scholarly journals CHANGES IN NON-ETHYLENE VOLATILE SYNTHESIS DURING PHYSIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF `BISBEE DELICIOUS' APPLES.

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 593e-593
Author(s):  
J.P. Mattheis ◽  
J.K. Fellman ◽  
P.M. Chen ◽  
M.E Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Headspace Sampling ◽  
Ethylene Synthesis ◽  
Ester Synthesis ◽  
Climacteric Fruit ◽  
The Relationship

Synthesis of non-ethylene volatiles (NEV) undergoes significant alterations during the transition from vegetative growth to senescence in apple fruit. This change results in a substantial increase in the production of esters characteristic of ripe apples. The relationship between changes in NEV synthesis and other indicators of physiological and horticultural maturity were investigated using `Bisbee Delicious' apples. Analysis of NEV was conducted using headspace sampling and GC-MS. Aldehydes and alcohols were the largest NEV components from pre-climacteric fruit although several esters were detected. The concentration of all NEV components declined to a minimum prior to the onset of the climacteric rise in ethylene synthesis. Initial detection of 2-methyl butylacetate, the major ester in ripening `Bisbee Delicious' fruit, occurred several weeks prior to the onset of the climacteric. The increase in ester synthesis accelerated during the post-climacteric period and the amount of total aldehydes also increased.

scholarly journals Effect of 1-MCP on Apple Fruit Ripening and Volatile Production

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 536D-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Song ◽  
M.S. Tian ◽  
D.R. Dilley ◽  
R.M. Beaudry
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Quality Criterion ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Climacteric Fruit ◽  
Aroma Production ◽  
Ethylene Action ◽  
Important Quality ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Volatile Production

Aroma production by apple fruit is an important quality criterion and has been found to be a fruit-ripening-related process. 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), an effective ethylene action inhibitor, was used to study the relationship between volatile biosynthesis, ethylene action, and fruit ripening in `Golden Delicious' apple fruit. Pre-climacteric fruit were treated with 1-MCP vapors at a concentration of 500 parts per billion (v/v) at 23°C. 1-MCP prevented the climacteric rise of ethylene production, respiration, and volatile production, while untreated fruits developed typical climacteric changes in ethylene production, respiration and volatile production. Applying ethylene at 15–20 parts per million for 24 hr 11 days after 1-MCP treatment could not overcome the effect of 1-MCP, suggesting that 1-MCP inhibited ethylene action irreversibly. Interestingly, when 1-MCP-treated tissue were fed butanol and butyric acid, they converted these compounds to their corresponding esters butylacetate and butylbutanoate. Thus precursor supply is apparently limiting and appears to be ethylene-dependent.

scholarly journals Noni fruit’s water spot appearance on the second day of harvest: a trade-off between resistance and energy

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian Wu ◽  
Danyan Hu ◽  
Qingfen Wang
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Morinda Citrifolia ◽  
Transcriptome Data ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Kegg Pathways ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Climacteric Fruit ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Background Noni (Morinda citrifolia Linn.) is a tropical tree that bears climacteric fruit. Previous observations and research have shown that the second day (2 d) after harvest is the most important demarcation point when the fruit has the same appearance as the freshly picked fruit (0 d); however, they are beginning to become water spot appearance. We performed a conjoint analysis of metabolome and transcriptome data for noni fruit of 0 d and 2 d to reveal what happened to the fruit at the molecular level. Genes and metabolites were annotated to KEGG pathways and the co-annotated KEGG pathways were used as a statistical analysis. Results We found 25 pathways that were significantly altered at both metabolic and transcriptional levels, including a total of 285 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 11 differential metabolites through an integrative analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics. The energy metabolism and pathways originating from phenylalanine were disturbed the most. The upregulated resistance metabolites and genes implied the increase of resistance and energy consumption in the postharvest noni fruit. Most genes involved in glycolysis were downregulated, further limiting the available energy. This lack of energy led noni fruit to water spot appearance, a prelude to softening. The metabolites and genes related to the resistance and energy interacted and restricted each other to keep noni fruit seemingly hard within two days after harvest, but actually the softening was already unstoppable. Conclusions This study provides a new insight into the relationship between the metabolites and genes of noni fruit, as well as a foundation for further clarification of the post-ripening mechanism in noni fruit.

scholarly journals Effects of Shading on Carbohydrates of Syzygium samarangense

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 1252-1257
Author(s):  
Ying JIAN ◽  
Guolin WU ◽  
Donghui ZHOU ◽  
Zhiqun HU ◽  
Zhenxuan QUAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Digital Object Identifier ◽  
Digital Object ◽  
Carbohydrate Accumulation ◽  
Tropical Fruit ◽  
Total Soluble Sugar ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels

Wax apple (Syzygium samarangense) is an important tropical fruit tree cultivated in Southeast Asian. It produces red pear-like shape fruits. The fruit flesh is considered high in antioxidants, phenolics, and flavonoids that have a potential to contribute to the human healthy diet, and was proved to have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial characteristics. To allow year-round marketing of high quality wax apple fruit, growers always perform shading to inhibit new flushes so as to repress vegetative growth and promote reproductive growth. To investigate the effect of shading on carbohydrates, wax apple trees were shaded with sun shade nets under field conditions. The effects of shading on shoot growth were studied and leaf carbohydrate levels of the trees were determined. The results showed that shading inhibit the the growth of the terminal shoots and promoted bud dormancy. Shading also reduced total soluble sugar, sucrose, glucose, fructose, and starch levels of leaves. The results suggested that shading reduced carbohydrate accumulation and repressed vegetative growth.   ********* In press - Online First. Article has been peer reviewed, accepted for publication and published online without pagination. It will receive pagination when the issue will be ready for publishing as a complete number (Volume 47, Issue 4, 2019). The article is searchable and citable by Digital Object Identifier (DOI). DOI link will become active after the article will be included in the complete issue. *********

Fungal self-parasitism in Saprolegnia megasperma

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (19) ◽  
pp. 2110-2114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Lactalbumin Hydrolysate

The phenomenon of self-parasitism in the aquatic phycomycetes has apparently been overlooked since it was first mentioned in the work of Klebs in 1899. This study documents fungal self-parasitism for the first time in Saprolegnia megasperma Coker (isolate 369A). The 369A isolate was grown for 48 h at 16 °C in shake cultures of a medium containing glucose, lactalbumin hydrolysate, phosphate, and micronutrients. The resulting vegetative growth was then transferred to shake-and-standing flasks at 16 °C and standing flasks at 4 °C containing either a dilute salts solution or double-distilled water to enhance the formation of both sexual and asexual structures. The results in both shake and standing cultures were comparable. When oogonia were produced in the absence of antheridial branches, the oospheres developed into normal oospores. When an antheridial branch was produced, an antheridial cell was never observed and the branch penetrated the oogonium via a pit and destroyed all or some of the oospheres (oospores?). This parasitic antheridial branch could reemerge from an oogonium via a pit and penetrate additional oogonia. The possible implications of self-parasitism for the relationship between S. megasperma and Saprolegnia unispora (Coker and Couch) Seymour are discussed.

The relationship between evapotranspiration and growth in the wheat crop

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 255 ◽  
Author(s):  
RA Fischer ◽  
GD Kohn
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Evapotranspiration Rate ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Delayed Flowering ◽  
The Relationship

In trials conducted in 1961 and 1962 at Wagga in southern New South Wales, to investigate the yield physiology of wheat, the variety Heron was grown under various cultural treatments. This paper deals with the relationship of evapotranspiration to crop growth. Vegetative growth at a given date in the spring was influenced markedly by time of sowing and fertilizer application, and to a lesser extent by sowing rate. Large differences in vegetative growth caused relatively small differences in evapotranspiration rate when soil moisture was adequate. An increase in total dry weight of 100 g/m² in early October was associated with an increase in cumulative evapotranspiration up to that time of about 0.50 in. It was concluded that although a reduced fertilizer application and reduced sowing rate (below 3b lb seed per acre) permitted higher soil moisture levels at flowering, this necessarily involved a considerable reduction in total dry weight at flowering. With delayed time of sowing, the post-flowering moisture status of the crop can be expected to deteriorate, primarily because of delayed flowering date.

scholarly journals Aroma Volatile Production in Preharvest AVG-treated `Golden Delicious' Apple Fruit and the Effect of Poststorage Ethylene Treatment

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 781E-782
Author(s):  
Jun Song ◽  
Fritz Bangerth
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Straight Chain ◽  
Ethylene Treatment ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Aroma Production ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Volatile Production ◽  
Apple Fruits

Changes in the profile of aroma volatiles during ripening and after ethylene treatment in apple fruit have revealed a close relationship exists between ethylene production and the timing and magnitude of volatile synthesis. Therefore, AVG (ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor) was used to study the relationship between volatile biosynthesis and metabolic processes affected by ethylene in apple fruits. AVG-treated fruit were stored either for 1 month at 2C in air or 5 months in ULO condition. During the post-storage ripening, the fruits were exposed to 50 μl·liter–1 of ethylene at least 12 h/day. Aroma production was determined at 20C. Total volatile compound production by AVG-treated fruit was much lower than that of untreated fruit. A significant increase in the production of most aroma volatile after 1 month storage in air was induced by ethylene treatment to AVG-treated fruits. I was noted that branched-chain volatile, such as 2-methylbutylacetate, which originates from branched-chain amino acids, has increased prior to butylacetate and hexylacetate, which are derived from fatty acids. Ethylene treatment was unable to stimulate the production of straight-chain volatile compounds following the 5 months of ULO storage. These results are consistent with observations suggesting apple fruit lose their sensitivity to ethylene after long ULO storage.

scholarly journals Aroma Production in Climacteric Fruit: A Comparison of Tomato, Apple, and Banana

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 846B-846
Author(s):  
Sastry Jayanty ◽  
Mauricio Canoles ◽  
Alejandra Ferenczi ◽  
Jun Song ◽  
Randolph Beaudry*
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Ethylene Synthesis ◽  
Lipoxygenase Pathway ◽  
Climacteric Fruit ◽  
Coa Transferase ◽  
Ester Formation ◽  
Precursor Synthesis ◽  
Aroma Production ◽  
Ethylene Action

Volatile aroma compounds produced by apple, banana, and tomato are produced throughout development, however, those associated with ripening and edible quality are dependent upon ethylene action. In apple and banana, characteristic aroma is, in large part, dependent upon the formation of volatile esters. In tomato, many of the characteristic aromas are dependent upon tissue disruption and result from aldehydes and alcohols following lipid degradation. For apple and banana, the enzyme alcohol acyl-CoA transferase (AAT, EC 2.3.1.84) is the enzyme responsible for the final reaction in the pathway for ester formation and catalyzes the union of an alcohol and the CoA derivative of fatty acids. In both tissues, AAT gene expression was detected prior to the onset of ester production. In apple, AAT expression was found to be closely tied with the onset of autocatalytic ethylene synthesis. In banana, ethylene synthesis peaked and began to decline well before ester synthesis began. However, the expression of AAT increased as ester production increased for both tissues. Tomato fruit, like apple and banana, produced characteristic aromas following the onset of the ethylene climacteric, suggesting changes in the activity of various components of the lipoxygenase pathway. In all three tissue types, there are continuous, significant shifts in the aroma profile as fruit ripen age, suggesting shifts in specific metabolic pathways associated with precursor synthesis or degradation.

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