scholarly journals Immunity Gaps Across Age and Space to Tailor Immunization Activities in Zambia: Measles and Rubella Seroprevalence Using a National Biorepository

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea C. Carcelen ◽  
Amy K. Winter ◽  
William J. Moss ◽  
Innocent Chilumba ◽  
Irene Mutale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Vaccine Introduction ◽  
Congenital Rubella ◽  
Innovative Methods ◽  
Seroprevalence Data ◽  
The Cost ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background: High-quality, representative serological surveys allow direct estimates of immunity profiles to inform vaccination strategies but can be costly and logistically challenging. Leveraging residual serum samples is one way to increase their feasibility.Methods: We subsampled 9,854 residual sera from a 2016 national HIV survey in Zambia and tested these specimens for anti-measles and anti-rubella virus IgG antibodies using indirect enzyme immunoassays. We demonstrate innovative methods for sampling residual sera and analyzing seroprevalence data, as well as the value of seroprevalence estimates to understand and control measles and rubella. Results: National measles and rubella seroprevalence for individuals younger than 50 years was 82·8% (95% CI 81·6, 83·9%) and 74·9% (95% CI 73·7%, 76·0%), respectively. Despite a successful childhood vaccination program, measles immunity gaps persisted across age groups and districts, indicating the need for additional activities to complement routine immunization. Prior to vaccine introduction, we estimated a rubella burden of 96 congenital rubella syndrome cases per 100,000 live births.Conclusion: Residual samples from large-scale surveys can reduce the cost and challenges of conducting serosurveys, and multiple pathogens can be tested. Procedures to access specimen quality, ensure ethical approvals, and link sociodemographic data can improve the timeliness and value of results.

Developments in Pipeline Instrumentation

1987 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
R A Furness
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
The Past ◽  
Control Equipment ◽  
Pipeline Monitoring ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Cost ◽  
New Generation ◽  
And Control

Pipelines are an integral part of the world's economy and literally billions of pounds worth of fluids are moved each year in pipelines of varying lengths and diameters. As the cost of some of these fluids and the price of moving them has increased, so the need to measure the flows more accurately and control and operate the line more effectively has arisen. Instrumentation and control equipment has developed steadily in the past decade but not as fast as the computers and microprocessors that are now a part of most large scale pipeline systems. It is the interfacing of the new generation of digital and sometimes ‘intelligent’ instrumentation with smaller and more powerful computers that has led to a quiet but rapid revolution in pipeline monitoring and control. This paper looks at the more significant developments from the many that have appeared in the past few years and attempts to project future trends in the industry for the next decade.

scholarly journals Massive diphtheria outbreak in South Asia: an epidemiological evidence review and lesson learnt

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 439
Author(s):  
Shamsal M. Islam ◽  
Salim M. Chowdhury ◽  
Mahfuz A. ◽  
Bimal C. Das ◽  
Reza M. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
English Language ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Evidence Review ◽  
Low Coverage ◽  
And Control

Vaccination is to be considerd as one of the most well-known economically viable medical procedures to prevent massive diphtheria outbreaks happening in recent times. Under this circumstance, the available data on diphtheria and vaccination coverage of three South Asian countries is warranted. The published English-language literature between January 2007 and January 2019 was retrieved from search results in eight highly resourceful journal databases using the specific terms. A massive diphtheria outbreak was occurred in refugee camps in Cox Bazar, a harbour city in Bangladesh, between November 2017 and March 2019. A total of 8641 diphtheria case-patients were reported including 45 deaths in the refugee camps. Our synthesis data shows that there is a gap of immunity which creates a large scale of potentiality for a new pandemic for adult couples along with children. The DTP3 coverage in India and Myanmar is less than 90% and these two countries had no standard coverage of DTP3 dose. We concluded that the massive outbreak of diphtheria in South Asia normally occurred due to low coverage of vaccination or incomplete vaccination. Crowded living environment, low socio-economic conditions, cultural belief, and importation of microorganisms are considered for massive outbreak of diphtheria outbreaks. Community-based awareness program and vaccinating individuals and some cases revaccination of older age groups are needed to stop further transmission and control the diphtheria outbreaks in South Asia. Further research is required to fully assess the vaccination coverage in the stateless populations in this region.

Immunity to polio, measles and rubella in women of child-bearing age and estimated congenital rubella syndrome incidence, Cambodia, 2012

2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (9) ◽  
pp. 1858-1867 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. MAO ◽  
K. CHHENG ◽  
K. WANNEMUEHLER ◽  
E. VYNNYCKY ◽  
S. BUTH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Congenital Rubella Syndrome ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Congenital Rubella ◽  
Child Bearing ◽  
Age Structured ◽  
Serological Data ◽  
And Control ◽  
Rubella Antibody

SUMMARYSignificant gaps in immunity to polio, measles, and rubella may exist in adults in Cambodia and threaten vaccine-preventable disease (VPD) elimination and control goals, despite high childhood vaccination coverage. We conducted a nationwide serological survey during November–December 2012 of 2154 women aged 15–39 years to assess immunity to polio, measles, and rubella and to estimate congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) incidence. Measles and rubella antibodies were detected by IgG ELISA and polio antibodies by microneutralization testing. Age-structured catalytic models were fitted to rubella serological data to predict CRS cases. Overall, 29·8% of women lacked immunity to at least one poliovirus (PV); seroprevalence to PV1, PV2 and PV3 was 85·9%, 93·4% and 83·3%, respectively. Rubella and measles antibody seroprevalence was 73·3% and 95·9%, respectively. In the 15–19 years age group, 48·2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 42·4–54·1] were susceptible to either PV1 or PV3, and 40·3% (95% CI 33·0–47·5) to rubella virus. Based on rubella antibody seroprevalence, we estimate that >600 infants are born with CRS in Cambodia annually. Significant numbers of Cambodian women are still susceptible to polio and rubella, especially those aged 15–19 years, emphasizing the need to include adults in VPD surveillance and a potential role for vaccination strategies targeted at adults.

scholarly journals Use of seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) in Europe, 2001-2007

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
H De Carvalho Gomes ◽  
M Muscat ◽  
D L Monnet ◽  
J Giesecke ◽  
P L Lopalco
Keyword(s):  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Vaccination Programme ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccine ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccination ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
Vaccine Introduction ◽  
National Vaccination Programme

The first pneumococcal vaccine targeting the youngest age groups, a seven-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV7), was licensed in Europe in 2001. Since then several European countries have introduced PCV7 in their childhood vaccination schedules. Still, information on vaccination schemes, vaccine uptake and impact of vaccine introduction is scarce in Europe. The following article summarises the characteristics of national pneumococcal vaccination programmes for children in 32 European countries and provides an estimate of vaccine use based on sales data for 22 countries between 2001 and 2007. There were wide variations in the recommended PCV7 vaccination schemes and in PCV7 use. High vaccine uptake was not always related to the presence of a national vaccination programme.

Modeling and Control of Micro-grid Powered by Solar and Wind Energies

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 402
Author(s):  
Sameh Zenned ◽  
Emna Aridhi ◽  
Abdelkader Mami
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Power Networks ◽  
Modeling And Control ◽  
Storage Devices ◽  
Micro Power ◽  
Micro Grid ◽  
The Cost ◽  
And Control

The number of installations of Micro-Grid or intelligent micro power networks will increase to quadruple by 2020.The purpose is to reduce the cost and the consumption of electricity in transmission and distribution networks, using a hybrid system powered by solar and wind sources, as well as integrating storage devices. This paper reviews and discusses the Micro-Grid Model. It describes various Micro-Grid components and different configurations. It also presents the model of two generation units (Photovoltaic and Wind Turbine). Then, a comparative study of different battery types used for large-scale electricity storage is carried out, followed by a review of control strategies.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis in patients with chronic liver disease in Baghdad

2019 ◽  
pp. 1667-1672
Author(s):  
Raghad Hasan Nafal ◽  
Harith Saeed Al-Warid ◽  
Hayder Jamal Al-Sultan
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Chronic Liver Disease ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Igm Antibodies ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Medical City ◽  
And Control

The influence of Toxoplasma gondii in the pathogenesis of hepatic disease has lately  had considerable attention. The objective of this study is to assess the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in patients with chronic liver disease from Baghdad-Iraq. All patients have attended Gastroenterology and Hepatology  Teaching Hospital, Medical city in Baghdad, Iraq An analytical case–control study was achieved from September to November 2018. Seventy male patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) and 70 control males  (free of chronic liver diseases) participated in this study, their ages were between (18-80) years old. Serum samples were taken from all subjects and were analysed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the presence of anti-T.gondii IgG and IgM antibodies. The prevalence of anti-T.gondii IgG was significantly higher 62.85% in CLD patients compared with 27.28% in the control subjects. Anti-T. gondii IgM antibodies were also showed to be significantly higher in CLD patients compared with control subjects. A significant relation between age and the prevalence of T.gondii was reported in this study. Toxoplasmosis was largely reported among those aged (˃40) years old for both CLD patients and control subjects, while the other age groups showed less seroprevalence rates.      Sera samples for both CLD patients and control subjects were tested for different liver enzyme: aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). ALT was greater in CLD-Toxoplasma positive patients comparing to CLD-Toxoplasma negative patients. In addition to AST was higher in control-Toxoplasma positive subjects comparing to control-Toxoplasma negative subjects.      These findings show that Toxoplasmosis is high expected to be diagnosed with chronic liver disease patients. Consequently, attention would be focused on health education of peoples at high risk of toxoplasmosis.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence and risk factors of West Nile virus infection in veterinarians and horses in Northern Palestine

2021 ◽  
pp. 1241-1245
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Alzuheir ◽  
Adnan Fayyad ◽  
Nasr Jalboush ◽  
Rosemary Abdallah ◽  
Sameeh Abutarbush ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
West Nile Fever ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
West Nile ◽  
And Control

Background and Aim: West Nile fever (WNF) is a neurotropic, mosquito-borne disease affecting humans and domesticated animals, caused by a member of the genus Flavivirus. Over the last decades, this virus has been responsible for several cases of illness in humans and animals. The current epidemiological status of WNF in horses is insufficient, and in veterinarians, as an occupational hazard is unknown. This study aimed to investigate and determine the seroprevalence and risk factors for WNF in veterinarians and horses in Palestine. Materials and Methods: In this study, serum samples from 100 veterinarians and 87 horses were collected between August 2020 and September 2020 from different cities of Northern Palestine. West Nile virus (WNV) antibodies were detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Our results showed that 60.9% of the horse serum samples were positive in all investigated cities. In horses, location is a risk factor for the seropositivity for WNF, whereas age, sex, breed, and intended use of the horses, were not associated with increased WNF seropositivity. In veterinarians, 23.0% of the serum samples were positive. Positive samples were detected in all locations, age groups, experience length, and work sectors. However, the seropositivity for WNF was not influenced by these variables. Conclusion: The results revealed that WNV circulates in most regions of Palestine. Our results will help determine the risk of infection in animals and humans and control WNV transmission. Surveillance studies on humans, vectors, and animals are needed to better define endemic areas.

scholarly journals An Architecture for Creating Slices to Experiment on Wireless Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Valera-Muros ◽  
Laura Panizo ◽  
Alvaro Rios ◽  
Pedro Merino-Gomez
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Networks ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Mobile Technologies ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
The Cost ◽  
And Control ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract Researchers in mobile technologies and services are currently requesting testbeds to validate their proposals in a realistic large-scale and controlled environment. Such demands are some times satisfied with private ad-hoc deployments in a given area of coverage. However, given national regulations related to the use of the spectrum and the cost of deployments, these solutions are not feasible for most researchers. In this paper, we introduce the architecture of the research infrastructure developed in the EuWireless project. EuWireless’ objective is to provide private networks that can be dynamically created as slices with different levels of configuration and control, as a cost-effective way to access large-scale testbeds with a licensed spectrum even in different countries. The paper focuses on the architecture of the Point of Presence, the key element in the EuWireless project, and how it will work in practice. We also present a proof of concept implementation that satisfies some of the design objectives and demonstrates the feasibility of the proposal.

scholarly journals Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) antibody levels in large swine farms in selected regions of Yunnan province, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (10) ◽  
pp. 6581-2021
Author(s):  
DIANGANG HAN ◽  
HONGQING YANG ◽  
YUNQING YANG ◽  
LINGLING YE ◽  
JUN DONG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Yunnan Province ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Prrs Virus ◽  
Swine Farms ◽  
Antibody Levels

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is caused by the PRRS virus (PRRSV), and it is a widespread disease that severely affects swine production in all age groups. Detection of PRRSV antibody levels in pig farms is beneficial for immunity evaluations. In this study, a total of 1,206 serum samples of breeding boars, breeding sows, reserve pigs and commercial pigs from 16 large-scale swine farms in 4 different regions of Yunnan province in China were collected during 2019 and detected by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that the average positive rate of PRRSV antibody was 88.32%, among which the antibody-positive rates were 89.03%, 89.18%, 92.11%, and 82.95% in East Yunnan (E. Yunnan), Central Yunnan (Cent. Yunnan), Northwest Yunnan (N.W. Yunnan) and Northeast Yunnan (N.E. Yunnan), respectively (P > 0.05). For the different pig categories, the reserve pigs (93.51%) showed much higher antibody-positive rates, followed by breeding sows (92.44%), commercial pigs (87.34%) and breeding boars (85.62%). Statistical analysis revealed that the rates were significantly different among different pig categories (P <0.05). These s results indicated that pig categories were significantly associated with PRRSV antibody levels in this study. All the positive rates in this study fulfilled the requirement of ≥ 70% set by the National Animal Disease Surveillance Plan of China (2011). The study could provide evidence of the antibody response of PRRSV at the farm level.

Immigrant Youth in Germany

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 158-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Frankenberg ◽  
Katharina Kupper ◽  
Ruth Wagner ◽  
Stephan Bongard
Keyword(s):  
School System ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Ethnic Discrimination ◽  
Emotional And Behavioral Problems ◽  
Sociocultural Adaptation ◽  
Age Related ◽  
German School ◽  
Transcultural Adaptation

This paper reviews research on young migrants in Germany. Particular attention is given to the question of how Germany’s history of migration, immigration policies, and public attitude toward migrants influence the transcultural adaptation of children and adolescents from different ethnic backgrounds. We combine past research with the results of new empirical studies in order to shed light on migrants’ psychological and sociocultural adaptation. Studies comparing young migrants and their German peers in terms of psychological well-being, life satisfaction, and mental health outcome suggest higher rates of emotional and behavioral problems among migrants of most age groups. With regard to adolescent populations between the ages of 14 and 17 years, however, the existence of differences between migrants and natives appears to be less clear. Research has also yielded inconsistent findings regarding the time trajectory of transcultural adaptation among adolescents. The coincidence of acculturation and age-related change is discussed as a possible source of these inconsistencies. Further, we provide an overview of risk and protective factors such as conflicting role expectations and ethnic discrimination, which may cause heightened vulnerability to adverse adaptation outcomes in some groups. Large-scale studies have repeatedly shown migrants of all age groups to be less successful within the German school system, indicating poor sociocultural adaptation. Possible explanations, such as the idiosyncrasies of the German school system, are presented. Our own studies contribute to the understanding of young migrants’ adaptation process by showing that it is their orientation to German culture, rather than the acculturation strategy of integration, that leads to the most positive psychological and sociocultural outcomes. The paper concludes by discussing implications for future cross-cultural research on young migrants and by suggesting recommendations for multicultural policies.

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