POTABLE-WATER-SHORTAGE SURVEY

Abstract One of the most pressing problems worldwide is inadequate access to potable water. Many technologies have been applied to address this through research to find robust but inexpensive methods of desalination that offer high fluxes and use less energy, while reducing chemical use and environmental impact. Membrane desalination technology is universally considered to solve water shortage problems due to its high efficiency and lower energy consumption than distillation methods. This review focuses on the desalination performance of membrane technologies with consideration of the effect of driving force, potential technologies, membrane types, flux, energy consumption and operating temperature, etc. Pressure driven membrane processes (MF, UF, NF, RO), and their fouling propensity and major drawbacks are discussed briefly. Membrane characteristics and the effects of operating conditions on desalination are also covered. Organic-hybrid and inorganic membrane materials can offer advantages, with high flux, good selectivity, and useful chemical and thermal resistance.

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Experimental Investigation of Solar Still With Varying Pressure

Volume 2: Combustion, Fuels, and Emissions; Renewable Energy: Solar and Wind; Inlets and Exhausts; Emerging Technologies: Hybrid Electric Propulsion and Alternate Power Generation; GT Operation and Maintenance; Materials and Manufacturing (Including Coatings, Composites, CMCs, Additive Manufacturing); Analytics and Digital Solutions for Gas Turbines/Rotating Machinery ◽

10.1115/gtindia2019-2746 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Harender Sinhmar ◽

Jitendra Bhati ◽

Ritanshu Bhati

Keyword(s):

Experimental Investigation ◽

Efficient Solution ◽

Potable Water ◽

Pure Water ◽

Water Shortage ◽

Solar Still ◽

Scaled Model ◽

The Earth ◽

Water Output ◽

Novel Method

Abstract The shortage for the pure water exists in many developing countries like India even though three fourth of the earth is sheltered by water. The main reason behind this is the unplanned growth of industry and uncontrolled growth of population. In this context, solar still may serve as an efficient solution for addressing pure water shortage in hot climatic areas facing scarcity of water. Solar still is a very simple device that can be used for converting the available non-potable water into potable water. Various water purifiers based on solar energy have been proposed in literature but most of them are having low water output. This paper presents a novel method of a solar water purifier operating under vacuum to enhance its productivity. An experimental investigation of a scaled model has been carried out and it was observed that productivity of solar still increases with decrease in pressure inside the still.

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Asia and Climate Change: How It Will Play Out From the Bosporus to Djakarta

Asian Journal of Social Science Studies ◽

10.20849/ajsss.v3i2.358 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 16

Author(s):

Jan-Erik Lane

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Global Warming ◽

Sea Level ◽

Global Governance ◽

Air Conditioning ◽

Potable Water ◽

Water Shortage ◽

Asian Continent ◽

Fish Food ◽

Food And Agriculture

Now that the measure of CO2 emissions has broken through 410 on the standard Keeling curve (Earth CO2 website), one may start drawing a scenario for climate change repercussions, here for the Asian continent. It pollutes most of all continents in terms of both greenhouse gases and many other pollutants. The threats to mankind comes in the form of sea level rise, fresh water shortage, less of potable water, shrinking of lakes and rivers, deoxygenation of oceans, less fish food and agriculture produce, energy shortages, omnipresent air conditioning, urban smog, water and sea pollution due to sewage and failures with landfills. Asia, hosting more than half of mankind, will suffer massively from global warming with millions of ecological refugees. The UN’s program, the COP21 by the UNFCCC, cannot stop Asia from reaching Hawking irreversibility, because it entails too weak global governance that is cheatable. The promise of complete decarbonisation is an illusion.

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Design and fabrication of multi-functional equipment to produce gaseous nitrogen/oxygen and water from ambient air

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/850/1/012006 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 850 (1) ◽

pp. 012006

Author(s):

Debdutta Chatterjee ◽

Krishnasamy Karunamurthy ◽

Nimmagadda Sree Nigam Aditya ◽

Deepak Dalal

Keyword(s):

Molecular Sieves ◽

Potable Water ◽

Molecular Size ◽

Ambient Air ◽

Water Shortage ◽

Pure Nitrogen ◽

Industrial Sectors ◽

The Rich ◽

Pressure Swing ◽

Compressor Power

Abstract Mother earth provides all the necessary resources for the existence of life. Despite the rich resources of water on our planet, majority of world’s total population experiences water shortage annually. Studies have shown that with the increase of global warming, the average humidity of ambient air is rising annually. Due to the decrease of water table on land, alternative sources of acquiring potable water can be of great utility. Out of the several methods available to tap potable water, this paper aims to achieve an alternate source of receiving fresh water directly from ambient air. This process is completely different from distillation. The ambient air also comprises a majority of Nitrogen, and this N2 is used for the purpose of creating an inert environment in packaging industries and for the purpose of extinguishing fire, a multi-functional equipment has been fabricated in order to extract water, along with pure Nitrogen gas from the residual dry air. A Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) system is used to separate the Nitrogen from remaining air molecules based on their relative molecular size. In the current industrial sectors, the valves required to actuate the flow of air in PSA system are controlled by PLC circuits and Cam followers. These electro-mechanical components are overpriced. In this work electronic timers are used to actuate the valve timing, which resulted in economical. The system fabricated is simple in construction and it is easy to replace the Carbon Molecular Sieves (CMS) with Zeolite Molecular Sieves in order to obtain Oxygen gas as the pure product that can be used to help Covid-19 patients using medical grade filters. The system can be scaled up with larger mass of CMS, bigger PSA towers and greater compressor power in order to increase productivity.

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Evaluating the Indicators and Quality of Potable Water Networks in Al-Shatrah City

Journal of College of Education for Women ◽

10.36231/coedw.v31i4.1435 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 95-114

Author(s):

Sumiea Challab Mansi Al-Sahlanee

Keyword(s):

Water Purification ◽

Water Samples ◽

Potable Water ◽

Water Shortage ◽

Residential Area ◽

Gis Technology ◽

Urban Construction ◽

To Receive ◽

The City

The present paper aims at evaluating the vailability quality and future horizons of potable water in the city of Shatra as a model. This is done in accordance with certain subjective and objective factors alongside the classification map of Shatra as a residential area. This system follows geographical studies specialized in urban construction. The problem of the present paper as well as the data approaching that problem have been chosen from the records of 2018. The researcher offered (919) questionnaire forms to be answered by a sample of dwellers in that area. Besides, the researcher also followed lab analysis of water samples collected from districts in the city of Shatra. GIS technology was also used to arrive at the real water share people are supposed to receive and the quality of potable water they actually have. It has been found that there is a clear scarcity in potable water where an individual is supposed to get 250 liters a day and that has not yet been achieved. Water Purification facilities are small in number and cannot meet people’s need for potable water. This is because the production energy for those facilities is supposed to be from 175-to-1000 cubic meters per hour. However their best production did not exceed the 140-800 cubic meter per hour. The gross need for potable water was estimated to be 8908500 cubic meter per hour. Water shortage is thus of about 585 cubic meter per hour. The future shortage is calculated to reach 46800000 cubic meter per hour in 2028. Above all, water was not good for use by dwellers as it does not meet world standards of healthy potable water.

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EFFECTS OF USING SEAWATER IN THE MIXING AND CURING OF CONCRETE

Proceedings of International Structural Engineering and Construction ◽

10.14455/isec.res.2020.7(1).mat-03 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hadeel Moussawel

Keyword(s):

Blast Furnace Slag ◽

Potable Water ◽

Water Shortage ◽

Partial Replacement ◽

World Population ◽

Concrete Technology ◽

Structural Concrete ◽

The World ◽

Hardened Properties ◽

Furnace Slag

The U.N. evaluates that in 2050 the world population will increase about three point five billion, mostly in evolving countries that have underwent potable water crises. Furthermore, over half of the world population will unable to provide sufficient amounts of drinking water. Consequently, it is absolutely crucial to study ways to save freshwater. The use of seawater, which accounts for 97 percent of all the water present on Earth, is very essential. This thesis studies the use of seawater instead of freshwater in the mixing and curing of structural concrete in order to reduce future water shortage and aid in the evolution of concrete technology. Concrete mixed and cured with seawater is studied in terms of fresh and hardened properties. Results include an expected early accelerated rate of gain in compressive strength and presumably no direct effect on the rate of corrosion of reinforcement when compared to concrete mixed and cured with freshwater. Also, the type of concrete’s effect was studied by using ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and by partial replacement of OPC with Blast-Furnace Slag Cement (BFSC).

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Quality Assessment of Stored Rainwater and Its Utilization in Dhaka City, Bangladesh

Water Practice & Technology ◽

10.2166/wpt.2010.059 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. M. Islam ◽

M.R. Kabir ◽

F.N.-F. Chou

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Potable Water ◽

Ph Value ◽

Water Shortage ◽

Total Coliform ◽

Dhaka City ◽

Small Catchment ◽

Rural And Urban

Monsoons provide Bangladesh with ample rainwater. However, many regions, both rural and urban, suffer from shortage of safe drinking water. While arsenic contamination of ground water affects many rural areas, some urban areas, including Dhaka City, also lack of sufficient potable water supply due to shortage of surface water. This research explored the quality of stored rainwater as well as the feasibility of harvesting monsoon rainwater as a source of drinking water. Rainwater had been experimentally harvested at Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology in Dhaka using a simple traditional technology. The rainwater was collected using a small catchment area (4.57 m × 4.57 m) made of water-proof cloth and a 3.2 m3 capacity ferro-cement storage tank, attached with an automatic initial flushing device, for a family having five members for four months. Initial test results indicated that the stored rainwater had a slightly higher pH value (8.1 to 8.3) and presence of total coliform after three months of storage. The traditional filtering system removed contaminants completely and the total coliforms up to 60%. This research supports the viability of traditional filtering of harvested rainwater as a promising solution to potable water shortage in Bangladesh.

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OPPORTUNITIES OF INTEGRATING DESALINATION TO COGENERATION FOR BRAZILIAN CONDITIONS

Revista de Engenharia Térmica ◽

10.5380/reterm.v5i1.61667 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 34

Author(s):

E. M. Ferreira ◽

J. A. P. Balestieri ◽

M. A. Zanardi

Keyword(s):

Electric Power ◽

Reverse Osmosis ◽

Water Resource Management ◽

Potable Water ◽

Water Shortage ◽

World Population ◽

Water Production ◽

Power Requirement ◽

Middle East Countries ◽

Main Technique

One of the major problems in this century refers to the availability of potable water, necessary to the survival of populations. The world population is continually increasing and natural resources are proportionally decreasing, and the development of potable water production techniques demands intensive efforts. Electric power requirement is also necessary to the development of nations. Desalination processes are widely used in countries with low offer of potable water. Technologies nowadays in use are multi-stage-flash distillation (MSF), multi-effect distillation (MED) and reverse osmosis (RO) process. In MSF and MED processes, the main technique is distillation. Reverse osmosis technique relies on the osmotic principle, in which a solvent passes through a membrane. Since the middle of 1950, these desalting techniques are widely used mainly in the Middle East countries, where water shortage is almost absolute. Although uncommonly conceived, discussing the implementation of desalination processes in association to cogeneration systems in Brazil is a necessary task for the long-term planning. In this way, this paper proposes to reviewthe successful experiences presented in the literature as a way of establishing how electric power and fresh water production can be produced from seawater desalting processes in an optimized way. Another objective pursued in this paper is stimulating more attention to this matter, that deserves discussing the skill staff formation and the know-how of such technologies in the strategic planning to the water resource management, specially because these investments require a considerable time for human resources development and the knowledge of the most adequate technology to be implemented for the integration of desalting and cogeneration units.

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