scholarly journals The influence of the recreational load in the winter on the forest ecosystem

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.В. Грязькин ◽  
А.А. Кочкин ◽  
А.Н. Прокофьев ◽  
М.М. Гуталь ◽  
Ч.Т. Чан ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Forest Park ◽  
Sanitary Condition ◽  
Winter Recreation ◽  
Structure Height ◽  
The Impact

Объект исследования особо охраняемая природная территория Черняевский лес , лесопарк площадью около 700 га, расположенный на территории Дзержинского и Индустриального районов города Перми. Лесопарк расположен на территории древней послеледниковой долины. Рельеф всхолмленный и представлен массивами смешанного соснового леса. В пределах парка имеются древние песчаные дюны и барханы эолового происхождения с высотами от 35 до 13 м. Цель исследования оценить степень воздействия зимнего отдыха населения на древостои сосны в условиях сосняка черничного и сосняка брусничного. Под пологом древостоев в зимний период по постоянному маршруту ежегодно прокладывается лыжная трасса протяженностью 5,8 км. Лыжная трасса пролегает по разным элементам рельефа подножие склона, склон, водораздел. Древостои представлены сосняками естественного происхождения, смешанными по составу. Возраст древостоев достигает 150 лет, относительная полнота 0,50,8, класс бонитета IIIII. По данным с 12-ти пробных площадей в сосняке черничном и сосняке брусничном дана оценка состояния подроста и подлеска, установлены структура по высоте и численность. Численность подроста достигает 1800 экз./га на контроле и экз./га на лыжной трассе. Численность подлеска от 400 до 1200 экз./га. Характеристики подроста и подлеска зависят от типа леса, элементов рельефа, толщины снежного покрова и интенсивности рекреационной нагрузки. На контроле все характеристики подроста и подлеска превышают характеристики указанных компонентов леса на лыжной трассе. Условия произрастания по лыжной трассе представлены двумя типами леса сосняк черничный (склоны и подножия склонов) и сосняк брусничный (вершины холмов). Установлено, что индекс состояния древостоев по лыжной трассе выше, чем на контроле. Доля сухостоя по лыжной трассе выше, распределение стволов по ступеням толщины различается средний диаметр древостоев на контроле больше, чем на лыжной трассе. Различия имеются и по типам леса. В наибольшей степени влияние лыжной трассы на деревья проявляется в условиях сосняка брусничного. Следовательно, зимний отдых оказывает негативное влияние на древостой, санитарное состояние этого компонента парковых сообществ на лыжной трассе ухудшается. The object of research is a specially protected natural area Chernyaevsky forest , a forest Park with an area of about 700 hectares, located on the territory of Dzerzhinsky And industrial districts of the city of Perm. The forest Park is located on the territory of the ancient post-glacial valley. The relief is hilly and represented by massifs of mixed pine forest. Within the Park there are ancient sand dunes of Aeolian origin with altitudes of from 3-5 to 13 m. the purpose of the study is to estimate the impact of winter recreation on the stands of pine in the conditions of the forest type of myrtillus and vaccinium. Under the canopy of forest stands in the winter on a permanent route annually laid ski trail length of 5.8 km. the ski trail runs on different elements of the terrain-the foot of the slope, slope, watershed. Stands are represented by pine forests of natural origin, mixed in composition. The age of stands reaches 150 years, the relative completeness of 0.50.8, the class of quality-II-III. According to data from 12 sample plots in the forest type of myrtillus and vaccinium in the evaluation of the status of undergrowth of a structure height and strength. The number of the undergrowth is 1800 ind./ha in the control and ind./ha on the piste. The number of undergrowth from 400 to 1200 individuals/ha. Characteristics of undergrowth depends on forest type, terrain, snow cover and intensity of recreational activity. On control all characteristics of undergrowth and undergrowth exceed the characteristics of these components of the forest on the ski track. Growing conditions on the piste represented by two forest types myrtillus (slopes and foot slopes) and vaccinium (tops of hills). It is established that the index of the state of stands on the ski track is higher than on the control. The share of dead wood on the ski track is higher, the distribution of trunks on the steps of thickness varies the average diameter of the stands on the control is greater than on the ski track. There are also differences in forest types. To the greatest extent, the influence of the ski track on the trees is manifested in the conditions of cowberry pine. Therefore, winter recreation has a negative impact on the forest stand, the sanitary condition of this component of Park communities on the ski track is deteriorating.

scholarly journals Forest Site and Type Variability in ALS-Based Forest Resource Inventory Attribute Predictions over Three Ontario Forest Sites

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin van Ewijk ◽  
Paul Treitz ◽  
Murray Woods ◽  
Trevor Jones ◽  
John Caspersen
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Accuracy ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Stem Density ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Forest Resource ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Resource Inventory ◽  
Forest Resource Inventory ◽  
Forest Attributes ◽  
The Impact

Over the last decade, spatially-explicit modeling of landscape-scale forest attributes for forest inventories has greatly benefitted from airborne laser scanning (ALS) and the area-based approach (ABA) to derive wall-to-wall maps of these forest attributes. Which ALS-derived metrics to include when modeling forest inventory attributes, and how prediction accuracies vary over forest types depends largely on the structural complexity of the forest(s) being studied. Hence, the purpose of this study was to (i) examine the usefulness of adding texture and intensity metrics to height-based ALS metrics for the prediction of several forest resource inventory (FRI) attributes in one boreal and two Great Lakes, St. Lawrence (GLSL) forest region sites in Ontario and (ii) quantify and compare the site and forest type variability within the context of the FRI prediction accuracies. Basal area (BA), quadratic mean diameter-at-breast height (QMD), and stem density (S) were predicted using the ABA and a nonparametric Random Forests (RF) regression model. At the site level, prediction accuracies (i.e., expressed as RMSE (Root Mean Square Error), bias, and R2) improved at the three sites when texture and intensity metrics were included in the predictor set, even though no significant differences (p > 0.05) could be detected using the nonparametric RMANOVA test. Stem density benefitted the most from the inclusion of texture and intensity, particularly in the GLSL sites (% RMSE improved up to 6%). Combining site and forest type results indicated that improvements in site level predictions, due to the addition of texture and intensity metrics to the ALS predictor set, were the result of changes in prediction accuracy in some but not all forest types present at a site and that these changes in prediction accuracy were site and FRI attribute specific. The nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis test indicated that prediction errors between the different forest types were significantly different (p ≤ 0.01). In the boreal site, prediction accuracies for conifer forest types were higher than for deciduous and mixedwoods. Such patterns in prediction accuracy among forest types and FRI attributes could not be observed in the GLSL sites. In the Petawawa Research Forest (PRF), we did detect the impact of silvicultural treatments especially on QMD and S predictions.

scholarly journals Assessment of the impact of the urbanized territory of Yekaterinburg city on the formation of undergrowth in the forest park zone

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 00130
Author(s):  
Olga Tolkach ◽  
Olga Dobrotvorskaya
Keyword(s):  
Natural Forest ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Floristic Similarity ◽  
Adventive Species ◽  
Forest Park ◽  
Urbanized Territory ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Forest Parks ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Impact

The parameters of the undergrowth in the forbs and berry groups of pine forest types in 9 parks in Yekaterinburg and areas of natural forest have been investigated. Data on the species composition, density, and distribution by groups of heights of plants that make up the undergrowth collected. It has been established that the transformation of the undergrowth by an urbanized environment neutralizes the influence of the growing conditions of the considered forest types on it. In the forest-park zone, an increase in the density of the undergrowth is observed in comparison with the natural forest. The specificity of the forest park undergrowth is the floristic contamination with adventive species, the number of which is close to 50% of the total number of undergrowth species. The coefficient of floristic similarity of the undergrowth, according to the Sorensen coefficient between forest parks and a site of natural forest, was 0.26-0.46. In quantitative terms, the self-seeding of adventive species in the undergrowth is less than that of native plants. The invasive activity of ash-leaved maple in city parks and its dynamics over a 10-year period are considered, using the example of one of the parks.

scholarly journals Effect of stand structure on density of pine and spruce wood in myrtillus forest type

10.12737/8434 ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 13-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Данилов ◽  
Dmitriy Danilov ◽  
Смирнов ◽  
A. Smirnov
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Leningrad Region ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
The Impact

Mixed stands of spruce and pine of myrtillus y forest types occupy large areas of the forest fund of the Leningrad region. For the theory and practice of forestry it is important to know the impact of plantations on the density of wood in bunk mixed spruce-pine stands. In mixed stands of pine and spruce disks and cores of wood species were selected from the model tree to determine the basic density by the method of maximum water capacity. The study of basic wood density of pine and spruce in the coniferous bunk stands revealed that its rates are higher for both species in the mixed forest stand than in pure coniferous plantations in the region of the study. With the predominance of pines in the stand composition, its wood density is higher than in stands dominated by spruce. Density of pinewood increases from smaller to larger classes of stand diameters. Variability of wood density by diameter of trunk is higher in spruce than in pine in mixed stands. In stands, after cutting dilutes the density of pinewood is lower than in the plantation, which is not passed with felling. In the bunk spruce-pine the stand, to the age of maturity, larger mass of stem wood of coniferous species is formed than in the pure one-tier stands of pine or spruce. Developed regression equations depending on the density of the wood at a height of 1.3 m to the average density of trunk allow for a more accurate assessment of this parameter in mixed stands than previously published equations for pure stands of myrtillus forest types for the study area.

scholarly journals Comparision of regeneration of scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. in Myrtillosa and Hylocomiosa forest types after shelterwood cuttings

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oto Rums ◽  
◽  
Inga Straupe ◽  
Leonids Zdors ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Height Increment ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Significant Negative Impact ◽  
Shelterwood Cut

The aim of the study is to determine how successful the initial growth of naturally grown and planted pines is after performing the shelterwood cutting. The research includes tree count and height analysis in Myrtillosa and Hylocomiosa forest types with different regeneration methods in 2018. A total of 10 sites were arranged for the research, each site having 4 sample plots. All naturally regenerated and planted pine (2009, 2012 and 2013) heights were measured. Judging by the number of trees after shelterwood cutting, most sites should not be considered regenerated, additional planting or scarification of soil is required which can improve the efficiency of natural regeneration. In all the sites both in Myrtillosa and Hylocomiosa, after shelterwood cutting it was observed that the height of artificially regenerated trees is higher than the height of naturally regenerated trees, indicating the ability of planted pines to produce more rapid height increment in the first years of life, regardless of forest type. The basal area of the stand has a significant negative impact on the increment, and it indicates the need for the subsequent shelterwood cut to be performed. Although Hylocomiosa is a more fertile forest type than Myrtillosa, the height of the planted pine trees in Myrtillosa is higher than in Hylocomiosa, where, after shelterwood cutting, no sufficiently intensive agro-technical tending has been performed.

Differential responses of soil Carbon,Nitrogen and Phosphorus stocks and available pools to conversion from native forest to exotic plant plantation in soils of contrasting origin.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Crovo ◽  
Felipe Aburto ◽  
Maria Albornoz ◽  
Randal Southard
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
C:N:P Stoichiometry ◽  
South Central ◽  
C And N ◽  
The Impact

<p>Land use change is a global issue with tremendous social, economic and environmental implications. Currently, many countries display high rates of deforestation and forest conversion from native forest to industrial tree plantations which have a direct impact on soil C and N stocks. Even though, there is a significant number of studies that highlighted the effects of forest substitution on C sequestration, the impact on ecological stoichiometry and biogeochemical cycling has not been well assessed. The soils considered in this study encompass the main forest soil types found in south central Chile representing a range of soil properties and mineralogy (crystalline to amorphous ash derived soils). To reduce confounding factors due to site history, we exclusively selected pair sampling sites (native versus plantation) that shared a similar land-use history and had close to identical soil and geomorphic conditions in which two independent 625m<sup>2</sup> plots were established at adjacent Native Forests (NF) and Pine Plantations (PL).To determine C:N:P inventories alongside N and P available pools, the plot was divided into four sub-quadrants where bulk soil samples were collected at 6 depth intervals in the central soil pit and in four augers at each quadrant up to a depth of 240 cm. The C and N total pools were significantly different between soil types but not between forest types (p=0.02). The highest average C stock across all soils was found in NF (202.22 ± 82.77 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup>) compared to PL (172.55 ± 87.73 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup>)<sup>. </sup>When comparing each soil type individually, disregarding forest type, the Young Ash soil displayed significantly higher C and N than all the other studied soils. On the contrary, the Recent Ash soil displays changes in the C:N:P stoichiometry<sub>.</sub> Available Phosphorus was significantly different among sites, but not for forest types across sites. Overall, native forest exhibits higher stocks of available NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> and we did not find a significant effect of forest type in NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> stocks. Our result indicates the differential capacity that contrasting soils have to resist this major soil biogeochemical pools alteration.</p>

Assessing the Impact of 41 Years of Forest Management on Native Wildlife Habitat in Minnesota, USA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M Zobel ◽  
Alan R Ek ◽  
Christopher B Edgar
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Wildlife Habitat ◽  
Harvest Scheduling ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Wildlife Species ◽  
Agricultural Regions ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Over the last four decades, forest management goals have transitioned to multiuse objectives, begging the question of their impact on wildlife habitat. Using USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis data and the WHINGS (Wildlife Habitat Indicator for Native Genera and Species) model, the trends in wildlife habitat were quantified from 1977 to 2018 across Minnesota. Statewide, 35.5% of species experienced significant improvement in habitat, 29% significant reductions, and 35.5% nonsignificant change. The extent of habitat (acreage) increased for 100% of species, but the quality declined for 63% of species. Results were explained by the reduction in acreage of larger size classes of the aspen, balsam, and birch forest type and increases in smaller, younger forest area. Specifically, forest management that converted aspen stands to other forest types benefited certain wildlife species over others. Future forest management should consider the balance between the habitat requirements of the diverse native species in Minnesota. Study Implications Trends in forest wildlife habitat over the last four decades across Minnesota highlight that forest management often favors one species at the expense of another. Statewide, wildlife species with preferences for larger, older aspen experienced diminished habitat, whereas habitat for species preferring younger forest types or older nonaspen types increased. Regionally, the forested ecoregions in Minnesota (northeast) generally saw reduced habitat, whereas the prairie/agricultural regions (south and northwest) saw the largest increases. Through this and further applications, forest and wildlife managers can rapidly assess the habitat implications of proposed management, whether for environmental review, forest planning, or harvest scheduling.

Urbanization of fauna on the example of marsh frog (Pelophylax ridibundus)

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 116-123
Author(s):  
A. P. Korzh ◽  
T. V. Zahovalko
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cognitive Modeling ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Migration Routes ◽  
Corrective Effect ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Recently, the number of published works devoted to the processes of synanthropization of fauna, is growing like an avalanche, which indicates the extreme urgency of this theme. In our view, the process of forming devices to coexist with human and the results of his life reflects the general tandency of the modern nature evolution. Urbanization is characteristic for such a specific group of animals like amphibians, the evidence of which are numerous literature data. Many researchers use this group to assess the bioindicative quality of the environment. For this aim a variety of indicators are used: from the cellular level of life of organization up to the species composition of the group in different territories. At the same time, the interpretation of the results is not always comparable for different areas and often have significantly different interpretations by experts. Urban environment, primarily due to the contamination is extremely aggressive to amphibians. As a consequence, the urban populations of amphibians may be a change in the demographic structure, affecting the reproductive ability of the population, the disappearance of the most sensitive species or individuals, resizing animals, the appearance of abnormalities in the development, etc. At the same time play an important amphibians in the ecosystems of cities, and some species in these conditions even feel relatively comfortable. Therefore, it is interesting to understand the mechanisms of self-sustaining populations of amphibians in urban environments. To assess the impact of natural and anthropogenic factors on the development of amphibian populations were used cognitive modeling using the program Vensim PLE. Cognitive map of the model for urban and suburban habitat conditions were the same. The differences concerned the strength of connections between individual factors (migration, fertility, pollution) and their orientation. In general, factors like pollution, parasites, predators had negative impact on the population, reducing its number. The birth rate, food and migration contributed to raising number of individuals. Some of the factors affected on the strength to of each other as well: the majority of the factors affected the structure of the population, had an influence on the fertility. Thanks to it the model reflects the additive effect of complex of factors on the subsequent status of the population. Proposed and analyzed four scenarios differing strength and duration of exposure. In the first scenario, a one-time contamination occurs and not subsequently repeated. The second and third scenario assumes half board contamination, 1 year (2 scenario) and two years (scenario 3). In the fourth scenario, the pollution affected the population of amphibians constantly. In accordance with the results of simulation, much weaker than the natural populations respond to pollution - have them as an intensive population growth and its disappearance at constant pollution is slow. Changes to other parameters of the model showed that this pollution is the decisive factor -only the constant action leads to a lethal outcome for the populations. All other components of the model have a corrective effect on the population dynamics, without changing its underlying trand. In urban areas due to the heavy impact of pollution maintaining the population is only possible thanks to the migration process – the constant replenishment of diminishing micropopulations of natural reserves. This confirms the assumption that the form of existence metapopulations lake frog in the city. In order to maintain the number of amphibians in urban areas at a high level it is necessary to maintain existing migration routes and the creation of new ones. Insular nature of the placement of suitable habitats in urban areas causes the metapopulation structure of the types of urbanists. Therefore, the process of urbanization is much easier for those species whicht are capable of migration in conditions of city. In the initial stages of settling the city micropopulationis formed by selective mortality of the most susceptible individuals to adverse effects. In future, maintaining the categories of individuals is provided mainly due to migration processes metapopulisation form of the species of existence is supported). It should be noted that the changes in the previous levels are always saved in future. In the case of reorganizations of individuals we of morphology can assume the existence of extremely adverse environmental conditions that threaten the extinction of the micropopulations. 

Modernisation of Higher Education – Willful Action or Wishful Thinking? The Case of Bulgaria

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-17
Author(s):  
Elena Blagoeva
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
National Level ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Case Study Methodology ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

The impact of the last global economic crisis (2008) on the European economy put a strain on higher education (HE), yet it also pushed the sector towards intensive reforms and improvements. This paper focuses on the “Strategy for the Development of Higher Education in the Republic of Bulgaria 2014-2020”. With a case study methodology, we explore the strategic endeavours of the Bulgarian government to comply with the European directions and to secure sustainable growth for the HE sector. Our research question is ‘How capable is the Bulgarian HE Strategy to overcome the economic and systemic restraints of Bulgarian higher education?’. Because the development of strategies for HE within the EU is highly contextual, a single qualitative case study was chosen as the research approach. HE institutions are not ivory towers, but subjects to a variety of external and internal forces. Within the EU, this is obviated by the fact that Universities obtain their funds from institutions such as governments, students and their families, donors, as well as EU-level programmes. Therefore, to explore how these pressures interact to affect strategic action on national level, the case method is well suited as it enabled us to study the phenomena thoroughly and deeply. The paper suggests the actions proposed within the Strategy have the potential to overcome the delay, the regional isolation and the negative impact of the economic crisis on the country. Nevertheless, the key elements on which the success or failure of this Strategy hinges are the control mechanisms and the approach to implementation. Shortcomings in these two aspects of strategic actions in HE seem to mark the difference between gaining long-term benefits and merely saving face in front of international institutions.

Has Aid Helped in Pakistan?

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (4II) ◽  
pp. 947-957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahrukh Rafi Khan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Causal Impact ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

This paper has a two-fold objective: first, to examine the terms on which Pakistan receives aid and whether its debt situation is sustainable, and second, to examine the impact of aid and debt on economic growth. It is found that there is little encouraging that can be said about how the terms on which Pakistan has received aid over time have changed, and its current debt situation is not sustainable. Also reported is the analysis done elsewhere which shows that aid has a negative (Granger) causal impact on GDP, and aid has a robust negative impact on economic growth after controlling for supplyside shocks. We provide various reasons for this negative association.

Green Beans Cultivation Using Mice Pets Control to Improve the Quality of Bintaro Fruit Extract

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Ajeng Embri Legawati ◽  
Nur Azizah ◽  
Achmad Ramadhan
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Green Beans ◽  
Fruit Extract ◽  
Bean Plants ◽  
Cultivation Technology ◽  
Environmental Balance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Chemical Pesticides

Green beans cultivation technology using mice pets control has been implemented in the Gluranploso village, Benjeng Gresik. The implementation of the technology performed for 2.5 months from August to October 2017. The purpose of the implementation is aimed to reduce the dependence of farmers on the use of chemical pesticides so that the farmers are aware of the negative impact of chemical pesticides. Assessing the impact of the utilization of Bintaro fruit and fruit extracts to explore ways of making Bintaro as a natural biopesticide to overcome rat attack on green bean plants in the Gluranploso village. Pest control mice can reduce the rate of loss of the crops more effectively and efficiently. Finally, with the use of those natural resources as a biopesticide material can also maintain the environmental balance

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