TOMATO MATURITY IN RELATION TO PRUNING AND CULTURE

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1119g-1119
Author(s):  
Clark W. Nicklow ◽  
Bruce Wenning
Keyword(s):  
First Year ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Cultural Methods ◽  
Black Plastic

Three different cultural methods were utilized in the evaluation of 150 indeterminate tomato hybrids. This study was conducted over a two year period. The hybrids were planted in the field through 1.52 m wide black plastic; (1) 30.5 cm apart in rows, trained upright end pruned to one growing point (1gp); (2) 91.4 cm apart in rows, trained upright end pruned to three growing points (3gp); and (3) 91.4 cm apart in rows end permitted to grow prostrate end unpruned (up). Accumulated total harvest patterns were different: August 5 (early yield) of the first year, the yield of all ripe or turning fruit was 2.43, 0.36 and 0.24 kg/m2 respectively; the yield resulting from pruning to 1gp was 6.75 X the yield of the plants with 3gp. Yields of plants with 1gp were 3.6 X and 2.6 X the yield of plants with 3gp, 20 and 40 days later respectively. The yield of the plants up were the lowest in early maturity but 40 days later surpassed the yield from plants with 1gp by 2.6 kg/m2.

scholarly journals TOMATO MATURITY IN RELATION TO PRUNING AND CULTURE

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1119G-1119
Author(s):  
Clark W. Nicklow ◽  
Bruce Wenning
Keyword(s):  
First Year ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Cultural Methods ◽  
Black Plastic

Three different cultural methods were utilized in the evaluation of 150 indeterminate tomato hybrids. This study was conducted over a two year period. The hybrids were planted in the field through 1.52 m wide black plastic; (1) 30.5 cm apart in rows, trained upright end pruned to one growing point (1gp); (2) 91.4 cm apart in rows, trained upright end pruned to three growing points (3gp); and (3) 91.4 cm apart in rows end permitted to grow prostrate end unpruned (up). Accumulated total harvest patterns were different: August 5 (early yield) of the first year, the yield of all ripe or turning fruit was 2.43, 0.36 and 0.24 kg/m2 respectively; the yield resulting from pruning to 1gp was 6.75 X the yield of the plants with 3gp. Yields of plants with 1gp were 3.6 X and 2.6 X the yield of plants with 3gp, 20 and 40 days later respectively. The yield of the plants up were the lowest in early maturity but 40 days later surpassed the yield from plants with 1gp by 2.6 kg/m2.

scholarly journals Creation of a new breeding material for creeping clover (Trifolium repens L.) hay-pasture type using the hybridization method

2021 ◽  
Vol 901 (1) ◽  
pp. 012046
Author(s):  
A A Ivanova
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Hydrocyanic Acid ◽  
First Year ◽  
Hybridization Method ◽  
Seed Productivity ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Breeding Material ◽  
Reciprocal Crossing ◽  
Trifolium Repens L ◽  
First Year Of Life

Abstract The studies were carried out in the Moscow region in 2019-2021. In order to create a new breeding material for creeping hay-pasture clover, samples of the Lodian type (giganteum variety), characterized by high peduncles and longer leaf petioles, and a low content of hydrocyanic acid (0.3 mg%), were selected as parental forms. Reciprocal crossing was carried out. Hybrids F1 and F2 in the first year of life were assessed by the main economic and biological characteristics: the length of the peduncles, the number of inflorescences on the plant, fodder and seed productivity, early maturity, winter hardiness and other indicators. Based on the assessment results, the best hybrids and individual biotypes were identified.

On the relative growth and development of various breeds and crosses of sheep

1921 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 367-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Hammond
Keyword(s):  
Alimentary Canal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
First Year ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Fodder Crops ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Rates Of Growth

Records of the live and carcase weights of sheep exhibited at the Smithfield Show from 1893 to 1913 have been treated statistically. The results show the average weights, rates of growth, and proportions of the carcase in the different breeds of sheep at 9 months and at 21 months of age (see Tables II and V).On the average of all breeds the rate of growth declines from 4·7 lbs. per week from birth to 9 months of age to 1·7 lbs. per week from 9 to 21 months of age.The carcase percentage increases with age on the average from 61 per cent, at 9 months to 65 per cent, at 21 months and with it the percentage of fat from 5·7 per cent, at 9 months to 64 per cent, at 21 months. On the other hand the proportions of pluck, skin and alimentary canal (“Unaccounted for”) decrease with age.Ratios of early maturity are given for the various breeds and the factors which affect it are discussed.The average weights, rates of growth and proportions of the carcase are given for the different crosses of sheep (see Tables IX and XIII).From a comparison of crossbreds with pure breeds it would appear that crossing leads to increase in live weight and probably more early maturity. There is an indication that the proportions of carcase, fat and pluck are less but the proportions of skin and alimentary canal are greater in crossbreds than in the pure breeds of sheep.There is greater variation in live weight in the Cheviot and Blackface breeds than in the Leicester, Southdown, Hampshire and Suffolk breeds; in the latter breeds variability decreases but in the former breeds it increases with age.Variability in live weight at 9 months old has steadily increased from 1893 to 1913 but at 21 months old there has been little change.Some parts are more variable in their proportion to live weight than are others. Fat and alimentary canal are most variable, skin and pluck slightly less variable, while the proportion of carcase is less variable even than live weight.The variability of the proportions of carcase, pluck and alimentary canal increase while the variability of the proportions of fat and skin decrease with age.Within a breed and among animals of the same age the heaviest sheep generally have the highest carcase and fat percentage and the lowest percentage of pluck, skin and alimentary canal.A high proportion of carcase is correlated with a high proportion of fat and a low proportion of skin and alimentary canal at 9 months old. At 21 months old the same holds true with the exception that the sheep with the highest carcase percentage have not the most fat.The proportion of pluck does not appear to be correlated with any other part of the body except inversely with the live weight.During the period 1893–1913, although individual breeds show differences, the majority have increased in live weight at 9 months old but at 21 months old have remained practically constant in weight.The sheep exhibited in 1840 were very much fatter than those shown in the Carcase Classes of to-day and are probably comparable with those of the present-day Live Classes. Since 1840 Leicesters have shown a great increase and Southdowns a small increase in weight.The carcase percentage of sheep both at 9 and 21 months of age has steadily decreased during the period 1893–1913; this has been attended by an increase in the proportion of pluck, skin and alimentary canal.There is an indication that the influences which affect sheep in their first year of life (store period) affect their ultimate size.The seasonal variation in the weight attained by sheep is dependent on the rainfall; a high rainfall through increased root and fodder crops causing increased live weight.

Assessing the intrinsic resilience of a particularly fast-growing teleost prey species (red cod, Pseudophycis bachus)

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
Jodie Kemp ◽  
Gregory P. Jenkins ◽  
Stephen E. Swearer
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Prey Species ◽  
First Year ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
High Fecundity ◽  
Biomass Harvesting ◽  
Important Prey ◽  
Rapid Growth Rate ◽  
Poor Recruitment ◽  
Water Species

Understanding the life-history parameters that influence productivity is important in assessing the intrinsic resilience of a species to exploitation. The life-history characteristics of red cod, Pseudophycis bachus, were investigated to assess the intrinsic resilience of this important prey species to increased predation pressure by a range of high trophic-level predators. Red cod has a particularly short longevity; in Australian shelf waters it is uncommon to encounter individuals older than 2+ years. There are few shelf-water species that exhibit the rapid rate of growth that was observed where females and males attained ~300-mm total length in the first year. A particularly rapid growth rate, and a reproductive strategy characterised by early maturity and high fecundity, suggests that the species is relatively resilient. However, red cod is short lived, which exposes populations to large shifts in biomass. Harvesting of this species by predators, particularly during years of poor recruitment, may be significant in shaping the dynamics of red cod populations.

scholarly journals AN INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT EXTENSION PROGRAM FOR NURSERY PRODUCERS IN SOUTH CAROLINA

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 1167b-1167
Author(s):  
J.T. Moody ◽  
M.C. Halbrooks
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
First Year ◽  
Pesticide Use ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Aesthetic Quality ◽  
Cultural Methods ◽  
Extension Program

The ornamental horticulture industry in South Carolina has expanded significantly over the last decade. Today, concerns regarding environmental and public health, and stricter regulations of pesticide use, are creating incentives for growers to evaluate alternative methods of pest control. Nursery producers currently use an array of chemicals in an attempt to control pests including insects, weeds, and diseases. Integrated pest management (IPM) provides an opportunity to reduce chemical reliance. The overall objective of this extension program is to collect and collate information relevant to the implementation of an IPM program. The first year, 1989-90, surveys were developed to determine key factors related nursery pest management. Types of data collected included: key pest species; pest-plant relationships; grower action responses to pest problems; types and frequency of pesticide use. The second year, 1990-91, involved implementing IPM strategies such as: cultural methods; use of horticultural oils, soaps, and lower risk pesticides; and spot treatment applications to help maintain pest populations below economically damaging levels. Improvements in pest management included; reduced chemical applications, reduced associated environmental risks, and maintenance of aesthetic quality of plants.

scholarly journals Styrene-lined and Copper-coated Containers Affect Production and Landscape Establishment of Red Maple

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Brass ◽  
Gary J. Keever ◽  
D. Joseph Eakes ◽  
Charles H. Gilliam
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
First Year ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Copper Hydroxide ◽  
Fibrous Root ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Root Regeneration ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Landscape Establishment

Growth response of two red maple cultivars (Acer rubrum L. `October Glory' and `Northwood') to styrene lining or copper hydroxide coating of 23.3-liter black plastic containers was evaluated. After the first growing season, plants were left in their original container, repotted into 51.2-liter nontreated containers, or transplanted into the landscape. Copper hydroxide effectively reduced circling of roots of both cultivars at the medium–container interface during the first year of production, but was less effective during the second growing season. Repotting from copper-treated containers into 51.2-liter containers or transplanting into the landscape resulted in more fibrous root development and enhanced root regeneration outside the original rootball relative to transplanting from nontreated containers. However, when copper hydroxide was applied to styrene lining, root regeneration after transplanting was reduced. Roots of plants grown in styrene-lined containers covered the medium–container interface more thoroughly than those in nonlined containers, but height, trunk diameter, and root regeneration were similar. `October Glory' had a larger trunk diameter, more branching, and better root regeneration than `Northwood'.

scholarly journals Solarization and Chemical Alternatives to Methyl Bromide for Preplant Soil Treatment of Strawberries

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Rieger ◽  
Gerard Krewer ◽  
Pamela Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
First Year ◽  
Metam Sodium ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Clear Plastic ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Black Plastic

Solarization and chemical alternatives to methyl bromide (MeBr) soil fumigation for strawberry (Fragaria {XtimesX}ananassa) were evaluated in a 3-year study in Savannah, Ga. Solarization using clear or black plastic, metam sodium (Sectagon), dazomet (Basamid), 1,3-dichloropropene and chloropicrin (Telone C-35), MeBr, and untreated control treatments were used. Solarization produced maximal soil temperatures of 55 to 60 °C (131 to 140 °F) at the 2.5 cm (1 inch) depth, and 42 to 48 °C (108 to 118 °F) at the 15 cm (6 inch) depth. Clear and black plastic were generally equally effective in heating the soil. A double layer of clear plastic raised soil temperatures 1 to 2 °C (2 to 4 °F) above those under a single layer of clear at the 2.5 cm depth, although this occurred less frequently at the 15 cm depth. MeBr treatment increased yield by 46% and 128% in the first and second years, respectively, compared to the untreated control, but all treatments were similar in yield in year three. Season average fruit size differed among treatments in only the first year, with MeBr resulting in fruit 13% to 25% larger than other treatments. Yield for the metam sodium treatment in the first year was 34% lower than for MeBr, but comparable to MeBr in the other 2 years. Solarization treatment yields were similar to those of MeBr in the first and third years, but could not be analyzed in the second year due to plot damage. Dazomet treatment yields were similar to those of MeBr, metam sodium, and the untreated control in its single year of testing, but logistics of application and high costs may disfavor this treatment. The 1,3-dichloropropene/chloropicrin treatment performed as well as MeBr in its single year of testing. Three treatments-metam sodium, 1,3-dichloropropene/chloropicrin, and solarization with black plastic-offer viable, lower cost alternatives to MeBr.

Effect of Planting Method, Mulch, and Rowcover Combinations on Yield and Fruit Quality of `Earliqueen' Muskmelon

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 475a-475
Author(s):  
David T. Handley ◽  
Sheri I. Koller ◽  
James F. Dill
Keyword(s):  
Total Yield ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Direct Seeding ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Marketable Fruit ◽  
Planting Method

Three techniques to enhance the development and yield of `Earliqueen' muskmelon, including transplanting, plastic mulch, and rowcovers, were applied in all combinations to determine which practice or practices offered the most beneficial effects on early maturity, and total marketable yield. Using transplants (two true leaf stage) as opposed to direct seeding had the greatest effect on increasing early yield. Black plastic mulch also significantly increased early yield. Rowcovers did not provide an overall increase in early yield, although the highest early yield was achieved from the transplant/mulch/rowcover combination. Black plastic mulch had the greatest effect on total marketable yield. Transplanting also significantly increased total yield. A slight increase observed for rowcover treatments was not significant. The combination of transplanting/plastic mulch/rowcover produced the highest marketable yield of any treatment. Direct seeding combined with no mulch produced the lowest yields and the lowest percent of marketable fruit. Under the conditions of a prolonged, cool, cloudy spring, followed by a hot, dry summer, the use of transplants and black plastic mulch provided significant increases in marketable yield of `Earliqueen' muskmelons. Rowcovers did not provide significant yield effects, probably due to low light levels during the early growth period.

Physical, Cultural, and Chemical Alternatives for Integrated Management of Charcoal Rot of Strawberry

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. PDIS-04-20-0917
Author(s):  
Juliana S. Baggio ◽  
Rafaela G. Ruschel ◽  
Joseph W. Noling ◽  
Natalia A. Peres
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Management ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Charcoal Rot ◽  
Residue Removal ◽  
Cultural Methods ◽  
Commercial Farms ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Disease Pressure

Macrophomina phaseolina, the causal agent of charcoal rot in strawberry, induces plant wilting and collapse. The pathogen survives through the production of microsclerotia in the soil and in strawberry debris. However, its management is difficult, and the disease has become an increasing problem for the strawberry industry. Physical, cultural, and chemical alternatives for integrated management of charcoal rot were evaluated in laboratory and field trials during the 2017–18 and 2018–19 strawberry seasons. In a laboratory trial, M. phaseolina microsclerotia were subjected to heat treatment and germination was inhibited at 52, 56, 80, and 95°C after 30, 10, 1, and 0.5 min of exposure, respectively. In infected strawberry crowns, microsclerotial viability was reduced after 5 min, regardless of temperature, whereas in the field, reduction was observed after 1 min. In field trials, charcoal rot incidence of inoculated strawberry plants transplanted into white-striped plastic-mulched beds was reduced to 20.8%, compared with 60.8% for plants grown in the black plastic mulch. On commercial farms, crop residue removal from infested areas reduced the M. phaseolina population in the soil but did not decrease charcoal rot incidence. Moreover, M. phaseolina propagule densities in the soil and in strawberry debris was reduced by fumigant application at crop termination but surviving propagules allowed the population to increase over the summer. Furthermore, preplant fumigation with metam potassium reduced soil population and charcoal rot incidence. Overall, the adoption of integrated approaches such as physical, chemical, and/or cultural methods played a significant role in reducing M. phaseolina inoculum and contributed to control of the disease in areas with high disease pressure.

scholarly journals Weed and Crop Response to Colored Plastic Mulches in Strawberry Production

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1371-1375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark S. Johnson ◽  
Steven A. Fennimore
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Light Transmittance ◽  
Control Factor ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Soil Warming ◽  
Cultural Methods ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Phase Out ◽  
Germination And Growth

The phase out of methyl bromide has forced strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duchesne) growers to consider the use of cultural methods such as colored mulches to enhance weed control. Black plastic mulch controls most weeds; however, black mulch often does not warm the soil as well as clear mulch. Soil warming with clear mulch is desirable for early season markets, but clear mulch does not control weeds. Neither black nor clear mulches combine the ideal weed control and soil warming characteristics required. Seven colored mulches, as well as clear, black and no mulch were evaluated in California organic and conventional strawberries to identify mulch factors associated with weed control and soil warming. Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were also conducted to isolate the effects of light transmittance through mulch on weed germination and growth. The effect of mulch color on transmittance of photosynthetically active light (400 to 700 nm) through mulches was the key weed control factor, and was more important than the effect of mulch color effect on weed germination. Satisfactory weed control was provided by all mulches except clear, blue and red-brown laminated. Clear and black mulches provided the greatest soil warming in sunny and cloudy climatic conditions, respectively, although plants in clear mulched conventional production system plots produced the highest yield of marketable berries. Green and brown plastic mulches provided the best combinations of soil warming and weed control benefits at all trial locations.

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