scholarly journals Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Cd2+ on the Common Carp (Cyprinus Carpio) HO Gene Family and Intestinal Immune Mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZHOU JIANG ◽  
Meng Zhang ◽  
Kaiyue Liu ◽  
Yaguo Xue ◽  
Peng Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Tissue Distribution ◽  
Common Carp ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
The Body ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Genome Database ◽  
Stressed Group ◽  
The Common

Abstract Heavy metal Cadmium (Cd2+) is an environmental pollutant that poses serious health hazards. Due to the increasing contamination of aquatic systems with Cd2+, the increased accumulation of Cd2+ in fish has become a food safety and public health concern. Heme oxygenase(HO) is an important antioxidant enzyme that plays a key role in defending the body against oxidative damage, but less research has been done in common carp. In this study, 6 HO genes were identified in the common carp genome database. Comparative genomics analysis showed considerable expansion of the HO genes and verified the four-round whole genome duplication (WGD) event in common carp. Phylogenetic analysis revealed all HO genes of common carp were clustered into orthologous groups indicating the highly conservative during evolution. In addition, the results of tissue distribution showed that most HO genes had extensive tissue distribution and showed tissue-specific expression patterns. Exposure to 0.5 mg/L Cd2+ significantly reduced the expression of TGF-β and IL-10 in common carp, which may indicate that Cd2+ exposure can destroy the physical barrier function of the intestine, inhibit intestinal immune defense and induce intestinal inflammation. In order to find a suitable concentration of Bacillus coagulans that could activate HO-1 genes and the immunity of the organism, we investigated the changes of HO-1 gene expression levels in the intestinal tract of common carp under Cd2+ stress at 30d and 60d by adding different concentrations of B. coagulans to the feed. The results showed that L2 upregulated HO-1 gene expression at different infection time points compared to the control/stressed group, but L1 and L3 almost inhibited the expression of most HO-1 genes. This result suggests that the optimum concentration of 2.0´108 CFU/g for activation of HO-1 gene expression by B. coagulans when subjected to Cd2+ stress may have an important role in organism resistance to oxidative stress and immune response. Also compared to the Cd2+ stressed group, the addition of B. coagulans to the diet provoked an upregulation of IL10 and TGF-β gene expression in almost all periods and reduced the ability to suppress intestinal immune defenses in L1, L2 and L3, with the L2 group showing the best induction level. Therefore, the addition of appropriate concentrations of B. coagulans may be a good way to activate HO-1 genes and reduce oxidative damage.

The pathogenicity and development within the host fish of Myxobolus cyprini Doflein, 1898

Parasitology ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 549-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kálmán Molnar ◽  
Éva Kovács-Gayer
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Common Carp ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Host Fish ◽  
Infected Muscle ◽  
Specific Muscle ◽  
The Common ◽  
Different Parts

Myxobolus cyprini has, until now, been considered an ‘organo-cosmopolitan’ parasite of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and less frequently of other carps, producing spores in various organs in small plasmodia and possible in cysts. The present observations of naturally infected common carp fry and two-summer carp have revealed that M. cyprini is a specific muscle parasite, developing intracellularly in the muscle fibres of the skeletal muscle. The sarcoplasm of the infected muscle fibres is filled with developmental stages, followed by spores of M. cyprini, which are held together in a 1–1·5 mm long pseudocyst by the sarcolemma of the muscle fibre. After maturation of the spores and disintegration of the pseudocysts the spores are transported in the bloodstream to different parts of the body where they are retained in the capillaries.

scholarly journals Effects of different dietary lipid sources on fatty acid composition and gene expression in common carp

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 51-57
Author(s):  
Hongtao Ren ◽  
Guang-Qin Zhang ◽  
Yong Huang ◽  
Xiao-Chan Gao
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Common Carp ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Linoleic Acid

The effects of fatty acid composition in artificial feed on the change in the fatty acid composition of carp muscles and the relationship between Δ6-Fad and Elovl5 genes participating in the regulation of fatty acid synthesis were studied. Juveniles were fed three semi-purified diets (D1–D3) for 6 weeks with different lipid sources: D1, fish oil with high highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA); D2, corn oil with high linoleic acid (18:2n-6, LA), D3, linseed oil with high α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3, LNA); then, samples were taken to explore the molecular mechanism and the factors which affect the synthesis of carp HUFA. The content of LA and arachidonic acid (20:4n-6, AA) in common carp fed Diet 2 was higher than in carp receiving D3 (P < 0.05), but the contents of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) were lower than in carp fed D1 and D2 (P < 0.05). The liver transcript abundance of Δ6-Fad and Elovl5 in fish fed D2 and D3 at the end of 6 weeks was generally higher than the abundance in the initial stage and in the fish fed D1 (P < 0.05). The results suggest that the common carp can biosynthesise HUFA, and the type and content of fatty acids in feed affected not only the composition and content of fatty acids in common carp muscles, but also the Δ6-Fad and Elovl5 gene expression involved in the biosynthesis of HUFA. Feeding high levels of n-3 HUFA diet can increase the body content of EPA and DHA in common carp. The results of this research may provide a theoretical basis for choosing an appropriate source of lipid for common carp feeds.  

scholarly journals The Common Cold, Influenza and Immunity in Post-Pandemic Times: Lay representations of Self and Other among older people in Sweden

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Lundgren
Keyword(s):  
Common Cold ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
The Body ◽  
H1n1 Pandemic ◽  
Pandemic Preparedness ◽  
Trust Value ◽  
Written Responses ◽  
Self And Other ◽  
The Common ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

The need for new knowledge about lay representations of contagions, immunity, vaccination, common colds, and influenza has become clear after the A(H1N1) pandemic and the resulting challenges regarding pandemic preparedness. This article analyses written responses from 67 persons, mostly women, to a semi-structured questionnaire about colds and the flu. Three themes are discussed: “Common cold and flus as ritualized experiences”, “Me, my body, and my immune defense”, and “Regulations of space, place, and behaviors.” Overall, the narratives were about trust, value, and respect in the body, in lived experiences, and in the capacity to ‘help’ and ‘nurture’ the immune system, but also about the feeling of powerlessness when perceiving inadequacies in other people’s parallel interpretations and actions. Pandemic preparedness policies need to acknowledge the multiple ‘immunity talk’ in the responses to create productive, ongoing relations with the ‘Other’, that rely on people’s trust and resilience, rather than on people´s fear.

scholarly journals The allotetraploid origin and asymmetrical genome evolution of the common carp Cyprinus carpio

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Xu ◽  
Jian Xu ◽  
Guangjian Liu ◽  
Lin Chen ◽  
Zhixiong Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Genome Evolution ◽  
Common Carp ◽  
Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Diploid Progenitor ◽  
Promoter Regions ◽  
Expression Bias ◽  
The Common ◽  
Polyploid Genome ◽  
Reference Genomes

Abstract Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is an allotetraploid species derived from recent whole genome duplication and provides a model to study polyploid genome evolution in vertebrates. Here, we generate three chromosome-level reference genomes of C. carpio and compare to related diploid Cyprinid genomes. We identify a Barbinae lineage as potential diploid progenitor of C. carpio and then divide the allotetraploid genome into two subgenomes marked by a distinct genome similarity to the diploid progenitor. We estimate that the two diploid progenitors diverged around 23 Mya and merged around 12.4 Mya based on the divergence rates of homoeologous genes and transposable elements in two subgenomes. No extensive gene losses are observed in either subgenome. Instead, we find gene expression bias across surveyed tissues such that subgenome B is more dominant in homoeologous expression. CG methylation in promoter regions may play an important role in altering gene expression in allotetraploid C. carpio.

Patterns of MHC gene expression in the ontogeny of the common carp (Cyprinus carpi L.)

1997 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 230
Author(s):  
Egbert Egberts ◽  
Pedro N.S. Rodrigues ◽  
Geortruida T. Hermsen ◽  
RenéJ.M. Stet
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Common Carp ◽  
The Common

scholarly journals Changes in the biochemical status of common carp juveniles (Cyprinus carpio L.) exposed to ammonium chloride and potassium phosphate

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 137-147
Author(s):  
A. Kofonov ◽  
O. Potrokhov ◽  
N. Hrynevych
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Common Carp ◽  
Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Potassium Phosphate ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Total Energy Consumption

Biogen elements that enter the water in large quantities are one of the main pollutants in the aquatic environment. They lead both to eutrophication of the reservoir and a decrease in the viability of young fish, acting as toxin. The energy enzyme activity (lactate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase), nitrogen (glutamate dehydrogenase) metabolism, dephosphorylation processes, and immune protection (by alkaline phosphatase activity) under the long-term action of ammonium nitrogen and phosphorus phosphates was studied. The biological object of research were 30–45 day common carp juveniles (Cyprinus carpio L.). According to our results, the peculiarities of the adaptive reactions of young carp to the action of these compounds have been established. We revealed, that under the loading of ammonium nitrogen, the activity of the processes of anaerobic digestion of energy-intensive complex increases directly in the organs of neutralization and excretion of nitrogenous compounds, namely in the gills. In general, the body of the carp due to these actions reduces the total energy consumption for maximum survival in these environmental conditions. We registered, that under the influence of elevated concentrations of phosphorus phosphates, oxidation of biogen elements to the body's energy needs in the presence of oxygen was observed. The processes of immune defense and dephosphorylation, for which LPh is responsible, also the detoxification, the excretion of nitrogenous substances from the body of carp (GDG) occurred differently depending on the chemical nature of the toxin. Thus, under the influence of ammonium nitrogen there was an increase in the activity of LPh in the highest concentrations of the toxin, and the activity of GDG decreased to reduce the production of ammonia, to avoid endogenous intoxication. Through these load of potassium monophosphate, the rise in the activity of immune defense processes and the involvement of ammonia in the cycle of tricarboxylic acids due to reamination to the energy supply of the processes of counteracting the weak but chronic toxic effects of orthophosphate ion. Under the load of ammonium chloride was observed not only the use of “traditional” energy substrates - glycogen and lipids, as well as proteins, which indicates the high toxicity of this compound for the body of young carp. Through the action of orthophosphate ion, the active use of lipids and even the activation of gluconeogenesis at maximum concentrations, as a reaction to weak long-term chemical stress.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of lactic acid bacteria to increase the body resistance of common carp, Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 against Aeromonas hydrophila

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-304
Author(s):  
Rosidah Rosidah ◽  
Yuniar Mulyani ◽  
Fittrie Mellianawaty Pratiwy ◽  
Afifah Shabirah ◽  
Juli A Sinaga
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Common Carp ◽  
Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
The Body ◽  
White Blood Count ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
The Common

This study aims to find out the right lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolates to improve the common carp body's immune system against the attack of the Aeromonas hydrophila bacterium. Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) isolates were obtained from the organs of the common carp intestine. The study used a Completely Randomized Design consisting of four treatments and three replications. The treatment used was immersion of test fish for 24 hours in several isolates of LAB with a density of 108 cfu ml-1, namely A: without LAB isolate (control), B: isolate CcB7, C: isolate CcB8, D: isolate CcB15. Immersion is done three times with a frequency of seven days. Parameters observed included clinical symptoms, survival rate, red and white blood cell counts. The results showed the immersion of LAB isolate CcB15, namely Lactobacillus gasseri was most effective for increasing the body's resistance to Common Carp, which was demonstrated by mild clinical symptoms and faster recovery, high fish survival rate (83.33%), and number of cells the highest white blood count of 147,47x103 cell mm-3 (an increase in white blood cells by 38%).

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