scholarly journals Past and future trends of civil airport emissions in China, from 2010 to 2030

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Wang ◽  
Xiaoqi Wang ◽  
Shuiyuan Cheng ◽  
Long Cheng ◽  
Ruipeng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Emission Inventories ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Contribution Rate ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Central South ◽  
Aircraft Emission

Abstract This paper aims to study the trend of aircraft emission in China. The multiyear emission inventories of HC, CO, NOX, SO2 and PM2.5 in the period 2010–2030 were developed. Results show that the total amount of all targeted pollutants from China's civil airports climbed from approximately 82407 tons in 2010 to 164275 tons in 2019. It is expected that the total amount of pollutants will reach 400845 tons by 2030. Pollutant emissions had the lowest growth rate in 2019 and the highest growth rate in 2013 (4.1% and 13.3%, respectively). From 2013 to 2019, the rate of increase in airport pollutant emissions began to decline. In 2019, the emissions of HC, CO, NOX, SO2 and PM2.5 are 6251, 53614, 97059, 6248 and 1102 tons, respectively. COVID-19 had a significant impact on airport emissions. By comparing the statistical value and the predicted value of airport emissions in 2020, we found that COVID-19 reduced the emissions of ZHHH and national by 46.33% and 30.45% respectively. In 2019, the East has the highest contribution rate of 27.6%, and Xinjiang has the lowest contribution rate of 3.6%. The emissions of the seven aviation regions were in the order of east > central south > southwest > north > northeast > northwest > Xinjiang.

scholarly journals Features of body weight growth in meat breeds heifers

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Oseredchuk ◽  
N. P. Babik ◽  
V. V. Fedorovych ◽  
E. I. Fedorovych ◽  
V. R. Dutka
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Body Weight Changes ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Weight Growth ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Tension Increase ◽  
Better Than

The data on the dynamics of body weight changes, absolute and average daily gains, frequency rate of increase in body weight, relative growth rate and intensity of body weight growth of Limousine and Volyn Meat breeds heifers. Both studied breeds characterized by different body weight at different age periods. Newborn Limousine breed heifers are weighed 2,7 kg more (P < 0.05) than Volyn Meat breed heifers; at 3 months age the difference was 8.5 kg (P < 0.05) at 6 months – 14.6 kg, at 9 month – 20.8 kg (P < 0.05), at 12 months – 25,6 kg (P < 0.05), at 15–months – 31.9 (P<0,05), and at 18 months – 23.5 kg. Total and average daily gains in animals of both breeds were the highest for a period of 3 to 6 months of age. In the period from birth to 15 months of age preference for average daily gains were in Limousine, however, the difference was statistically significant only for the period of 0 – 3 months and amounted to 63,9 g (P < 0,05). From 15 to 18 months of age Limousine slightly conceded to Volyn Meat breeds on this parameter. In animals of both breeds magnification of body weight increased with age, but over the entire period (from birth to 18 months) this parameter in Volyn Meat heifers was 0.6 times better than Limousine heifers. The coefficients of relative intensity and tension increase of body weight in animals of both breeds were highest in the period from birth to 3 months of age. With age, these indicators declined. Mainly, the advantage was in Volyn meat breed heifers, but the difference was not statistically significant.

scholarly journals Updated national emission inventory and comparison with the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR): case of Lebanon

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anwar Al Shami ◽  
Elissar Al Aawar ◽  
Abdelkader Baayoun ◽  
Najat A. Saliba ◽  
Jonilda Kushta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emission Inventory ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Atmospheric Modeling ◽  
Atmospheric Pollutants ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Emission Inventories ◽  
Gaseous Species ◽  
Emission Standard ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Atmospheric Research

AbstractPhysically based computational modeling is an effective tool for estimating and predicting the spatial distribution of pollutant concentrations in complex environments. A detailed and up-to-date emission inventory is one of the most important components of atmospheric modeling and a prerequisite for achieving high model performance. Lebanon lacks an accurate inventory of anthropogenic emission fluxes. In the absence of a clear emission standard and standardized activity datasets in Lebanon, this work serves to fill this gap by presenting the first national effort to develop a national emission inventory by exhaustively quantifying detailed multisector, multi-species pollutant emissions in Lebanon for atmospheric pollutants that are internationally monitored and regulated as relevant to air quality. Following the classification of the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR), we present the methodology followed for each subsector based on its characteristics and types of fuels consumed. The estimated emissions encompass gaseous species (CO, NOx, SO2), and particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10). We compare totals per sector obtained from the newly developed national inventory with the international EDGAR inventory and previously published emission inventories for the country for base year 2010 presenting current discrepancies and analyzing their causes. The observed discrepancies highlight the fact that emission inventories, especially for data-scarce settings, are highly sensitive to the activity data and their underlying assumptions, and to the methodology used to estimate the emissions.

scholarly journals Vehicular Emission Inventory and Reduction Scenario Analysis in the Yangtze River Delta, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (23) ◽  
pp. 4790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaowei Song ◽  
Yongpei Hao
Keyword(s):  
Control Policy ◽  
Yangtze River Delta ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Emission Inventories ◽  
Vehicular Emissions ◽  
So2 Emissions ◽  
Vehicular Emission ◽  
Emission Analysis ◽  
Effective Policy ◽  
The Yangtze River Delta

Vehicular emissions have become an important source of air pollution, and their effective reduction control is essential to protect the environment. The aim of this study was to establish multi-year vehicular emission inventories for ten important air pollutants and to analyze emission control policy scenarios based on these inventories. The inter-annual emission analysis results showed that the ten pollutant emissions had different change trends during the past decade. The emissions of CO, non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCS), NOx, PM2.5, PM10, and CH4 tended to increase first and then decrease, but the years in which they began to decrease varied; the emissions of CO2 and NH3 showed the most significant growth trends, increasing by 567% and 4004% in 2015 compared with 1999, while the emissions of N2O and SO2 showed a general increasing trend and decreased obviously in a certain year. Eight scenarios based on emission inventories were designed; compared with the BAU scenario, the ESV scenario was the most effective policy to control NOx, PM2.5, and CH4 emissions; the radical AER scenario could decrease the vehicular emissions of CO, NMVOCs, PM10, CO2, N2O, and NH3; and the RFS scenario could reduce vehicular SO2 emissions significantly by 93.64%.

scholarly journals Enhanced atmospheric oxidizing capacity in simulating air quality with updated emission inventories for power plants especially for haze periods over East China

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Zhang ◽  
Tianliang Zhao ◽  
Sunling Gong ◽  
Shaofei Kong ◽  
Lili Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Emission Inventory ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Atmospheric Environment ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
East China ◽  
Emission Inventories

Abstract. Air pollutant emissions play a determinant role in deteriorating air quality. However, an uncertainty in emission inventories is still the key problem for modeling air pollution. In this study, an updated emission inventory of coal-fired power plants (UEIPP) based on online monitoring data in Jiangsu province of East China for the year of 2012 was implemented in the widely used Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC). By employing the Weather Research and Forecasting Model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem), two simulations were executed to assess the atmospheric environmental change by using the original MEIC emission inventory and the MEIC inventory with the UEIPP. A synthetic analysis shows that (1) compared to the power emissions of MEIC, PM2.5, PM10, SO2 and NOx were lower, and CO, black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC) and NMVOCs were higher in the UEIPP, reflecting a large discrepancy in the power emissions over East China; (2) In accordance with the changes of UEIPP, the modeled concentrations were reduced for SO2 and NO2, and increased for most areas of primary OC, BC and CO, whose concentrations in atmosphere are highly dependent on emission changes. (3) Interestingly, when the UEIPP was used, the atmospheric oxidizing capacity significantly reinforced, reflecting by increased oxidizing agents, e.g. O3 and OH, thus directly strengthened the chemical production from SO2 and NOx to sulfate and nitrate, which offset the reduction of primary PM2.5 emissions especially in the haze days. This study indicated the importance of updating air pollutant emission inventories in simulating the complex atmospheric environment changes with the implications on air quality and environmental changes.

Investigation of a nutrient-growth model using a continuous culture of natural phytoplankton

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 923-941 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Jones ◽  
P. Tett ◽  
A. C. Wallis ◽  
B. J. B. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Continuous Culture ◽  
Algal Growth ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Particulate Phosphorus ◽  
Particulate Carbon ◽  
Particulate Nitrogen ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Dominance Pattern

Phytoplankton from Loch Creran, Argyll was maintained in continuous culture for 41 days. During most of this time the mixture of species retained the diversity and dominance pattern typical of summer phytoplankton in the loch, notwithstanding the manipulation of algal nutrient status to bring about phosphorus control of growth. Results suggest that most detritus was washed out early in the experiment.The aim of the experiment was to test the applicability to natural multispecies phytoplankton of part of Droop's (1974, 1975) model of nutrient-limited algal growth. ‘Quasi-steady states’ with respect to concentration of chlorophyll, particulate carbon (PC), particulate phosphorus (PP) and particulate nitrogen (PN), wereobserved at two levels of input of dissolved inorganic phosphorus. At other times the algal phosphorus quota (estimated from the ratio of PP to PC) varied from about 0·002 to 0·015 atoms P per atom C. Specific growth rate was estimated from the rate of increase of PC. During part of the experiment, growth rate was linearly related to reciprocal phosphorus quota, thus confirming the applicability of the model.

scholarly journals Green TFP Heterogeneity in the Ports of China’s Pilot Free Trade Zone under Environmental Constraints

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (24) ◽  
pp. 12910
Author(s):  
Zongbiao Hu ◽  
Feng Lan ◽  
Han Xu
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Zone ◽  
Average Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Environmental Constraints ◽  
Tfp Growth

In the context of China’s Pilot Free Trade Zone (FTZ), ports have a new opportunity to realize high-quality development. Based on the analysis of the current situation of pollutant emissions from ports in China’s Pilot Free Trade Zones (FTZs), this paper introduces environmental factors into the analysis framework of the total factor productivity (TFP) of ports in China’s FTZs, and uses the Global Malmquist–Luenberger index method to analyze the evolution trend and heterogeneity of green TFP in 28 ports of China’s 19 FTZs from 2011 to 2017. The results show that firstly, the emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOX) and other pollutants in China’s FTZs have been decreasing year by year. Secondly, both the green TFP and the traditional TFP of the ports in FTZs are on the rise. The absence of environmental factors leads to the underestimation of the TFP of ports. For the green TFP, the main source of its growth is technological progress. Thirdly, there is obvious port heterogeneity in the green TFP of FTZ ports. Nanjing Port has the highest green TFP growth rate, with an average annual growth rate of 21.95%. Ningbo Port, which ranks 14th, has an average annual growth rate of 5.46%. Fuzhou Port, which is rated last, has negative growth. Fourthly, there is also obvious types and regional heterogeneity in the green TFP of FTZ ports. When categorized by type, the average annual growth rate of green TFP in inland ports is significantly higher than that of coastal ports. When categorized by region, the descending order of the average annual growth rate of green TFP is the western region, the eastern region and the central region. Fifthly, the green TFP differences among the eastern, central, and western regions, as well as between inland ports and coastal ports, are shrinking. Moreover, the green TFP differences within inland ports and coastal ports and within central ports and eastern ports are also shrinking, implying there may be σ convergence. The conclusions of this paper have important implications for the scientific understanding of the heterogeneity of green TFP growth in ports in China’s FTZs, and how to promote the green development of ports in China’s FTZs under environmental constraints.

scholarly journals Aircraft Emission Inventory and Characteristics of the Airport Cluster in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area, China

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 323
Author(s):  
Jie Li ◽  
Haotian Yang ◽  
Xingang Liu ◽  
Nu Yu ◽  
Yong Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Emission Inventory ◽  
Order Approximation ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Standard Atmosphere ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Hc Emissions ◽  
First Order Approximation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Aircraft Emission

In this study, a compound method using modified Boeing Fuel Flow Method 2 (BFFM2) and an updated First Order Approximation V3.0 (FOA3.0) method deploying the ICAO Time-in-Mode (TIM) was used to produce a more reliable aircraft emission inventory for the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA). The results show that compared with the International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) conditions, the total emission of nitrogen oxides(NOx) decreased by 17.7%, while carbon monoxide(CO) and hydrocarbons(HC) emissions increased by 11.2%. We confirmed that taxiing is the phase in which an aircraft emits the most pollutants. These pollutant emissions will decrease by 0.3% to 3.9% if the taxiing time is reduced by 1 minute. Furthermore, the impact of reducing taxi-out time on emissions is more significant than that of reducing the taxi-in time. Taking the total aircraft emission factors as the main performance indicators, Hong Kong International Airport (VHHH) contributes the most to the total emissions of the GBA, while the Zhuhai airport(ZGSD) contributes the least. The contribution of an individual airport to the total emissions of the GBA is mainly determined by the proportion of Boeing B77L, B77W, and B744.

scholarly journals The nucleate boiling in a droplet of aqueous salt solution

2019 ◽  
Vol 196 ◽  
pp. 00001
Author(s):  
Sergey Misyura ◽  
Anton Meleshkin
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Salt Solution ◽  
Nucleate Boiling ◽  
Aqueous Salt Solution ◽  
Libr Solution ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Solution Droplet ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Dry Spot ◽  
First Time

This paper is devoted to an experimental study of the dynamics of the nucleate boiling in a droplet of aqueous solution of LiBr salt. As the concentration of LiBr salt increases, the growth rate of the bubbles decreases and the boiling completely stops when a high salt concentration is reached. An increase in the concentration of salt in the liquid layer of the bottom of the bubble leads to a decrease in the rate of increase in the diameter of the bubble, and a dry spot is not formed. The growth rate of a bubble (v) in a water droplet is somewhat higher than one for a salt solution for t > 0.2-0.3 s. The difference of v for the salt solution from curve 3 increases sharply when t < 0.1 s. For the first time, four regimes of the nucleate boiling in LiBr solution droplet were detected.

scholarly journals Body downsizing caused by non-consumptive social stress severely depresses population growth rate

2009 ◽  
Vol 277 (1683) ◽  
pp. 843-851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Edeline ◽  
Thrond O. Haugen ◽  
Finn-Arne Weltzien ◽  
David Claessen ◽  
Ian J. Winfield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Density Dependence ◽  
Social Stress ◽  
Prey Availability ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Population Modelling ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Primary Driver ◽  
Leslie Matrices

Chronic social stress diverts energy away from growth, reproduction and immunity, and is thus a potential driver of population dynamics. However, the effects of social stress on demographic density dependence remain largely overlooked in ecological theory. Here we combine behavioural experiments, physiology and population modelling to show in a top predator (pike Esox lucius ) that social stress alone may be a primary driver of demographic density dependence. Doubling pike density in experimental ponds under controlled prey availability did not significantly change prey intake by pike (i.e. did not significantly change interference or exploitative competition), but induced a neuroendocrine stress response reflecting a size-dependent dominance hierarchy, depressed pike energetic status and lowered pike body growth rate by 23 per cent. Assuming fixed size-dependent survival and fecundity functions parameterized for the Windermere (UK) pike population, stress-induced smaller body size shifts age-specific survival rates and lowers age-specific fecundity, which in Leslie matrices projects into reduced population rate of increase ( λ ) by 37–56%. Our models also predict that social stress flattens elasticity profiles of λ to age-specific survival and fecundity, thus making population persistence more dependent on old individuals. Our results suggest that accounting for non-consumptive social stress from competitors and predators is necessary to accurately understand, predict and manage food-web dynamics.

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