Design Data Sheet: Calculation of Surface Ship Annual Energy Usage, Annual Energy Cost, and Fully Burdened Cost of Energy

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
NAVAL SEA SYSTEMS COMMAND WASHINGTON DC
Keyword(s):  
Energy Cost ◽  
Data Sheet ◽  
Energy Usage ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Surface Ship ◽  
Cost Of Energy

scholarly journals New Data Center Performance Index: Perfect Design Data Center—PDD

Climate ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Alexandre F. Santos ◽  
Pedro D. Gaspar ◽  
Heraldo J. L. de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Data Center ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Data Centers ◽  
Current Method ◽  
Energy Usage ◽  
Design Data ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Power Usage Effectiveness ◽  
Approximate Result ◽  
Classification Table

Data Centers (DC) are specific buildings that require large infrastructures to store all the information needed by companies. All data transmitted over the network is stored on CDs. By the end of 2020, Data Centers will grow 53% worldwide. There are methodologies that measure the efficiency of energy consumption. The most used metric is the Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) index, but it does not fully reflect efficiency. Three DC’s located at the cities of Curitiba, Londrina and Iguaçu Falls (Brazil) with close PUE values, are evaluated in this article using the Energy Usage Effectiveness Design (EUED) index as an alternative to the current method. EUED uses energy as a comparative element in the design phase. Infrastructure consumption is the sum of energy with Heating, Ventilating and Air conditioning (HVAC) equipment, equipment, lighting and others. The EUED values obtained were 1.245 (kWh/yr)/(kWh/yr), 1.313 (kWh/yr)/(kWh/yr) and 1.316 (kWh/yr)/(kWh/yr) to Curitiba, Londrina and Iguaçu Falls, respectively. The difference between the EUED and the PUE Constant External Air Temperature (COA) is 16.87% for Curitiba, 13.33% for Londrina and 13.30% for Iguaçu Falls. The new Perfect Design Data center (PDD) index prioritizes efficiency in increasing order is an easy index to interpret. It is a redefinition of EUED, given by a linear equation, which provides an approximate result and uses a classification table. It is a decision support index for the location of a Data Center in the project phase.

scholarly journals Energy Losses Due to Imperfect Payment Infrastructure and Payment Instruments

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 8213
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Melnychenko
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Strategic Objectives ◽  
Improve Energy Efficiency ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Number Of Customers

One of the strategic objectives of the European Union is a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and improvement of energy efficiency by at least 32.5% in different areas of the economy by 2030. However, little is known about the impact of payment in retail on energy consumption. The purpose of this paper is to assess the chain of losses of time and energy, and therefore financial losses, that occur due to the imperfection of payment infrastructure and instruments using data of cashiers’ working time. The research is based on a regression analysis method, where the energy cost per payment transaction is considered in this study as a function of the number of customers per hour and the energy cost. The results of the panel models highlight that the number of customers per hour has a negative impact on the cost of energy per payment transaction. Furthermore, modern means and methods of payment, including cryptocurrencies, do not solve the problem of the excessive time that it takes to service payments, which entails a waste of energy and money. The empirical results give valuable insights into how to best organise payment in retail to achieve lower energy costs and improve energy efficiency in payment infrastructure.

scholarly journals Potential Study of Tidal Stream Turbine Farm at Toyapakeh Strait, Bali

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-162
Author(s):  
Alamsyah Kurniawan ◽  
Prayla Putri Annani Barli ◽  
Munawir Bintang Pratama ◽  
Ahmad Fitriadhy
Keyword(s):  
Energy Cost ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Tidal Stream ◽  
Tidal Stream Energy ◽  
Tidal Stream Turbine

In 2015, Bali Province is mandated by ESDM ministry to become the National Region of Clean Energy, promoting efforts to explore new source of electricity namely tidal stream energy. Previous works have demonstrated that Toyapakeh Strait contains a promising tidal stream resource, with a high stream in a long period. In this study, hydrodynamic modelling and power production analysis is conducted to evaluate this potential with an aim to meet energy demand of Tiga Nusa Cluster Islands. Twenty-one Gen5 KHPS turbines are employed in this study, at an optimized location, 8.72°S, 115.44°E, which contains the highest energy potential. Financial analysis, with 25-year return period of investment and 3.60% interest rate, resulting levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of Rp 6,100.kWh-1. This value is higher than the national and regional selling nominal, in other word the energy cost of tidal stream turbine is relatively high in this location. Nearly 46% of energy cost is spent for turbine fabrication, and from the sensitivity analysis, cutting half the turbine costs may reduce the price by Rp 1,400.kWh-1 while increasing the amount of installed turbine is less significant. Despite of the high prices, the study shows that Toyapakeh Strait holds a promising resource of tidal stream energy.

scholarly journals 5 Home Energy Management within Smart Grid via WSN

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Pooja Rajput ◽  
Kiran Rajput ◽  
Muhammad Zakir Shaikh ◽  
B. S. Chowdhry ◽  
M. Aamir
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Energy Management ◽  
Home Automation ◽  
Grid System ◽  
Energy Usage ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Home Energy Management ◽  
Smart Grid System ◽  
The Cost ◽  
At Home

This paper presents a framework for a home automation scenario within a Smart Grid System. The framework is designed to schedule appliances at less expensive hours to decrease the cost of energy usage at home. The important factor of comfort degradation is also addressed using proposed framework. The framework consists of a Wireless Automatic Metering System that helps in solving various issues of electricity expenses and provides the user with information such as different schemes and tariff packages. Through the proposed framework for home automation, the user will be able to control and reduce the energy expenses using an interactive GUI.

scholarly journals 5 Home Energy Management within Smart Grid via WSN

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Pooja Rajput ◽  
Kiran Rajput ◽  
Muhammad Zakir Shaikh ◽  
B. S. Chowdhry ◽  
M. Aamir
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Energy Management ◽  
Home Automation ◽  
Grid System ◽  
Energy Usage ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Home Energy Management ◽  
Smart Grid System ◽  
The Cost ◽  
At Home

This paper presents a framework for a home automation scenario within a Smart Grid System. The framework is designed to schedule appliances at less expensive hours to decrease the cost of energy usage at home. The important factor of comfort degradation is also addressed using proposed framework. The framework consists of a Wireless Automatic Metering System that helps in solving various issues of electricity expenses and provides the user with information such as different schemes and tariff packages. Through the proposed framework for home automation, the user will be able to control and reduce the energy expenses using an interactive GUI.

scholarly journals Energy-saving walking mechanisms in obese adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 126 (5) ◽  
pp. 1250-1258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aitor Fernández Menéndez ◽  
Mathieu Saubade ◽  
Grégoire P. Millet ◽  
Davide Malatesta
Keyword(s):  
Energy Saving ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Elastic Energy ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Energy Usage ◽  
Obese Adults ◽  
External Work ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Energy Cost Of Walking

Energy-saving mechanisms are used in human walking. In obese adults the energy cost of walking (Cw) is higher compared with normal-body mass adults. However, the biomechanical factors involved in this extra cost should result in a higher Cw. The aim of this study was to compare energy-saving walking mechanisms [i.e., mechanical energy saved via pendulum (Recovery) and maximum possible elastic energy usage (MPEEu)] and their influence on Cw in obese vs. lean individuals. The net Cw (NetCw), external work (Wext), Recovery, MPEEu, and gait weight transfer duration (gWT) were computed for 13 lean [L; body mass index (BMI) 21.9 ± 1.5 kg/m2] and 13 obese (O; BMI 33.8 ± 2.5 kg/m2) individuals during treadmill walking at five speeds (0.56, 0.83, 1.11, 1.39, 1.67 m/s). No significant difference was found between groups in relative (per kg of body mass) NetCw ( P = 0.13). Relative positive Wext was significantly lower at the three fastest speeds ( P ≤ 0.003) whereas Recovery was higher at the two fastest speeds ( P ≤ 0.01) in O than in L individuals. MPEEu tended to be lower in O than in L ( P = 0.06), with significantly lower values in O compared with L at 1.39 and 1.67 m/s ( P ≤ 0.017). gWT was significantly shorter in O than in L individuals at 1.67 m/s ( P = 0.001). The present results reveal that obese adults rely more on the pendular mechanism than on the storage and release of elastic energy for decreasing the amount of positive Wext and thus limiting the increase in the relative NetCw. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We observed that obese individuals had a lower maximum possible elastic energy usage per kilogram of body mass than their lean counterparts and they may rely more on the pendular mechanism of walking than on the storage and release of elastic energy for decreasing the external mechanical work and thus limiting the increase in the relative net energy cost of walking.

scholarly journals Thermal Analysis and Cost Evaluation of Boilers Considering Different Insulation Materials and Fuel Oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.T. Akinshilo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Cost ◽  
Calcium Silicate ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Heat Transfer Process ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Cost Evaluation ◽  
Water Tube ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Pollutants Emission ◽  
Insulation Thickness

The energy cost of heat transferred across the walls of a gas-fired and water tube boiler adopting the fibreglass and calcium silicate as insulating materials is analyzed adopting finite volume numerical scheme. A two-dimensional view of the heat transfer process is analyzed considering varied insulation thickness across the walls where results show from the point of critical thickness that the fibreglass material is a better energy saver compared with the calcium silicate material for varying insulation across the boiler walls. Result reveals the annual energy cost accrued per litre of fuel consumed at critical insulation point are ₦6.630 and ₦8.250 respectively for the gas-fired boiler utilizing LPFO for Fibreglass (FG) and Calcium silicate (CS) respectively. While the annual energy cost accrued per litre of fuel consumed at critical insulation points are ₦17.004 and ₦21.511 respectively utilizing Diesel Oil for FG and CS materials of insulation respectively for a gas-fired boiler. This paper reveals the cost of energy required using the LPFO with fibreglass insulation for gas-fired boiler is more economically viable compared with water tube boilers. However, the pollutants emission produced from LPFO is higher compared to diesel oil leaving a higher footprint in the environment.

scholarly journals On Reducing Energy Cost Consumption in Heterogeneous Cellular Networks using Optimal Time Constraint Algorithm

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
V Kalpana ◽  
Divyendu Kumar Mishra ◽  
K. Chanthirasekaran ◽  
Anandakumar Haldorai ◽  
Srigitha. S. Nath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Cellular Networks ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Time Constraint ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Energy Usage ◽  
Heterogeneous Cellular Networks ◽  
A New Technique

Abstract The increasing data demand in recent years has resulted in a considerable rise in heterogeneous cellular network energy usage. Advances in heterogeneous cellular networks with renewable energy supplied from base stations offer the cellular communications sector interesting options. Rising energy consumption, fuelled by huge growth in user count as well as usage of data, has emerged as the most pressing challenge for operators in fulfilling cost-cutting and environmental-impact objectives. The use of minimum power relay stations or base stations in conventional microcells is intended to lower cellular network's total energy usage. We examine the reasons, difficulties, and techniques for addressing the energy cost reduction issue for such renewable heterogeneous networks in this paper. Because of the variety of renewable energy as well as mobile traffic, then the issue related to a reduction in energy cost necessitates both spatial and temporal resource allotment optimization. In this paper, we proposed a new technique for reducing the energy consumption cost using the optimal time constraint algorithmic approach. We demonstrate that the proposed method has time as well as space complexity. Experimental simulations on actual databases with synthetic costs are used to confirm the usefulness and efficacy of our method.

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