scholarly journals Synthetic Phytosiderophore, Proline-2′-Deoxymugineic Acid, is Efficiently Utilized by Dicots

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisei Ueno ◽  
Yuta Ito ◽  
Miho Ohnishi ◽  
Chikahiro Miyake ◽  
Takayuki Sohtome ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcareous Soil ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Fe Deficiency ◽  
Similar Extent ◽  
Psii Activity ◽  
Deoxymugineic Acid ◽  
Hydroponic Cultures ◽  
Cucumber Roots ◽  
Inducible Genes ◽  
Lower Expression

Abstract Purpose: Phytosiderophores (PS) from grasses solubilize sparingly soluble iron (Fe), and the resultant PS-Fe is an Fe source, even for dicots. Recently, the synthetic PS proline-2′-deoxymugineic acid (PDMA) has been developed as a moderately biodegradable Fe fertilizer for grasses. We aimed to investigate whether PDMA-Fe is also a good Fe source for dicots.Methods: The availability of PDMA-Fe to cucumber was evaluated in calcareous soil and hydroponic cultures under pH 7.0–9.0 by determining chlorophyll concentration, PSII activity, and Fe uptake. EDDHA-Fe, EDTA-Fe, and citrate-Fe were used as controls. The reducibility of Fe chelates by roots was measured to determine the mechanism underlying differences in availability. Expressions of Fe deficiency-inducible genes (CsFRO1 and CsIRT1) were analyzed to estimate the Fe status in plants. Results: Application of PDMA-Fe and EDDHA-Fe to calcareous soil reduced Fe-deficient chlorosis to a similar extent; however, shoot Fe concentration was higher in the PDMA-Fe treatment. In the hydroponic culture, PDMA-Fe had higher availability than the other chelates at every pH, which was confirmed by higher PSII activity and lower expression of Fe deficiency-inducible genes. The reducibility assay revealed that the reduction level of PDMA-Fe was greater than that of EDTA-Fe and citrate-Fe under alkaline pH.Conclusion: PDMA-Fe is utilized by cucumber roots more efficiently than traditional synthetic chelates in both calcareous soil and hydroponic cultures. The higher availability of PDMA-Fe may be attributed to its higher reducibility. Our findings suggest that PDMA-Fe could be a good Fe fertilizer for dicots.

scholarly journals A synthetic phytosiderophore analog, proline-2′-deoxymugineic acid, is efficiently utilized by dicots

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisei Ueno ◽  
Yuta Ito ◽  
Miho Ohnishi ◽  
Chikahiro Miyake ◽  
Takayuki Sohtome ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fe Deficiency ◽  
Alkaline Ph ◽  
Similar Extent ◽  
Psii Activity ◽  
Deoxymugineic Acid ◽  
Chlorophyll Level ◽  
Hydroponic Cultures ◽  
Cucumber Roots ◽  
Inducible Genes ◽  
Lower Expression

Abstract Purpose Phytosiderophores (PS) from grasses solubilize sparingly soluble iron (Fe), and the resultant PS-Fe is an Fe source even for dicots. Recently, the synthetic PS proline-2′-deoxymugineic acid (PDMA) has been developed as a moderately biodegradable Fe fertilizer for grasses. We aimed to investigate whether PDMA-Fe is also a good Fe source for dicots. Methods The availability of PDMA-Fe to cucumber was evaluated in a calcareous substrate and hydroponic cultures at pH 7.0–9.0 by determining chlorophyll level, PSII activity, and Fe uptake. EDDHA-Fe, EDTA-Fe, and citrate-Fe were used as controls. The reducibility of Fe chelates by roots was measured to determine the mechanism underlying differences in availability. Expressions of Fe deficiency-inducible genes were analyzed to estimate the Fe status in plants. Results The application of PDMA-Fe and EDDHA-Fe to a calcareous substrate reduced Fe-deficient chlorosis to a similar extent; however, the shoot Fe concentration was higher in the PDMA-Fe treatment. In the hydroponic culture, the availability of PDMA-Fe was higher than that of the other chelates at all pH levels, and this was confirmed by higher PSII activity and lower expression of Fe deficiency-inducible genes. The reducibility assay revealed that the reduction level of PDMA-Fe was greater than that of EDTA-Fe and citrate-Fe under alkaline pH. Conclusions PDMA-Fe is utilized by cucumber roots more efficiently than traditional synthetic chelates in both calcareous substrate and hydroponic cultures. The higher availability of PDMA-Fe may be attributed to its higher reducibility. Our findings suggest that PDMA-Fe could be a good Fe fertilizer for dicots.

scholarly journals A Novel Citrus Rootstock Tolerant to Iron Deficiency in Calcareous Soil

2016 ◽  
Vol 141 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Fu ◽  
Lijun Chai ◽  
Dekuan Ding ◽  
Zhiyong Pan ◽  
Shu’ang Peng
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Calcareous Soil ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
Fe Deficiency ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Trifoliate Orange ◽  
Citrus Rootstock ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fe Uptake

Iron (Fe) deficiency caused by calcareous soil is a serious problem in the cultivation of citrus (Citrus L.) trees. In this study, we report that ‘Zhique’ (Citrus wilsonii Tanaka) citrus rootstock from Chenggu county of Shaanxi province, China, shows tolerance to Fe deficiency under calcareous soil conditions. In the same calcareous field conditions, ‘Miyagawa Wase’ Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) grafted on trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliate (L.) Raf.] rootstock, the most commonly used rootstock, showed obvious interveinal chlorosis in young leaves, though some leaves or branches are asymptomatic, whereas no symptoms were found on those grafted on ‘Zhique’ rootstock. This was further evidenced by the fact that the chlorophyll concentration in chlorotic leaves of ‘Miyagawa Wase’ grafted on trifoliate orange was significantly lower than in those grafted on ‘Zhique’. In addition, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed a significant reduction of grana and stroma thylakoid of chloroplasts in chlorotic leaves. Measurement of Fe concentrations revealed that the total Fe and cell wall Fe showed no difference between ‘Zhique’ and trifoliate orange roots, whereas the ferrous Fe was significantly higher in ‘Zhique’ than trifoliate orange roots. Interestingly, both total Fe and ferrous Fe concentrations in chlorotic leaves were significantly lower than in green leaves of ‘Miyagawa Wase’ grafted on either ‘Zhique’ or trifoliate orange, whereas the cell wall Fe concentration of ‘Miyagawa Wase’ leaves only showed significant difference between the ‘Zhique’ and trifoliate orange samples. Further transcript assessment found that the Fe acquisition–related genes FIT, HA, FRO, and NRAMP were upregulated in roots of ‘Zhique’ compared with trifoliate orange, thus suggesting ‘Zhique’ might be more capable of Fe uptake under calcareous soil conditions. The novel citrus rootstock reported here could be used as an ideal material for Fe-uptake research, and as a Fe-deficiency-tolerant rootstock for citrus cultivation in calcareous soils.

scholarly journals Fe-EDDHA Alleviates Chlorosis in `Concord' Grapevines Grown at High pH

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1498-1501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon R. Smith ◽  
Lailiang Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fe Deficiency ◽  
High Ph ◽  
Leaf Chlorosis ◽  
Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Hcl Concentration

`Concord' grapevines (Vitis labruscana Bailey) can readily develop iron deficiency-induced leaf chlorosis when grown on calcareous or high pH soils. Iron (Fe) chelates are often applied to the soil to remedy chlorosis but can vary in their stability and effectiveness at high pH. We transplanted own-rooted 1-year-old `Concord' grapevines into a peat-based medium adjusted to pH 7.5 and fertigated them with 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, or 4mg·L–1 Fe from Fe-EDDHA [ferric ethylenediamine di (o-hydroxyphenylacetic) acid] to determine the effectiveness of this Fe chelate for alleviating Fe deficiency-induced chlorosis at high pH. Vines were sampled midseason for iron, chlorophyll, CO2 assimilation, and photosystem II quantum efficiency (PSII) and at the end of the season for leaf area, dry weight, and cane length. We found that leaf total Fe concentration was similar across all treatments, but active Fe (extracted with 0.1 n HCl) concentration increased as the rate of Fe-EDDHA increased. Chlorophyll concentration increased curvilinearly as applied Fe increased and was highly correlated with active Fe concentration. CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance, and PSII were very low without any supplemental Fe and increased rapidly in response to Fe application. Total leaf area, foliar dry weight, and cane length all increased as Fe application increased to 1 mg·L–1 Fe, but above this rate, a further increase in Fe did not significantly increase growth. Our results demonstrate that Fe-EDDHA is very effective in alleviating Fe deficiency-induced leaf chlorosis in `Concord' grapevines grown at high pH, which provides a foundation for continuing research related to the optimum rate and timing of application of Fe-EDDHA in `Concord' vineyards on calcareous soils. Compared with total Fe, leaf “active Fe” better indicates the actual Fe status of `Concord' vines.

scholarly journals Development of a mugineic acid family phytosiderophore analog as an iron fertilizer

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Motofumi Suzuki ◽  
Atsumi Urabe ◽  
Sayaka Sasaki ◽  
Ryo Tsugawa ◽  
Satoshi Nishio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcareous Soil ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Soil Application ◽  
Deoxymugineic Acid ◽  
Essential Nutrient ◽  
Agricultural Use ◽  
Practical Synthesis ◽  
Low Solubility ◽  
Poor Stability ◽  
Iron Fertilizer

AbstractIron (Fe) is an essential nutrient, but is poorly bioavailable because of its low solubility in alkaline soils; this leads to reduced agricultural productivity. To overcome this problem, we first showed that the soil application of synthetic 2′-deoxymugineic acid, a natural phytosiderophore from the Poaceae, can recover Fe deficiency in rice grown in calcareous soil. However, the high cost and poor stability of synthetic 2′-deoxymugineic acid preclude its agricultural use. In this work, we develop a more stable and less expensive analog, proline-2′-deoxymugineic acid, and demonstrate its practical synthesis and transport of its Fe-chelated form across the plasma membrane by Fe(III)•2’-deoxymugineic acid transporters. Possibility of its use as an iron fertilizer on alkaline soils is supported by promotion of rice growth in a calcareous soil by soil application of metal free proline-2’-deoxymugineic acid.

scholarly journals Ayçiçeği Genotiplerinin Demir Noksanlığına Karşı Tolerans Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 1323
Author(s):  
Ayfer Alkan Torun ◽  
Halil Erdem ◽  
Mustafa Bülent Torun
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Fe Deficiency ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Nutritional Disorder ◽  
Spad Value ◽  
Yield And Quality

Iron deficiency (Fe) is an important nutritional disorder of plants and humans worldwide including Turkey. Sunflower is known as a Fe sensitive crop and its deficiency leads to severe yield and quality losses. In this study, the sensitivity of different sunflower genotypes to Fe deficiency was determined. For this purpose, sunflower genotypes TR-6149-SA, TR-3080 and 6480 were grown either without Fe (0 µmol) or with Fe (100 µmol) hydroponically. At the end of experiment symptom grade, SPAD value, chlorophyll concentration, shoot dry matter yield, Fe-reductase activity, shoot Fe concentration and pH value of growth medium were measured. It was found out that Fe uptake and Fe reductase activity were the most important factors determining the Fe-deficiency tolerance of a genotype. In the deficiency of Fe conditions, the activity of Fe reductase enzyme in the roots was found higher in the genotype of TR-3080 compared to the other genotypes. The results revealed that the genotypic responses to the different Fe concentrations applied are significantly different and Fe reductase enzyme activity may play an important role in amelioration of iron deficiency.

scholarly journals Mutational reconstructed ferric chelate reductase confers enhanced tolerance in rice to iron deficiency in calcareous soil

2007 ◽  
Vol 104 (18) ◽  
pp. 7373-7378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuhiro Ishimaru ◽  
Suyeon Kim ◽  
Takashi Tsukamoto ◽  
Hiroyuki Oki ◽  
Takanori Kobayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Rice ◽  
Calcareous Soil ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Fe Deficiency ◽  
Rice Plants ◽  
Reduction Activity ◽  
Transgenic Rice Plants ◽  
Reductase Gene ◽  
Fe Uptake

Iron (Fe) deficiency is a worldwide agricultural problem on calcareous soils with low-Fe availability due to high soil pH. Rice plants use a well documented phytosiderophore-based system (Strategy II) to take up Fe from the soil and also possess a direct Fe2+ transport system. Rice plants are extremely susceptible to low-Fe supply, however, because of low phytosiderophore secretion and low Fe3+ reduction activity. A yeast Fe3+ chelate-reductase gene refre1/372, selected for better performance at high pH, was fused to the promoter of the Fe-regulated transporter, OsIRT1, and introduced into rice plants. The transgene was expressed in response to a low-Fe nutritional status in roots of transformants. Transgenic rice plants expressing the refre1/372 gene showed higher Fe3+ chelate-reductase activity and a higher Fe-uptake rate than vector controls under Fe-deficient conditions. Consequently, transgenic rice plants exhibited an enhanced tolerance to low-Fe availability and 7.9× the grain yield of nontransformed plants in calcareous soils. This report shows that enhancing the Fe3+ chelate-reductase activity of rice plants that normally have low endogenous levels confers resistance to Fe deficiency.

Tolerance to iron deficiency of lupins grown on calcareous soils

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
O Plessner ◽  
A Dovrat ◽  
Y Chen
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Fe Deficiency ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Resistant Genotypes

Lupins differ in their efficiency to utilize Fe3+ in soils containing CaCO3. Most lupin species are susceptible to Fe deficiency. The objective of this study was to screen different lupin species, including introduced cultivars and wild types collected in Israel, for susceptibility to Fe deficiency. In a greenhouse experiment, inoculated seedlings, 7 to 10 days old, were planted in 1 L pots filled with a mountain rendzina soil from Emek Haela (pH=7.3, CaCO3- 45%), or with a brown-red sandy-loam soil from Rehovot (pH=7.7) not containing CaCO3. On the calcareous soil, susceptible lupin plants from day 7 onward showed various degrees of chlorosis, suggesting Fe deficiency, which at a later stage caused reduction of growth, necrosis of the leaf tissue, leaf abscission and ultimately death of the plants. Soil application of FeEDDHA resulted in an immediate remedy of the deficiency symptoms. No deficiency symptoms were observed on plants growing on the sandy-loam soil lacking CaCO3. Ranking of lupins based on visual symptoms of Fe deficiency and on chlorophyll concentration of young leaves relative to their tolerance to soil lime was as follows (location of source plants in brackets). Very good: Lupinus pilosw (Emek Haela), L. cosentinii cv. Erregulla and L. angustifolfus cv. Yorrel. Moderate L. angustifolius cv. Illyarrie. Low L. palaestinus (Gesher Haziv), L. albus cv. L221, L. angustifolius (Gesher Haziv). Very low: L. angustifolius (Givat Brenner), L. palaestinus (Rehovot). The need for further exploration of wild lime-resistant genotypes is emphasized.

Iron deficiency-inducible peptide-coding genes OsIMA1 and OsIMA2 positively regulate a major pathway of iron uptake and translocation in rice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takanori Kobayashi ◽  
Atsushi J Nagano ◽  
Naoko K Nishizawa
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Uptake ◽  
Ubiquitin Ligases ◽  
Fe Deficiency ◽  
Transporter Gene ◽  
Major Pathway ◽  
Fe Uptake ◽  
Enhanced Expression ◽  
Inducible Genes

Abstract Under low iron (Fe) availability, plants transcriptionally induce various genes responsible for Fe uptake and translocation to obtain adequate amounts of Fe. Although transcription factors and ubiquitin ligases involved in these Fe deficiency responses have been identified, the mechanisms coordinating these pathways have not been clarified in rice. Recently identified Fe-deficiency-inducible IRON MAN (IMA)/FE UPTAKE-INDUCING PEPTIDE (FEP) positively regulates many Fe-deficiency-inducible genes for Fe uptake in Arabidopsis. Here, we report that the expression of two IMA/FEP genes in rice, OsIMA1 and OsIMA2, is strongly induced under Fe deficiency, positively regulated by the transcription factors IDEF1, OsbHLH058, and OsbHLH059, as well as OsIMA1 and OsIMA2 themselves, and negatively regulated by HRZ ubiquitin ligases. Overexpression of OsIMA1 or OsIMA2 in rice conferred tolerance to Fe deficiency and accumulation of Fe in leaves and seeds. These OsIMA-overexpressing rice exhibited enhanced expression of all of the known Fe-deficiency-inducible genes involved in Fe uptake and translocation, except for OsYSL2, a Fe–nicotianamine transporter gene, in roots but not in leaves. Knockdown of OsIMA1 or OsIMA2 caused minor effects, including repression of some Fe uptake- and translocation-related genes in OsIMA1 knockdown roots. These results indicate that OsIMA1 and OsIMA2 play key roles in enhancing the major pathway of the Fe deficiency response in rice.

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