INFLUENCE OF THE METHOD OF DOPING ON UNIFORMITY AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF LiNbO:Mg CRYSTALS

Представлены результаты сравнительных комплексных исследований методами спектроскопии комбинационного рассеяния света и лазерной коноскопии композиционной однородности и некоторых оптических свойства близких по составу сильно легированных монодоменизированных кристаллов LiNbO: Mg (5,03 мол. % MgO и LiNbO: Mg (4,75 мол. % MgO), с концентрацией магния, близкой к пороговому значению ≈ 5 мол. % MgO, выращенных из шихты, синтезированной с использованием прекурсора NbO : Mg (метод гомогенного легирования), а также выращенных при непосредственном добавлении магния в расплав (метод прямого легирования). Показано, что методом гомогенного легирования с использованием прекурсора NbO : Mg можно получать отличающиеся низким коэрцитивным полем более композиционно однородные сильно легированные монокристаллы LiNbO : Mg, чем методом прямого легирования расплава магнием. При этом более однородное распределение легирующей добавки в кристаллах гомогенного легирования начинает формироваться уже на стадии синтеза прекурсора NbO : Mg и шихты ниобата лития при формировании химически активных комплексов, определяющих преимущественно кислородно-октаэдрическую структуру прекурсора NbO : Mg. The paper considers results for strongly doped turned to a single domain state crystals LiNbO: Mg (5,03 mol % MgO and LiNbO: Mg (4,75 mol % MgO). Magnesium concentration in these crystals is close to each other and to threshold ≈ 5 mol % MgO . Crystals were grown from a charge synthesized using precursor LiNbO: Mg (homogeneous doping method) and from a charge obtained at a direct addition of magnesium to the charge (direct doping method). Complex studies were carried out by Raman spectroscopy and laser conoscopy. Compositional homogeneity and some optical properties of studied crystals are considered. Homogeneous doping with precursor NbO: Mg method allows us to obtain heavily doped LiNbO: Mg single crystals with low coercive field and more compositionally homogeneous than method of direct melt doping with magnesium. In this case, a more uniform distribution of the dopant in homogeneously doped crystals begins to form at the stage of NbO: Mg precursor synthesis during the formation of chemically active complexes that predominantly determine the oxygen-octahedral structure of the NbO: Mg precursor.

Trace Oxygen Affects Osmium Redox Polymer Synthesis for Wired Enzymatic Biosensors

Electrochemical sensors that utilize enzymes are a sensitive, inexpensive means of detecting biologically relevant analytes. These sensors are categorized based on their construction and method of signal transport. Type I sensors consist of a crosslinked enzyme on an electrode surface, and are potentially subject to interference from byproducts and other biological analytes. However, type II sensors help alleviate this problem with the addition of a redox polymer layer that assists in signal transduction, thus minimizing interferences. An osmium-loaded poly(vinylimidazole) polymer (Os-PVI) is commonly used with successful results, and when combined with an enzyme yields a type II sensor. Our initial attempts at the synthesis of this polymer resulted in an unexpected osmium precursor, which had fluorescent and redox properties that did not match with the desired Os-PVI polymer. Careful exclusion of oxygen during the Os complex precursor synthesis was necessary to avoid this unexpected oxygen containing Os-precursor, which had been seen previously in mass spectrometry studies. All precursors and osmium polymers were characterized with 1H NMR, fluorescence, mass spectrometry, and cyclic voltammetry in order to provide a better understanding of these compounds and assist in the building of new sensors.

Allenes in Diels–Alder Cycloadditions

For a long time, allenes—and cumulenic systems in general—played a relatively minor role in Diels–Alder cycloadditions. This situation has changed, since allenes are more readily available and as their unique stereochemical features in [4+2]cycloadditions are more widely recognized. This review presents a comprehensive overview of allenes in Diels–Alder processes using selected examples. Allenes in dienes, dienophiles and cycloadducts are covered, inter- and intramolecular Diels–Alder cycloadditions are discussed, and stereochemical features of the addition process are described. Areas of emerging importance are also covered, including allenic components in dehydro-Diels–Alder processes, and dendralenic allenes in Diels–Alder sequences for the rapid generation of target-relevant molecular complexity. Preparatively useful methods for allenic precursor synthesis are also discussed.1 Introduction2 Allenic Dienes2.1 Vinylallenes2.2 Bisallenes2.3 Cross-conjugated Allenes3 Allenic Dienophiles4 Intramolecular Diels–Alder Cycloadditions5 Allenic Cycloadducts6 Conclusions and Outlook

Combination of Quercetin and Vitamin E Supplementation Promotes Yolk Precursor Synthesis and Follicle Development in Aging Breeder Hens via Liver–Blood–Ovary Signal Axis

The fertility of female animals is negatively correlated with increasing chronological age. In aging broiler breeder hens, there is a decline in the functionality of the ovary and liver accompanied by hormonal or endocrine changes, a reduction in antioxidant capacity, and a decrease in folliculogenesis. Therefore, improving the reproductive function in aging breeder hens using dietary strategies is of great concern to the poultry breeder. This study evaluated the capacity of dietary quercetin (Q), vitamin E (VE), and their combination (Q + VE) to promote follicle development and attenuate organ inflammation by improving the antioxidant capacity of aging breeder hens. In this study, 400 broiler breeder hens (Tianfu broilers breeder hens, 435 days old) were allotted into four groups (100 birds each) with four replicates each (25 birds each). They were fed diets containing Q (0.4 g/kg), VE (0.2 g/kg), Q + VE (0.4 g/kg + 0.2 g/kg), and a basal diet for 10 weeks. The results showed that Q + VE improved the organ characteristics (p < 0.05), and also that Q + VE showed protective effects on the liver against injury, as well as increasing the antioxidant capacity of the liver, serum, and ovary (p < 0.05). Furthermore, liver lipid synthesis was increased remarkably, as indicated by the changes in triglyceride levels in hens fed Q + VE (p < 0.05). Levels of E2, FSH, and LH, their receptors, and mRNAs related to yolk precursor synthesis were increased by the Q + VE (p < 0.05). Therefore, the combination of quercetin and vitamin E synergistically promotes and regulates the transportation and exchange of synthetic substances among the liver–blood–ovary alliances to ensure the synchronous development and functional coordination between the liver and ovary in aging breeder hens.

Optimization of Tabersonine Methoxylation to Increase Vindoline Precursor Synthesis in Yeast Cell Factories

Plant specialized metabolites are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, including the monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) vinblastine and vincristine, which both display anticancer activity. Both compounds can be obtained through the chemical condensation of their precursors vindoline and catharanthine extracted from leaves of the Madagascar periwinkle. However, the extensive use of these molecules in chemotherapy increases precursor demand and results in recurrent shortages, explaining why the development of alternative production approaches, such microbial cell factories, is mandatory. In this context, the precursor-directed biosynthesis of vindoline from tabersonine in yeast-expressing heterologous biosynthetic genes is of particular interest but has not reached high production scales to date. To circumvent production bottlenecks, the metabolic flux was channeled towards the MIA of interest by modulating the copy number of the first two genes of the vindoline biosynthetic pathway, namely tabersonine 16-hydroxylase and tabersonine-16-O-methyltransferase. Increasing gene copies resulted in an optimized methoxylation of tabersonine and overcame the competition for tabersonine access with the third enzyme of the pathway, tabersonine 3-oxygenase, which exhibits a high substrate promiscuity. Through this approach, we successfully created a yeast strain that produces the fourth biosynthetic intermediate of vindoline without accumulation of other intermediates or undesired side-products. This optimization will probably pave the way towards the future development of yeast cell factories to produce vindoline at an industrial scale.

Tagetes erecta as an organic precursor: synthesis of highly fluorescent CQDs for the micromolar tracing of ferric ions in human blood serum

TE-CQDs synthesized via the hydrothermal method for the detection of Fe3+ in HBS.

A simple Hückel model-driven strategy to overcome electronic barriers to retro-Brook silylation relevant to aryne and bisaryne precursor synthesis

Predicting retro-Brook reaction success or failure with simple MM2-Hückel models enables streamlined strategies towards previously inaccessible functionalized aryne and bisaryne precursors.

Multinuclear transition metal-containing polyoxometalates constructed from Nb/W mixed-addendum precursor: synthesis, structures and catalytic performance

Four new transition metal-containing Nb/W Mixed-addendum POMs trimers with the formula of H19[M4(H2O)X(P2W15Nb3O62)3]·m(HCOOH)·nH2O (M = Cu, x = 15, m = 0, n = 21, Cu-POM ; M = Co,...