concerns. Continued efforts to develop interventions to reduce exposures and encourage reporting should be implemented and evaluated in correctional healthcare settings. These interventions should address infection control barriers unique to the correctional setting.

scholarly journals Factors Associated with Spontaneous Preterm Delivery in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
Omole Ohonsi Abiodun ◽  
Belga Francis
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Preterm Delivery ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Spontaneous Preterm Delivery ◽  
Chi Square Test

Objective (s): To determine the aetiological factors of preterm deliveries at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria..Materials and methods: This case-control study was conducted between 1st June 2006 and 31st May 2007.One hundred and forty eight women with preterm deliveries (cases) were compared with seven hundred and forty women who delivered at term (control). Data analysis was done using Epi- Info software (6.0 CDC Atlanta Georgia, USA). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed and the results were expressed as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). The contribution of the risk factors were estimated using chi square test and a p-value of < 0.05 was taken as significant.Results: The period incidence of preterm deliveries was 69 per 1000 births. Unbooked and low socioeconomic statuses, primigravidity, previous preterm deliveries, multiple pregnancies, pre-eclampsia, and malaria in pregnancy were significant risk factors that were associated with preterm delivery. These associations were still demonstrable after adjusting for confounding variables.Conclusion: Early girl marriage and childbearing and spontaneous pre-labour rupture of membranes not to be independent risk factors in this study. Women with risk factors should be managed in specialist hospitals.Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2014; Vol. 29(1) : 9-14

scholarly journals Risk Factor Analysis of Recurrent Diarrhea on Toddlers in Sumberjambe Health Center Jember Regency

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Anita Margaret Wibisono ◽  
Ancah Caesarina Novi Marchianti ◽  
Dion Krismashogi Dharmawan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

Recurrent diarrhea is diarrhea that occurs repeatedly within one to three months. Toddler is the highest group suffering of diarrhea. Diarrhea is the second leading cause of death on toddler. This research aims to analyze the effect of risk factors of recurrent diarrhea on toddler in Sumberjambe Health Center Jember Regency. This type of research is observational analytic with case control design. The sample is 50 cases and 50 controls. The sampling technique used consecutive sampling method. The research was conducted in December 2018 to January 2019 using a questionnaire. Data analysis using Chi Square test and Logistic Regression test. Chi Square analysis results are child’s age (p= 0.003), gender (p= 1,000), exclusive breastfeeding (p= 0.044), measles immunization (p= 0.387), nutritional status (p= 0.840), hand nail hygiene (p= 0.395), mother’s age (p= 0.435), mother’s education level (p= 0.263), mother’s knowledge (p= 0.494), hand washing habit (p= 0.684), and family income (p= 0.773). Logistic Regression analysis results are child’s age (p= 0.002) and exclusive breastfeeding (p= 0.499). The conclusions of this study are child’s age and exclusive breastfeeding have influence of recurrent diarrhea on toddler and child's age is the most influential risk factor of recurrent diarrhea on toddler. The suggestion of this research is that it needs to research other risk factors and mothers are required to give exclusive breastfeeding.  Keywords: risk factors, recurrent diarrhea, toddler

scholarly journals Low prevalence of hepatitis B and C infections among the healthcare workers despite low vaccination coverage for hepatitis B in Mumbai

2017 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dharmesh K. Shah ◽  
Samit S. Jain ◽  
Amol A. Khot ◽  
Amit R. Gharat ◽  
Girish C. Rajadhyaksha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Hospital Staff ◽  
Hepatitis B Vaccination ◽  
Hcv Rna ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Occupational Risk Factors ◽  
Significant Difference

<p class="ABS"><span class="ABS_Bold-Italic" lang="en-GB">Background</span><span class="Bold">:</span> The risk of acquiring hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections through exposure to blood or its products and contact with other body fluids is high amongst health care workers (HCWs). Despite potential risks, a proportion of HCWs never get vaccinated. This study aimed to investigate the vaccination practices and the prevalence of HBV infection in HCWs. <span class="ABS_Bold-Italic" lang="en-GB">Aims:</span> To determine the prevalence of HBV and HCV, their possible association with occupational and non-occupational risk factors. We also studied the prevalence of vaccination for hepatitis B in different subgroups of study population. <span class="ABS_Bold-Italic" lang="en-GB">Materials and Methods:</span> In this cross-sectional study, total 1347 hospital staffs were screened for hepatitis B and hepatitis C. HBV is detected by HBsAg testing, and HCV is detected by anti-HCV testing by ELISA method. Positive results were confirmed by HBV DNA testing (Qualitative) and HCV RNA testing (Qualitative). A questionnaire used to collect data from study participants was pre-designed by the authors. <span class="ABS_Bold-Italic" lang="en-GB">Results:</span> Out of total 1347 hospital staffs screened, 6 (0.4%) were HBsAg-positive and 2 (0.1%) were anti-HCV-positive. Only 54% had a history of complete vaccination, and 0.3% had incomplete vaccination. Vaccination coverage was highest in residents (76.7%), medical students (68.9%), nursing (66.1%), and teachers (61.4%) and lowest in servants (5.4%), office staff (6.6%), and lab technicians (24.3%). Awareness about the risk factor for transmission of HBV and HCV and complication related to them was 77.7%. It was highest in teachers (93.9%) and residents (97.8%), lowest in servants (16.3%). No statistically significant difference in the exposure to various risk factors among those who are HBsAg or anti-HCV-positive and HBsAg or anti-HCV-negative. <span class="ABS_Bold-Italic" lang="en-GB">Conclusions:</span> The prevalence of HBV and HCV infection is not high in hospital staff than general population. Hepatitis B vaccination coverage was below expectation in all the subgroups even in resident doctors and teachers.</p><div> </div>

scholarly journals ROLE OF HEPATITIS B AND HEPATITS C VIRUS COINFECTION IN TB DEVELOPMENT

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Pudji Lestari ◽  
Ivan Rahmatullah ◽  
Dwi Susanti
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Female Respondent ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Hepatitis C Infection ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
History Of

Tuberculosis developed differently in each individual. The role of HIV in the disease development is widely known unlike the role of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C infection. Therefore, this study is aimed at to describe the role of those co-infections in the TB development. The study employed observational – case control design with two groups, case and control group. Data collection include TB condition, whether latent or manifest, and history of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C co-infection. The study successfully recruited the total of 32 respondents in each group. At the case group, the number of male and respondent is 19 and 13. Meanwhile, at the control group the number male respondent is 10 and the female respondent is 22. The study found that 20 and 12 respondents were positive Hepatitis B at the case and the control group. Chi-square test resulted significant different between two groups (P=0.0455 and a =0.05) with odd ratio p=0.479. Meanwhile, the study only tested one respondent with positive Hepatitis C at case group and one at control group. Comparison analysis found no significant different between groups (P=1 and a =0.05). This study reveals that TB patients are more likely to have history of Hepatitis B 2.7 times than those at the control group with the same infection but without TB development. Therefore, the possibility of Hepatitis B co-infection has role in the TB manifestation, but not for Hepatitis C co-infection.

Prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium infection among students at Al-Agali Islamic complex in Al-Kalakela area, Khartoum State-Sudan

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 3796
Author(s):  
Eltagi A. M. Abdalla ◽  
Adnan M. A. Youssouf ◽  
Babiker M. H. Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Past Infection ◽  
Urinary Schistosomiasis ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Mode Of Transmission

Background: In Sudan, urinary schistosomiasis caused by S. haematobium is endemic in many areas of the country, mainly among school-age children. The study was done with the aim to determine the prevalence and possible risk factors of S. haematobium among students at Al-Agali Islamic complex in Al-Kalakla- Sudan.Methods: A total of 102 students were participated. 10 ml of urine sample was taken from each participant, the samples were allowing it to sediment, a drop from sediment was taken and examined microscopically using x40 objective to identify S. haematobium. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics and some risk factors. The data were analyzed used SPSS version20. Chi-square test was used to determine the significance differences between variables. The Odds ratio (OR) was applied with 95% CI.Results: The prevalence of S. haematobium among students was 12.7% (13/102). The results showed there was no statistical association between socio-demographic variables (Age group, parents’ education, monthly family income and family size) and S. haematobium positivity (p>0.05). Bivariate analysis showed; swimming in rivers (OR= 8.09, 95% CI=1.69-38.73, p=0.008), working in agriculture (OR= 4.42, 95% CI=1.25-15.55, p=0.020), past infection of S. haematobium (OR=4.87, 95% CI= 1.44- 16.45, P=0.010), pre-schistosoma treatment (OR=10.29, 95% CI=2.14-49.39, p=0.003) and don not knew mode of transmission (OR=10.72, 95% CI=1.33-86.01, p=0.025), statistically significant with S. hameatobium positivity.Conclusion: The S. haematobium is still prevalent among students in study area. Health education on the mode of transmission, possible risk factors and prevention is recommended.

scholarly journals HEPATITIS C

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (04) ◽  
pp. 484-488
Author(s):  
Momin Khan ◽  
Abdul Jabbar ◽  
Bacha Amin Khan ◽  
Abdul Ahad ◽  
Fazal Akbar
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Hepatitis C Infection ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Ear Piercing ◽  
Dental Procedures ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Aseptic Conditions

Introduction: WHO estimates that there are more than 185 million people overthe globe infected with hepatitis C. Among these 350,000 die each year with hepatitis. Heprevalence of hepatitis in Asia is estimated to be 3.4%. Pakistan has been rated as the secondmost common country in the world with active hepatitis C infection. This study aims at identifyingthe frequency of risk factors for hepatitis C irus transmission. Understanding the frequency ofcommon factors of HCV would help to implement strategies in long-term prevention of hepatitistransmission among community. Objectives: To determine the frequency of common factorsfor transmission of hepatitis C in adult patients. Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectionalstudy. Setting: Department of Medicine, Saidu Teaching Center, Swat. Period: 01-01-2016 to01-12-2016. Methodology: 140 patients were observed and evaluated. Detailed medical historywas taken.5 ml of venous blood sample was collected under aseptic conditions. Blood wascentrifuged at 5000 rpm for 5 minutes and serum was transferred to separate test tubes for furthertesting. The initial screening was carried out by immunochromatography for the qualitative detectionHCV antibodies in serum or plasma. Output variable was stratified among age andgender. Chi square test was applied to see effect of modification. All the positive samples onICT were tested on ELISA (third generation) with signal-to-cut-off ratio > 1.0 for confirmation.Results: Our study shows that mean age was 45 years with SD ± 12.24. Fifty eight percentpatients were male and 42% patients were female. Forty two percent patients had hepatitis Cdue to Injection, infection and-* /transfusions, surgical scars were present in 23% patients withhepatitis C, (2%) patients with hepatitis C had tattoos, 8% patients had hepatitis C due to nose/ear piercing and 25% patients had hepatitis C due to dental procedures. Conclusion: Our studyconcludes that the most common risk factors responsible for transmitting hepatitis C in adultswere infections/transfusions (42%) followed by dental procedures (25%) and surgical scars(23%).

scholarly journals Prevalence and risk factors of apical periodontitis in endodontically treated teeth in a selected population of Brazilian adults

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Estrela ◽  
Cláudio Rodrigues Leles ◽  
Augusto César Braz Hollanda ◽  
Marcelo Sampaio Moura ◽  
Jesus Djalma Pécora
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Apical Periodontitis ◽  
Endodontic Treatment ◽  
Technical Quality ◽  
Endodontically Treated Teeth ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and risk factors of apical periodontitis in endodontically treated teeth in a selected population of Brazilian adults. A total of 1,372 periapical radiographs of endodontically treated teeth were analyzed based on the quality of root filling, status of coronal restoration and presence of posts associated with apical periodontitis (AP). Data were analyzed statistically using odds ratio, confidence intervals and chi-square test. The prevalence of AP with adequate endodontic treatment was low (16.5%). This percentage dropped to 12.1% in cases with adequate root filling and adequate coronal restoration. Teeth with adequate endodontic treatment and poor coronal restoration had an AP prevalence of 27.9%. AP increased to 71.7% in teeth with poor endodontic treatment associated with poor coronal restoration. When poor endodontic treatment was combined with adequate coronal restoration, AP prevalence was 61.8%. The prevalence of AP was low when associated with high technical quality of root canal treatment. Poor coronal restoration increased the risk of AP even when endodontic treatment was adequate (OR=2.80; 95%CI=1.87-4.22). The presence of intracanal posts had no influence on AP prevalence.

scholarly journals Bacteriological Safety of Blood Collected for Transfusion at University of Gondar Hospital Blood Bank, Northwest Ethiopia

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailegebriel Wondimu ◽  
Zelalem Addis ◽  
Feleke Moges ◽  
Yitayal Shiferaw
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Northwest Ethiopia ◽  
Blood Bank ◽  
Bacterial Isolation ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test

Background. Transfusion associated bacterial infection has remained more frequent with a sever risk of morbidity and mortality. This study assessed the bacteriological safety of blood collected for transfusion. Method. A cross-sectional study was conducted at University of Gondar hospital blood bank from December 2011 to June 2012. Bacterial isolation, identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were done as per the standard procedure. Chi-square test and P value were used to assess associations between risk factors and the bacterial isolation rate. Results. Twenty-one (15.33%) blood units were found contaminated with bacteria, and 95.24% contamination was due to external sources. The commonly isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase negative Staphylococci, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Streptococci species, Enterobacter species, and Citrobacter species. All of the bacteria isolated were 100% sensitive to Gentamicin, Chloramphenicol, Amoxicillin, and Doxycycline. Multiple antimicrobial resistances were observed in 66.7% of the isolates. Not using glove by phlebotomist, touching disinfected phlebotomy site and double puncture at the same hand or both hands of a donor were found to be risk factors for bacterial contamination. Conclusion. Bacterial contamination of blood to be transfused is a common problem in the hospital. So attention should be given to activities performed at the blood bank for safe transfusion practices.

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