scholarly journals Assessment of the impact of the urbanized territory of Yekaterinburg city on the formation of undergrowth in the forest park zone

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 00130
Author(s):  
Olga Tolkach ◽  
Olga Dobrotvorskaya

The parameters of the undergrowth in the forbs and berry groups of pine forest types in 9 parks in Yekaterinburg and areas of natural forest have been investigated. Data on the species composition, density, and distribution by groups of heights of plants that make up the undergrowth collected. It has been established that the transformation of the undergrowth by an urbanized environment neutralizes the influence of the growing conditions of the considered forest types on it. In the forest-park zone, an increase in the density of the undergrowth is observed in comparison with the natural forest. The specificity of the forest park undergrowth is the floristic contamination with adventive species, the number of which is close to 50% of the total number of undergrowth species. The coefficient of floristic similarity of the undergrowth, according to the Sorensen coefficient between forest parks and a site of natural forest, was 0.26-0.46. In quantitative terms, the self-seeding of adventive species in the undergrowth is less than that of native plants. The invasive activity of ash-leaved maple in city parks and its dynamics over a 10-year period are considered, using the example of one of the parks.

Author(s):  
А.В. Грязькин ◽  
А.А. Кочкин ◽  
А.Н. Прокофьев ◽  
М.М. Гуталь ◽  
Ч.Т. Чан ◽  
...  

Объект исследования особо охраняемая природная территория Черняевский лес , лесопарк площадью около 700 га, расположенный на территории Дзержинского и Индустриального районов города Перми. Лесопарк расположен на территории древней послеледниковой долины. Рельеф всхолмленный и представлен массивами смешанного соснового леса. В пределах парка имеются древние песчаные дюны и барханы эолового происхождения с высотами от 35 до 13 м. Цель исследования оценить степень воздействия зимнего отдыха населения на древостои сосны в условиях сосняка черничного и сосняка брусничного. Под пологом древостоев в зимний период по постоянному маршруту ежегодно прокладывается лыжная трасса протяженностью 5,8 км. Лыжная трасса пролегает по разным элементам рельефа подножие склона, склон, водораздел. Древостои представлены сосняками естественного происхождения, смешанными по составу. Возраст древостоев достигает 150 лет, относительная полнота 0,50,8, класс бонитета IIIII. По данным с 12-ти пробных площадей в сосняке черничном и сосняке брусничном дана оценка состояния подроста и подлеска, установлены структура по высоте и численность. Численность подроста достигает 1800 экз./га на контроле и экз./га на лыжной трассе. Численность подлеска от 400 до 1200 экз./га. Характеристики подроста и подлеска зависят от типа леса, элементов рельефа, толщины снежного покрова и интенсивности рекреационной нагрузки. На контроле все характеристики подроста и подлеска превышают характеристики указанных компонентов леса на лыжной трассе. Условия произрастания по лыжной трассе представлены двумя типами леса сосняк черничный (склоны и подножия склонов) и сосняк брусничный (вершины холмов). Установлено, что индекс состояния древостоев по лыжной трассе выше, чем на контроле. Доля сухостоя по лыжной трассе выше, распределение стволов по ступеням толщины различается средний диаметр древостоев на контроле больше, чем на лыжной трассе. Различия имеются и по типам леса. В наибольшей степени влияние лыжной трассы на деревья проявляется в условиях сосняка брусничного. Следовательно, зимний отдых оказывает негативное влияние на древостой, санитарное состояние этого компонента парковых сообществ на лыжной трассе ухудшается. The object of research is a specially protected natural area Chernyaevsky forest , a forest Park with an area of about 700 hectares, located on the territory of Dzerzhinsky And industrial districts of the city of Perm. The forest Park is located on the territory of the ancient post-glacial valley. The relief is hilly and represented by massifs of mixed pine forest. Within the Park there are ancient sand dunes of Aeolian origin with altitudes of from 3-5 to 13 m. the purpose of the study is to estimate the impact of winter recreation on the stands of pine in the conditions of the forest type of myrtillus and vaccinium. Under the canopy of forest stands in the winter on a permanent route annually laid ski trail length of 5.8 km. the ski trail runs on different elements of the terrain-the foot of the slope, slope, watershed. Stands are represented by pine forests of natural origin, mixed in composition. The age of stands reaches 150 years, the relative completeness of 0.50.8, the class of quality-II-III. According to data from 12 sample plots in the forest type of myrtillus and vaccinium in the evaluation of the status of undergrowth of a structure height and strength. The number of the undergrowth is 1800 ind./ha in the control and ind./ha on the piste. The number of undergrowth from 400 to 1200 individuals/ha. Characteristics of undergrowth depends on forest type, terrain, snow cover and intensity of recreational activity. On control all characteristics of undergrowth and undergrowth exceed the characteristics of these components of the forest on the ski track. Growing conditions on the piste represented by two forest types myrtillus (slopes and foot slopes) and vaccinium (tops of hills). It is established that the index of the state of stands on the ski track is higher than on the control. The share of dead wood on the ski track is higher, the distribution of trunks on the steps of thickness varies the average diameter of the stands on the control is greater than on the ski track. There are also differences in forest types. To the greatest extent, the influence of the ski track on the trees is manifested in the conditions of cowberry pine. Therefore, winter recreation has a negative impact on the forest stand, the sanitary condition of this component of Park communities on the ski track is deteriorating.


2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Elena A Tishkina ◽  
Artem I Chermnykh

Analysis of forest areas in forest parks of Ekaterinburg was carried out based on GIS database of AWP Lesfond program. A database of distribution of undergrowth species in forest parks was formed and then analyzed with Microsoft Excel. Regularities in the distribution of local and introductory undergrowth species in pine forests of Ekaterinburg were determined. The area of pine forests having undergrowth of twelve aboriginal, two invasive species and ten species in artificial plantings in six forest parks of Ekaterinburg - Kalinovsky, Moskovsky, Yuzhny, Nizhneisetsky, Shuvakishsky and im. Lesovodov Rossii - was determined. Analysis of the data showed that the area covered with prickly wild rose ( Rosa acicularis ) constituted 811.4 hectares of all the undergrowth territory (9848.45 hectares), but its distribution in forest park was extremely heterogeneous. Rosa acicularis occurs in the Nizhneisetskiy forest park more often than in other forest parks (273.1 ha). This species is common in nine types of forest, its ecological and phytocenotic distribution optimum is berry pine forest with 0.6-0.9 stand of trees. Presence of prickly wild rose in undergrowth and condition of its cenopopulations indicate a typical composition of plants in the forest park zone of Ekaterinburg. In the forest parks studied, Rosa acicularis is one of the co-edificators in indigenous forest types, along with Sorbus aucuparia , Rubus idaeus , Prunus padus , Salix caprea , Chamaecytisus ruthenicus , Rosa acicularis . The data given on the calculation of forest areas with prickly wild rose are the basis for inventory of valuable medicinal raw materials and ready-made decorative forms for the introduction of urban landscaping.


Author(s):  
А.П. Смирнов ◽  
А.А. Смирнов ◽  
Б.А. Монгуш

Цель исследования – выявить влияние эффективного плодородия лесных почв на продуктивность чистых по составу ельников и сосняков, а также на ус- пешность последующего естественного лесовозобновления на вырубках. Эффективное плодородие лесных почв по О.Г. Чертову – это отношение мощности гу- мусового горизонта к мощности лесной подстилки (гумусо-подстилочный коэффициент, ГПК). Продуктивность взрослых ельников Ленинградской области имеет высокую прямую корреляционную связь с ГПК (R2 = 0,884). Наивысшая продуктивность ели (бонитеты Iа и Iа,5) характеризуется коэффициентами плодо- родия, равными соответственно 2 и 2,3. Зависимость продуктивности сосняков от ГПК оказалась значительно менее тесной, чем ельников (R2 = 0,464). В сосняках с наивысшей продуктивностью (бонитеты Iа,5-Iб,5) ГПК составляет 1,7–3,5. На вы- рубках давностью 5–15 лет величина ГПК закономерно возрастает по исходным типам леса от бедных к сравнительно богатым местообитаниям. При этом изме- няются густота и состав подроста, как общего, так и подроста хвойных пород. Наибольшая общая густота подроста (20–22 тыс. экз./га), с достаточно большой долей хвойного подроста – 5–6 тыс. экз./га – характерна для почв среднего плодо- родия (ГПК = 1,2), но с некоторым переувлажнением – в типах леса черничники влажные и долгомошники. Наибольшее количество подроста хвойных пород (с преобладанием сосны в составе) – 8–13 тыс. экз./га – присуще бедным и сухим местообитаниям (вересковый и брусничный типы леса). С увеличением эффек- тивного плодородия почв происходит смена подроста сосны на подрост ели, при- чем густота подроста хвойных в целом снижается. Эта густота имеет нелинейную тесную отрицательную связь с ГПК (R2 = 0,916). Густота подроста березы от пло- дородия почвы не зависит (R2 = 0,025), тогда как густота подроста осины имеет с ним высокую положительную связь (R2 = 0,706). Разрастание подлеска с ГПК слабо связано, но в большинстве случаев подлесок снижает густоту подроста хвойных пород и, в частности, подроста сосны. Разрастание трав, особенно зла- ков, характерно для богатых почв, и также оказывает существенное отрицатель- ное влияние на густоту хвойного подроста. Таким образом, почвы, обладающие наибольшим эффективным плодородием, после вырубки материнского древостоя быстро заселяются конкурентами сосны и ели: травами, подлеском и лиственны- ми породами, прежде всего осиной. Следовательно, по исходному типу леса и со- ставу древостоя, определяющим эффективное плодородие почв, при отсутствии хозяйственных мер по содействию естественному возобновлению хвойных пород, можно уверенно прогнозировать успешность естественного последующего лесовосстановления всех лесообразующих пород на вырубках. The purpose of the study is to determine the impact of effective forest soil fertility on productivity of spruce and pine stands of pure the composition, as well as the success of the subsequent natural forest regeneration on the felling. Effective forest soil fertility by O.Chertov is the ratio of thickness the humus horizon and forest litter (humus-litter coefficient, HLC). Spruce productivity Leningrad region has high direct cor- relation with HLC (R2 = 0.884). The highest productivity trees (quality class IA and Ia, 5) is characterized by fertility coefficients, equal respectively 2.3 and 2. Dependence of productivity pine stands from HLC was significantly less close than spruce stands (R2 = 0.464). In stands with the highest productivity (quality class Ia, 5-Ib, 5) HLC is 1.7–3.5. On the felling where prescription 5–15 years the amount of HLC naturally in- creases the original forest types from the poor to the relatively rich habitats. This change the density and composition of forest regeneration, both general and regenera- tion of conifers. The highest overall density of forest regeneration (20–22 thousand copies./ha), with a fairly large portion of pine regeneration is 5–6 thousand copies./ha characteristic soil medium fertility (HLC = 1.2), but with some excessive moisture – polytrichosum and nass myrtillosum. The largest number of young conifers (pine- dominated composition) – 8–13 thousand copies./ha is inherent in the poor and arid habitats (vacciniosum and сladinosum forest types). With the increase of effective soil fertility changes of young pines on young spruce, with undergrowth density conifers declines in general. This density has a close relationship with negative nonlinear HLC (R2 = 0.916). Density undergrowth of birch from the soil fertility is not affected (R2 = 0.025), whereas the density of aspen regrowth has with him a high positive rela- tionship (R2 = 0.706). Growth of underbrush with HLC loosely connected, but in most cases the underbrush reduces density undergrowth of coniferous species and, in partic- ular, young pine. Growth of grasses, especially cereals, characteristically for the rich soil, and also has a significant negative effect on density pine regrowth. Thus, soil, possessing the highest effective fertility, after cutting down maternal stand soon devel- oped by competitors of pine and spruce: herbs, underbrush and deciduous breeds, pri- marily aspen. Consequently, the original forest stand composition and type, determin- ing effective soil fertility, in the absence of management measures on assistance to natural regeneration of coniferous breeds, we can confidently predict the success of a natural follow-up reforestation of all felling.


2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-273
Author(s):  
Katrina Daly Thompson

Through my own narrative about my relationship with my fictive father in Zanzibar and the impact of this relationship on my research, in this autoethnographic essay I explore three themes: fictiveness, fatherhood, and the field. These themes tie together different aspects of the term “patriography,” linking them to ethnography and its subgenre autoethnography. Drawing on the term “patriography” as the science or study of fathers, I use the concept of “the field” to examine the impact of narratives about fathers on not only the field as a site of ethnographic research but also on the field of African cultural studies.


Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 841
Author(s):  
Iveta Desaine ◽  
Annija Kārkliņa ◽  
Roberts Matisons ◽  
Anna Pastare ◽  
Andis Adamovičs ◽  
...  

The increased removal of forest-derived biomass with whole-tree harvesting (WTH) has raised concerns about the long-term productivity and sustainability of forest ecosystems. If true, this effect needs to be factored in the assessment of long-term feasibility to implement such a drastic forest management measure. Therefore, the economic performance of five experimental plantations in three different forest types, where in 1971 simulated WTH event occurred, was compared with pure, planted and conventionally managed (CH) Norway spruce stands of similar age and growing conditions. Potential incomes of CH and WTH stands were based on timber prices for period 2014–2020. However, regarding the economics of root and stump biomass utilization, they were not included in the estimates. In any given price level, the difference of internal rate of return between the forest types and selected managements were from 2.5% to 6.2%. Therefore, Norway spruce stands demonstrate good potential of independence regardless of stump removal at the previous rotation.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 948
Author(s):  
Lei Cui ◽  
Ziti Jiao ◽  
Kaiguang Zhao ◽  
Mei Sun ◽  
Yadong Dong ◽  
...  

Clumping index (CI) is a canopy structural variable important for modeling the terrestrial biosphere, but its retrieval from remote sensing data remains one of the least reliable. The majority of regional or global CI products available so far were generated from multiangle optical reflectance data. However, these reflectance-based estimates have well-known limitations, such as the mere use of a linear relationship between the normalized difference hotspot and darkspot (NDHD) and CI, uncertainties in bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) models used to calculate the NDHD, and coarse spatial resolutions (e.g., hundreds of meters to several kilometers). To remedy these limitations and develop alternative methods for large-scale CI mapping, here we explored the use of spaceborne lidar—the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS)—and proposed a semi-physical algorithm to estimate CI at the footprint level. Our algorithm was formulated to leverage the full vertical canopy profile information of the GLAS full-waveform data; it converted raw waveforms to forest canopy gap distributions and gap fractions of random canopies, which was used to estimate CI based on the radiative transfer theory and a revised Beer–Lambert model. We tested our algorithm over two areas in China—the Saihanba National Forest Park and Heilongjiang Province—and assessed its relative accuracies against field-measured CI and MODIS CI products. We found that reliable estimation of CI was possible only for GLAS waveforms with high signal-to-noise ratios (e.g., >65) and at gentle slopes (e.g., <12°). Our GLAS-based CI estimates for high-quality waveforms compared well to field-based CI (i.e., R2 = 0.72, RMSE = 0.07, and bias = 0.02), but they showed less correlation to MODIS CI (e.g., R2 = 0.26, RMSE = 0.12, and bias = 0.04). The difference highlights the impact of the scale effect in conducting comparisons of products with huge differences resolution. Overall, our analyses represent the first attempt to use spaceborne lidar to retrieve high-resolution forest CI and our algorithm holds promise for mapping CI globally.


Author(s):  
Letizia Mondani ◽  
Giorgio Chiusa ◽  
Paola Battilani

Fusarium proliferatum has been reported as the main causal agent of garlic dry rot during the postharvest stage, but information on this fungus during the crop growth stage is lacking. We focused on the cropping season of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in the field, until its harvest, with the aim of clarifying the role of F. proliferatum in bulb infection as well as the impact of crop growing conditions on pathogen-plant interaction. Studies were conducted in Piacenza (northern Italy) for three seasons from 2016 to 2019. Six garlic farms were sampled. A different field was sampled every year. Soil samples were recovered at sowing time for the counting of fungal colony forming units (CFU). Plant samples were collected at three growth stages, from BBCH 15 (fifth leaf visible) to BBCH 49 (ripening), for which disease severity assessment and fungi isolations were performed. Fusarium was the most frequently isolated genus, of which F. proliferatum and F. oxysporum were the dominant species. F. proliferatum registered the highest incidence in all the farms tested, but F. oxysporum was dominant in the first year of the study. F. oxysporum incidence was correlated with dry weather, whereas F. proliferatum was correlated with rainy weather. In conclusion, our result confirms the association of F. proliferatum with garlic bulbs from the crop’s early growth stages, suggesting potential seed transmission as a source of this fungal pathogen. Further studies should investigate the link between fusaria occurrence in the field and dry rot outbreaks occurring postharvest and during storage of garlic.


Solid Earth ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. J. S. Sonneveld ◽  
M. A. Keyzer ◽  
D. Ndiaye

Abstract. Land degradation has been a persistent problem in Senegal for more than a century and by now has become a serious impediment to long-term development. In this paper, we quantify the impact of land degradation on crop yields using the results of a nationwide land degradation assessment. For this, the study needs to address two issues. First, the land degradation assessment comprises qualitative expert judgements that have to be converted into more objective, quantitative terms. We propose a land degradation index and assess its plausibility. Second, observational data on soils, land use, and rainfall do not provide sufficient information to isolate the impact of land degradation. We, therefore, design a pseudo-experiment that for sites with otherwise similar circumstances compares the yield of a site with and one without land degradation. This pairing exercise is conducted under a gradual refining of the classification of circumstances, until a more or less stable response to land degradation is obtained. In this way, we hope to have controlled sufficiently for confounding variables that will bias the estimation of the impact of land degradation on crop yields. A small number of shared characteristics reveal tendencies of "severe" land degradation levels being associated with declining yields as compared to similar sites with "low" degradation levels. However, as we zoom in at more detail some exceptions come to the fore, in particular in areas without fertilizer application. Yet, our overall conclusion is that yield reduction is associated with higher levels of land degradation, irrespective of whether fertilizer is being applied or not.


2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 4777-4788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Zhao ◽  
Simon R. Poulson ◽  
Daniel Obrist ◽  
Samira Sumaila ◽  
James J. Dynes ◽  
...  

Abstract. Iron oxide minerals play an important role in stabilizing organic carbon (OC) and regulating the biogeochemical cycles of OC on the earth surface. To predict the fate of OC, it is essential to understand the amount, spatial variability, and characteristics of Fe-bound OC in natural soils. In this study, we investigated the concentrations and characteristics of Fe-bound OC in soils collected from 14 forests in the United States and determined the impact of ecogeographical variables and soil physicochemical properties on the association of OC and Fe minerals. On average, Fe-bound OC contributed 37.8 % of total OC (TOC) in forest soils. Atomic ratios of OC : Fe ranged from 0.56 to 17.7, with values of 1–10 for most samples, and the ratios indicate the importance of both sorptive and incorporative interactions. The fraction of Fe-bound OC in TOC (fFe-OC) was not related to the concentration of reactive Fe, which suggests that the importance of association with Fe in OC accumulation was not governed by the concentration of reactive Fe. Concentrations of Fe-bound OC and fFe-OC increased with latitude and reached peak values at a site with a mean annual temperature of 6.6 °C. Attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) analyses revealed that Fe-bound OC was less aliphatic than non-Fe-bound OC. Fe-bound OC also was more enriched in 13C compared to the non-Fe-bound OC, but C ∕ N ratios did not differ substantially. In summary, 13C-enriched OC with less aliphatic carbon and more carboxylic carbon was associated with Fe minerals in the soils, with values of fFe-OC being controlled by both sorptive and incorporative associations between Fe and OC. Overall, this study demonstrates that Fe oxides play an important role in regulating the biogeochemical cycles of C in forest soils and uncovers the governing factors for the spatial variability and characteristics of Fe-bound OC.


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