Ramet specialization allows similar performance of the invasive macrophyte Hedychium coronarium under different light and intraspecific competition levels

Abstract Invasive species can affect ecosystems functioning by forming dense monospecific stands and outcompeting native plants. However, the performance of the invader depends on its plastic responses to abiotic attributes of invaded communities. Understanding the interplay between intraspecific competition and environmental conditions is important to elucidate the domain and aggressive potential of invasive species. Here, we assessed the performance of the invasive Hedychium coronarium in two levels of intraspecific competition created through rhizome density under full light and partial shade. We tested the influence of light, density and their interaction on ramet length and number of ramets during the first three months after planting (phase 1) and after 22 months (phase 2), and on rhizome dry weight and the ramet/rhizome biomass ratio in phase 2. In both phases, ramets were longer under shade and the number of ramets was higher under low rhizome density indicating lower intraspecific competition. In phase 2, there was a negative effect of rhizome density on ramet length, but it was restricted to shade, probably due to the aggravation of competition for light. Rhizome dry weight was greater under shade conditions and it was not affected by rhizome density, and ramet/rhizome ratio did not differ between treatments. Our results supported a large phenotypic plasticity of H. coronarium ramets, which allowed similar performances despite variations in environmental conditions and population densities. We suggest that this mechanism of energy allocation enhances the success of this invasive plant in varied habitats, such as open and closed, forested sites.

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Effects of invasive plant species on species diversity: implications on ruderal vegetation in Bratislava City, Slovakia, Central Europe

Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae ◽

10.5586/asbp.3621 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 88 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Alena Rendeková ◽

Karol Mičieta ◽

Michal Hrabovský ◽

Mariana Eliašová ◽

Ján Miškovic

Keyword(s):

Invasive Species ◽

Species Diversity ◽

Central Europe ◽

Invasive Plant ◽

Urban Ecosystem ◽

Ruderal Vegetation ◽

Natural Habitats ◽

Environmental Threats ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Invasive Taxa

Invasive species pose one of the most serious global environmental threats. Our study aimed to examine the correlation between the proportion of invasive alien taxa and species diversity of ruderal vegetation in the urban ecosystem of Bratislava, located in Central Europe. Ruderal habitats serve as the means of spread of invasive species to seminatural and natural habitats. Twenty-six invasive taxa were recorded among the ruderal vegetation of Bratislava. The majority of the recorded invasive species were neophytes, which came from North America and represent the Asteraceae family. Half of them were introduced accidentally, whereas the remaining species were introduced deliberately. Correlation and regression analyses showed that the proportion of invasive taxa has a negative effect on the species diversity of all the analyzed syntaxa in the ruderal vegetation of Bratislava.

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Divided attention and the encoding effects of retrieval

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology ◽

10.1177/1747021819847141 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 72 (10) ◽

pp. 2474-2494

Author(s):

Zachary L Buchin ◽

Neil W Mulligan

Keyword(s):

Free Recall ◽

Divided Attention ◽

Phase 1 ◽

Memory Task ◽

Phase 2 ◽

Retrieval Task ◽

Final Recall ◽

Common Category ◽

Encoding Effects ◽

Negative Effect

Retrieving from memory both reveals as well as modifies memory. It is important to understand how these encoding effects of retrieval differ from other forms of encoding. One possible difference relates to attention: divided attention is well known to disrupt memory encoding but typically has much less impact on memory retrieval. However, less is known about the relative attentional demands of the encoding consequences of retrieval. The current experiments examined retrieval-based encoding using free recall, a retrieval task purported to require substantial attentional resources. In three experiments, participants studied common category exemplars (Phase 1), restudied or freely recalled the exemplars (Phase 2), and then took a final free-recall test (Phase 3). Phase 2 occurred under full attention (FA) or divided attention (DA). In all three experiments, the negative effect of DA on final recall was significant in the restudy but not retrieval condition. The pattern persisted with short (Experiment 1) or long study lists (Experiment 2), requiring lesser or greater retrieval effort, and with multiple Phase 2 tests, permitting the development of more elaborate retrieval strategies (Experiment 3). The encoding effects of retrieval appear resilient to distraction, even using a memory task that is more effortful and easily disrupted by DA (i.e., free recall). In addition, these results are inconsistent with elaboration and effort accounts of retrieval-based learning.

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Therapeutic Education's Role in the Management of Hypertension in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients

ISRN Hypertension ◽

10.5402/2013/481595 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Intissar Haddiya ◽

Ryme El Harraqui ◽

Ilham Karimi ◽

Nawal Benabdallah ◽

Yassamine Bentata

Keyword(s):

Phase 1 ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Hemodialysis Patients ◽

Chronic Hemodialysis ◽

Therapeutic Education ◽

Phase 2 ◽

Phase 3 ◽

Educational Effort ◽

Interdialytic Weight Gain ◽

Weight Method

The prevalence of hypertension remains high in hemodialysis (HD) patients, leading to a considerable morbimortality. The “dry weight method (DW),” established by Scribner, presents an undeniable interest in the management of hypertension in HD patients. Aim. The aim of our work was to determine the prevalence and risk factors (RFs) of hypertension in our chronic HD patients and try to reduce it by using a therapeutic education (TE) strategy based on Scribner’s recommendations. Patients and Methods. We led an interventional prospective study in three phases. In phase 1, we determined the prevalence of hypertension. In phase 2, hypertensive patients benefited of a TE strategy. In phase 3, we evaluated the effects of our TE. Results. Hypertension was noted in 57 patients. RFs for hypertension included age, important interdialytic weight gain (IDWG), noncompliance to the dietary rules, and a rhythm of 2 sessions of dialysis per week. The use of a TE strategy enabled us to correct hypertension in some of our HD patients. Conclusion. A TE strategy improved the hypertension rate in our HD unit. This success could not be conceived without an educational effort supported by the whole medical team.

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Application Effect of Potassium on Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Recovery After Drought Stress

Jurnal ILMU DASAR ◽

10.19184/jid.v21i2.12813 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 115

Author(s):

Tri Handoyo ◽

Mohammad Sulton Hakim ◽

Parawita Dewanti ◽

Sri Hartatik ◽

Slameto Slameto

Keyword(s):

Drought Stress ◽

Oryza Sativa L ◽

Phase 1 ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Rice Grain ◽

Phase 2 ◽

Potassium Fertilizer ◽

Vegetative Phase ◽

Rice Plants ◽

Generative Phase

The critical phase of rice plants on water availability includes the vegetative phase when tillering stage, generative phase 1 at panicle initiation stage and generative phase 2 when booting stage. The lack of water in the vegetative phase and in the generative phase will disturb the growth of rice plants. However, if the water needs are fulfilled immediately, the plants will recover and able to grow normally. The ability of plants to do recovery can be improved through the application of potassium fertilizer. This research aimed to determine the optimum dosage of potassium fertilizer when drought occurs in several critical phases to improve the recovery capability of the rice plant. This experiment used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 2 factors where the first factor was the dosage of potassium fertilizer using KCl fertilizer which was 50 kg/ha, 75 kg/ha, 100 kg/ha and 125 kg/ha. The second factor was the difference in the phase of stress, namely the vegetative phase at the time of tillering, the generative phase 1 at panicle initiation and the generative phase 2 when booting. Each treatment combination was repeated 3 times. Observation variables included Rice grain weight per clump, Proline content, Root Dry Weight, Relative Water Content (RWC) leaves, and Height of plants. The results of the study proved that the best dosage of KCl fertilizer to improve rice recovery ability is 100 kg/ha. Rice plants gripped in the vegetative phase have better recovery capabilities than those gripped in the generative phase.Keywords: Recovery, rice, drought stress and potassium.

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Comparison of ecophysiological and leaf anatomical traits of native and invasive plant species

Journal of Ecology and Environment ◽

10.1186/s41610-020-00174-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ridesti Rindyastuti ◽

Lia Hapsari ◽

Chaeho Byun

Keyword(s):

Invasive Species ◽

Plant Species ◽

Invasive Plant ◽

Plant Traits ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Imperata Cylindrica ◽

Assimilate Transport ◽

Invasive Plant Species ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Ecophysiological Traits

Abstract Background To address the lack of evidence supporting invasion by three invasive plant species (Imperata cylindrica, Lantana camara, and Chromolaena odorata) in tropical ecosystems, we compared the ecophysiological and leaf anatomical traits of these three invasive alien species with those of species native to Sempu Island, Indonesia. Data on four plant traits were obtained from the TRY Plant Trait Database, and leaf anatomical traits were measured using transverse leaf sections. Results Two ecophysiological traits including specific leaf area (SLA) and seed dry weight showed significant association with plant invasion in the Sempu Island Nature Reserve. Invasive species showed higher SLA and lower seed dry weight than non-invasive species. Moreover, invasive species showed superior leaf anatomical traits including sclerenchymatous tissue thickness, vascular bundle area, chlorophyll content, and bundle sheath area. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that leaf anatomical traits strongly influenced with cumulative variances (100% in grass and 88.92% in shrubs), where I. cylindrica and C. odorata outperformed non-invasive species in these traits. Conclusions These data suggest that the traits studied are important for plant invasiveness since ecophysiological traits influence of light capture, plant growth, and reproduction while leaf anatomical traits affect herbivory, photosynthetic assimilate transport, and photosynthetic activity.

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Rationalization and internalization

Swiss Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1024//1421-0185.60.4.215 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 60 (4) ◽

pp. 215-230 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Jean-Léon Beauvois

Keyword(s):

Phase 1 ◽

Facilitatory Effect ◽

Phase 2 ◽

Causal Explanations ◽

Reduction Effect ◽

Dissonance Reduction

After having been told they were free to accept or refuse, pupils aged 6–7 and 10–11 (tested individually) were led to agree to taste a soup that looked disgusting (phase 1: initial counter-motivational obligation). Before tasting the soup, they had to state what they thought about it. A week later, they were asked whether they wanted to try out some new needles that had supposedly been invented to make vaccinations less painful. Agreement or refusal to try was noted, along with the size of the needle chosen in case of agreement (phase 2: act generalization). The main findings included (1) a strong dissonance reduction effect in phase 1, especially for the younger children (rationalization), (2) a generalization effect in phase 2 (foot-in-the-door effect), and (3) a facilitatory effect on generalization of internal causal explanations about the initial agreement. The results are discussed in relation to the distinction between rationalization and internalization.

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PENERAPAN MODEL QUANTUM LEARNING UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR AUTOCAD SISWA KELAS X TEKNIK PEMESINAN SMK NEGERI 1 STABAT

Jurnal Teknologi Pendidikan (JTP) ◽

10.24114/jtp.v5i1.509 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Abdul Hasan Saragih

Keyword(s):

Positive Response ◽

Phase 1 ◽

First Grade ◽

Learning Model ◽

Second Phase ◽

Phase 2 ◽

Phase 3 ◽

The Third ◽

Third Phase ◽

Quantum Learning

This classroom research was conducted on the autocad instructions to the first grade of mechinary class of SMK Negeri 1 Stabat aiming at : (1) improving the student’ archievementon autocad instructional to the student of mechinary architecture class of SMK Negeri 1 Stabat, (2) applying Quantum Learning Model to the students of mechinary class of SMK Negeri 1 Stabat, arising the positive response to autocad subject by applying Quantum Learning Model of the students of mechinary class of SMK Negeri 1 Stabat. The result shows that (1) by applying quantum learning model, the students’ achievement improves significantly. The improvement ofthe achievement of the 34 students is very satisfactory; on the first phase, 27 students passed (70.59%), 10 students failed (29.41%). On the second phase 27 students (79.41%) passed and 7 students (20.59%) failed. On the third phase 30 students (88.24%) passed and 4 students (11.76%) failed. The application of quantum learning model in SMK Negeri 1 Stabat proved satisfying. This was visible from the activeness of the students from phase 1 to 3. The activeness average of the students was 74.31% on phase 1,81.35% on phase 2, and 83.63% on phase 3. (3) The application of the quantum learning model on teaching autocad was very positively welcome by the students of mechinary class of SMK Negeri 1 Stabat. On phase 1 the improvement was 81.53% . It improved to 86.15% on phase 3. Therefore, The improvement ofstudent’ response can be categorized good.

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In situ deteriorating patient simulation in general practice

British Journal of General Practice ◽

10.3399/bjgp20x711425 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 70 (suppl 1) ◽

pp. bjgp20X711425

Author(s):

Joanna Lawrence ◽

Petronelle Eastwick-Field ◽

Anne Maloney ◽

Helen Higham

Keyword(s):

Life Support ◽

Early Recognition ◽

Phase 1 ◽

Patient Simulation ◽

Medical Emergency ◽

Phase 2 ◽

Action Plans ◽

Integrated Simulation ◽

Deteriorating Patient

BackgroundGP practices have limited access to medical emergency training and basic life support is often taught out of context as a skills-based event.AimTo develop and evaluate a whole team integrated simulation-based education, to enhance learning, change behaviours and provide safer care.MethodPhase 1: 10 practices piloted a 3-hour programme delivering 40 minutes BLS and AED skills and 2-hour deteriorating patient simulation. Three scenarios where developed: adult chest pain, child anaphylaxis and baby bronchiolitis. An adult simulation patient and relative were used and a child and baby manikin. Two facilitators trained in coaching and debriefing used the 3D debriefing model. Phase 2: 12 new practices undertook identical training derived from Phase 1, with pre- and post-course questionnaires. Teams were scored on: team working, communication, early recognition and systematic approach. The team developed action plans derived from their learning to inform future response. Ten of the 12 practices from Phase 2 received an emergency drill within 6 months of the original session. Three to four members of the whole team integrated training, attended the drill, but were unaware of the nature of the scenario before. Scoring was repeated and action plans were revisited to determine behaviour changes.ResultsEvery emergency drill demonstrated improved scoring in skills and behaviour.ConclusionA combination of: in situ GP simulation, appropriately qualified facilitators in simulation and debriefing, and action plans developed by the whole team suggests safer care for patients experiencing a medical emergency.

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Clinical Drug Development for the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Collaboration With the Pharmaceutical Industry and Regulatory Agencies

Advances in Pulmonary Hypertension ◽

10.21693/1933-088x-9.4.214 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 214-219

Author(s):

Robyn J. Barst

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trials ◽

Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension ◽

Drug Development ◽

Phase 1 ◽

Preclinical Studies ◽

Phase 2 ◽

Phase 3 ◽

Preclinical Testing ◽

New Drug ◽

Pulmonary Arterial

Drug development is the entire process of introducing a new drug to the market. It involves drug discovery, screening, preclinical testing, an Investigational New Drug (IND) application in the US or a Clinical Trial Application (CTA) in the EU, phase 1–3 clinical trials, a New Drug Application (NDA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA) review and approval, and postapproval studies required for continuing safety evaluation. Preclinical testing assesses safety and biologic activity, phase 1 determines safety and dosage, phase 2 evaluates efficacy and side effects, and phase 3 confirms efficacy and monitors adverse effects in a larger number of patients. Postapproval studies provide additional postmarketing data. On average, it takes 15 years from preclinical studies to regulatory approval by the FDA: about 3.5–6.5 years for preclinical, 1–1.5 years for phase 1, 2 years for phase 2, 3–3.5 years for phase 3, and 1.5–2.5 years for filing the NDA and completing the FDA review process. Of approximately 5000 compounds evaluated in preclinical studies, about 5 compounds enter clinical trials, and 1 compound is approved (Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development, 2011). Most drug development programs include approximately 35–40 phase 1 studies, 15 phase 2 studies, and 3–5 pivotal trials with more than 5000 patients enrolled. Thus, to produce safe and effective drugs in a regulated environment is a highly complex process. Against this backdrop, what is the best way to develop drugs for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), an orphan disease often rapidly fatal within several years of diagnosis and in which spontaneous regression does not occur?

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