scholarly journals Effects of Starch Content on Hydrogen and Methane Productions, Rumen Fermentation and Microbial Protein Synthesis During in Vitro Ruminal Culture

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siyu Yi ◽  
Xiumin Zhang ◽  
Min Wang ◽  
Caixia Zou ◽  
Xuezong Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Corn Straw ◽  
Molar Percentage ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Corn Grain

Abstract Background: Starch has faster rate of rumen fermentation than fiber, and always causes a rapid increase in ruminal molecular hydrogen (H2) partial pressure and microbial protein synthesis, which may promote other H2 sinks to compete H2 from methanogenesis. The study was designed to investigate the effects of increasing starch content on methane (CH4), hydrogen gas (gH2) production, rumen fermentation, metabolic hydrogen ([H]) production, microbial protein (MCP) synthesis through in vitro ruminal batch incubation. Methods: Seven different treatments was prepared by replacing corn straw with corn grain, and starch content were 72, 185, 297, 410, 525, 634 and 747 g/kg DM.Results: Elevating starch content increased DM degradation (Plinear < 0.001), and decreased the CH4 (Plinear and Pquadratic < 0.001) and gH2 (Plinear < 0.001) productions relative to DM degraded. Elevating starch content increased VFA concentration (Plinear < 0.001), propionate molar percentage (Plinear < 0.001; Pquadratic = 0.001) and MCP concentration (Plinear and Pquadratic < 0.001), and decreased acetate molar percentage (Plinear < 0.001), acetate to propionate ratio (Plinear < 0.001) and estimated net [H] production relative to DM degraded (Plinear < 0.001). Elevating starch content decreased molar percentage of [H] utilized for CH4 (Pquadratic = 0.003) and gH2 (Plinear < 0.001) production. Conclusion: Increasing starch content alters rumen fermentation pathway from acetate to propionate production with reduction in efficiency of [H] production, promotes H2 utilization with enhanced MCP synthesis and leads to the reduction in efficiency of CH4 and gH2 production.

scholarly journals Effect of urea coating by chitosan on the dynamics of ammonia concentration and rumen fermentation in vitro

2022 ◽  
Vol 951 (1) ◽  
pp. 012004
Author(s):  
S Nayohan ◽  
K G Wiryawan ◽  
A Jayanegara
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the effect of coating urea by chitosan at graded levels on ammonia concentration and rumen fermentation in vitro. This study used Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) to test ammonia parameter and Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) for pH, microbial protein synthesis, dry matter and organic matter digestibility, and Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA). The treatments tested were: P0 = addition non coating urea 1%; P1 = coating urea by chitosan 1%; P2 = coating urea by chitosan 2%; P3 = coating urea by chitosan 3%. The data obtained were analysed by using ANOVA and continued with Tukey HSD test with SPSS version 25. The results of this study showed that the coating of urea chitosan had no significant effect on pH, dry matter and organic matter digestibility, microbial protein synthesis, and amonia concentration in the rumen. However, it significantly reduced (P <0.05) total VFA concentration. It can be concluded that the application of urea coating by chitosan does not affect on the degradation of urea in the rumen.

scholarly journals Profiles of Odd- and Branched-Chain Fatty Acids and Their Correlations With Rumen Fermentation Parameters, Microbial Protein Synthesis, and Bacterial Populations Based on Pure Carbohydrate Incubation in vitro

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hangshu Xin ◽  
Nazir Ahmad Khan ◽  
Xin Liu ◽  
Xin Jiang ◽  
Fang Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Branched Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

The objectives of this study were to evaluate changes in profiles of odd- and branched-chain fatty acids (OBCFA), including pentadecanoic acid (C15:0), 13-methyltetradecanoic acid (iso-C15:0), 12-methyltetradecanoic acid (anteiso-C15:0), 14-methylpentadecanoic acid (iso-C16:0), heptadecanoic acid (C17:0), 15-methylhexadecanoic acid (iso-C17:0), and 14-methylhexadecanoic acid (anteiso-C17:0) during in vitro fermentation of pure carbohydrates mixtures in the buffer-rumen fluid. The second objective was to correlate the changes in the OBCFA profile to the corresponding changes in ruminal fermentation parameters, microbial crude protein (MCP) synthesis, and bacterial populations. Five pure carbohydrates mixtures containing different cellulose: starch (C:S) ratios, i.e., 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0, were incubated for 6, 12, 18, and 24 h in vitro. The results showed that there was significant interaction (P &lt; 0.05) between C:S and incubation time for changes in all OBCFA profiles, except iso-C17:0. The highest concentration of total OBCFA (3.94 mg/g dry matter; DM) was observed in the residues after 24 h of fermentation when the C:S was 0:100, while the lowest concentration of OBCFA (1.65 mg/g DM) was produced after 6 h of incubation when the C:S was 50:50. The correlation analysis revealed that the concentration of iso-C16:0 might be a potential marker for the estimation of total volatile fatty acids (ρ = 0.78) and MCP synthesis (ρ = 0.82) in the rumen. Compared to starch degrading bacteria, cellulolytic bacteria had stronger correlations with OBCFA concentrations, and the strongest correlation was found between the population of Ruminococcus flavefaciens with C15:0 concentration (ρ = 0.70). Notably, this is the first paper reporting relationship between OBCFA with rumen fermentation products and microbial protein synthesis based on fermentation of pure carbohydrates mixtures in vitro, and thus avoid confounding interference from dietary protein and fat presence in the in vivo studies. However, more in-depth experiments are needed to substantiate the current findings.

scholarly journals Dose-response effects of the Savory (Satureja khuzistanica) essential oil and extract on rumen fermentation characteristics, microbial protein synthesis and methane production in vitro

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mostafa Mehdipour Golbotteh ◽  
Mostafa Malecky ◽  
Hasan Aliarabi ◽  
Pouya Zamani ◽  
Mehdi Ganjkhanlou
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis

Abstract The objective of the present study was to investigate dose-response effects of the essential oil (EO) and dry extract (EX) of Satureja khuzistanica (SK) on in vitro gas production kinetics, rumen fermentation, ruminal methanogenesis and microbial protein synthesis. So, EO and EX were tested at 0 (as control); 150 (low dose); 300, 450 (intermediate doses) and 600 mg/L (high dose). The gas produced over 24 h of incubation (GP24) decreased linearly with both EO and EX dosages (P<0.01). In vitro methane production was reduced by both EO (14–69%, depending on the included dose) and EX (7–58%). Microbial protein (MP) as well as the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (EMPS) were improved by EO (18.8–49.8% and 20.4–61.5% for MP and EMPS, respectively) and to a lesser extent by EX (8.3–25.7% and 4.6–24.2% for MP and EMPS, respectively). Ammonia concentration was dropped in linear and quadratic manners with EO (P<0.05), and linearly with EX dosages (P<0.01). EO and EX exhibited depressive effects (in linear and quadratic (P<0.05), and linear manners (P<0.01), respectively) on total protozoa count. A mixed linear and quadratic effect was observed from both EO and EX on total VFA concentration (P<0.01). Total VFA concentration increased at 300 mg/L of EX, but decreased at high dose of both EO and EX. The acetate proportion increased with EO intermediate and high dosages, but it decreased at the expense of propionate at low and intermediate doses of EX. In total, these findings confirmed previous research on the great capacity of plant-based feed additives in positively modulating rumen fermentation that their effects may vary depending on the used doses. Specifically, these results suggest that EO and EX have high potentials to improve rumen functions at intermediate doses, which needs to be confirmed by in vivo experiments.

Effect of microbial isolates on microbial yield estimation in RUSITEC system

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 306-308
Author(s):  
M. D. Carro ◽  
E. L. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Liquid Fraction ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Continuous Culture System ◽  
The One

The estimation of rumen microbial protein synthesis is one of the main points in the nitrogen (N)-rationing systems for ruminants, as microbial protein provides proportionately 0.4 to 0.9 of amino acids entering the small intestine in ruminants receiving conventional diets (Russell et al., 1992). Methods of estimating microbial protein synthesis rely on marker techniques in which a particular microbial constituent is related to the microbial N content. Marker : N values have generally been established in mixed bacteria isolated from the liquid fraction of rumen digesta and it has been assumed that the same relationship holds in the total population leaving the rumen (Merry and McAllan, 1983). However, several studies have demonstrated differences in composition between solid-associated (SAB) and fluid-associated bacteria in vivo (Legay-Carmier and Bauchart, 1989) and in vitro (Molina Alcaide et al, 1996), as well in marker : N values (Pérez et al., 1996). This problem could be more pronounced in the in vitro semi-continuous culture system RUSITEC, in which there are three well defined components (a free liquid phase, a liquid phase associated with the solid phase and a solid phase), each one having associated microbial populations.The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of using different bacterial isolates (BI) on the estimation of microbial production of four different diets in RUSITEC (Czerkawski and Breckenridge, 1977), using (15NH4)2 SO4 as microbial marker, and to assess what effects any differences would have on the comparison of microbial protein synthesis between diets.This study was conducted in conjunction with an in vitro experiment described by Carro and Miller (1997). Two 14-day incubation trials were carried out with the rumen simulation technique RUSITEC (Czerkawski and Breckenridge, 1977). The general incubation procedure was the one described by Czerkawski and Breckenridge (1977) and more details about the procedures of this experiment are given elsewhere (Carro and Miller, 1997).

Effect of pine-based biochars with differing physiochemical properties on methane production, ruminal fermentation, and rumen microbiota in an artificial rumen (RUSITEC) fed barley silage

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Paul Tamayao ◽  
Gabriel O. Ribeiro ◽  
Tim A. McAllister ◽  
Kim H. Ominski ◽  
Atef M. Saleem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Rumen Microbiota ◽  
Alpha And Beta Diversity ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Barley Silage

This study investigated the effects of three pine-based biochar products on nutrient disappearance, total gas and methane (CH4) production, rumen fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, and rumen microbiota in a rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC) fed a barley-silage-based total mixed ration (TMR). Treatments consisted of 10 g TMR supplemented with no biochar (control) and three different biochars (CP016, CP024, and CP028) included at 20 g·kg−1 DM. Treatments were assigned to 16 fermenters (n = 4 per treatment) in two RUSITEC units in a randomized block design for a 17 d experimental period. Data were analyzed using MIXED procedure in SAS, with treatment and day of sampling as fixed effects and RUSITEC unit and fermenters as random effects. Biochar did not affect nutrient disappearance (P > 0.05), nor total gas or CH4, irrespective of unit of expression. The volatile fatty acid, NH3-N, total protozoa, and microbial protein synthesis were not affected by biochar inclusion (P > 0.05). Alpha and beta diversity and rumen microbiota families were not affected by biochar inclusion (P > 0.05). In conclusion, biochar did not reduce CH4 emissions nor affect nutrient disappearance, rumen fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, or rumen microbiota in the RUSITEC.

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