scholarly journals Geranium and Marigold Response to Fish Waste Compost as a Container Growth Medium and Nitrogen Source

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 485C-485
Author(s):  
Rita L. Hummel ◽  
Shiou Kuo ◽  
Diane Winters ◽  
Eric Jellum
Keyword(s):  
Growth Medium ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Tagetes Patula ◽  
Flower Number ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Fish Waste ◽  
N Source ◽  
Growing Medium

A fish waste/hemlock-fi r sawdust compost (FWC) was evaluated as a container growth medium and N source for the greenhouse production of marigold (Tagetes patula `Queen Sophia') and geranium (Pelargonium xhortorum `Sprinter Scarlet') in 10-cm containers. Treatments were a factorial set of three Douglasfir bark (B)/three FWC mixtures (100% FWC; 50% FWC/50% B; 100% B) and three rates of N fertilizer (0, 300 and 600 ppm N) applied every 2 weeks. After the initial irrigation, plants were drip-irrigated to negate leaching from the containers. Weekly measurements of leachate conductivity, pH, and inorganic N were made on additional replications of the 0-ppm N plants in all growing media. Plant height and width were measured at 2-week intervals and, at the end of the production cycle, flower number, shoot fresh and dry weight, visual quality, and root dry weight were measured. The growing medium by N interaction was significant for all variables. Results indicated that plants receiving 0 ppm N in 100% FWC were larger and of higher quality than plants in 100% B receiving 600 ppm N. In 100% FWC, marigold shoot growth, dry weight, and quality were not influenced by N rate. The observed geranium and marigold growth response indicated that FWC was an effective N source and growing medium when leaching was minimized with drip irrigation.

scholarly journals Fishwaste Compost Medium Improves Growth and Quality of Container-grown Marigolds and Geraniums Without Leaching

2000 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.L. Hummel ◽  
S. Kuo ◽  
D. Winters ◽  
E.J. Jellum
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Tagetes Patula ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Available N ◽  
N Source ◽  
Growing Medium

Abstract Utilization of fish waste for producing fishwaste compost (FWC) as a value-added product is preferred to disposing of it in ocean dumping or landfills. This study determined: (i) the effectiveness of FWC as a container-growth medium and N source for greenhouse production of marigolds (Tagetes patula L. ‘Queen Sophia’) and geraniums (Pelargonium x hortorum L.H. Bailey ‘Sprinter Scarlet’) that were drip-irrigated to prevent leaching; and (ii) if leaching was necessary to sustain plant growth. In a 3 by 3 factorial experiment, plants were grown in 100% FWC, 50% FWC:50% Douglas-fir bark (B), and 100% B at 0, 160, and 320 mg (0, 0.0056, 0.0112 oz) N container−1 applied as NH4NO3 every 2 weeks. Under drip irrigation, FWC in the 100% FWC growing medium supplied a sufficient amount of available N up to 7 weeks after transplanting to produce plant quality, shoot growth index (SGI), and shoot and root dry weights comparable to those treated with 320 mg N container−1. In the 50% FWC: 50% B growing medium fertilization with 320 mg N improved plant growth and quality 7 weeks after transplanting. The concentration of inorganic N (NO3 plus NH4) in the 100% FWC declined to very low levels 7 weeks after transplanting. This indicated that FWC used as the sole component of the growing medium was an effective N source for marigolds and geraniums up to 7 weeks after transplant. Compared with no leach plants, irrigation of 100% FWC marigolds with a weekly leaching fraction of about 0.55 did not affect quality, SGI, and shoot dry weight at the time-of-sale, 7 weeks after transplant. The FWC did not have sufficiently high salt content to require minimum leaching to prevent salt injury to the plants.

scholarly journals Emergence and Shoot Growth of Cosmos and Marigold from Paclobutrazol-treated Seed

2001 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wallace G. Pill ◽  
James A. Gunter
Keyword(s):  
Growth Medium ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Tagetes Patula ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Grade 5 ◽  
Treated Seed ◽  
Emergence Percentage ◽  
And Control

Abstract This study was conducted to determine whether treating seeds of ‘Sensation Mixed’ cosmos (Cosmos bipinnatus Cav.) and ‘Bonanza Gold’ marigold (Tagetes patula L.) with paclobutrazol (PB) could suppress seedling growth. Seeds were soaked in solutions of 0, 500 or 1000 mg PB/liter (ppm PB) for 16 hours at 25C (77F) or they were primed [−0.5 MPa (−5 bars) for 7 days at 20C (68F)] in Grade 5 exfoliated vermiculite moistened with 0, 500 or 1000 ppm PB solltuions. Soaked and primed seeds were dried for 1 day at 19C (65F) and 25% relative humidity. These seeds and control (non-treated) seeds were sown into plug cells containing peat-lite. Increasing PB concentration decreased cosmos shoot height at 32 days after planting (DAP), but decreased emergence percentage, responses that were more pronounced with priming than with soaking. A 1 ppm PB growth medium drench [30 ml/cell(0.2 mg PB/cell)] and, to a greater extent a 10 mg PB/liter (ppm PB) shoot spray [2 ml/shoot (0.02 mg PB/shoot)], both applied at 10 DAP, resulted in greater cosmos shoot height suppression at 32 DAP than treatment of seeds with 1000 ppm PB. Soaking marigold seeds in 1000 ppm PB failed to decrease shoot height below those of plants from non-treated seeds at 32 DAP. However, exposure to 1000 ppm PB during priming of marigold seeds resulted in a similar shoot height suppression (13%) as the growth medium drench, and similar shoot dry weight reduction (21%) as the shoot spray. Suppression of shoot growth by this seed treatment was short-term since by five weeks after transplanting into 15 cm (6 in) pots, only marigold plants that had received the growth medium drench or shoot spray were smaller than those of control plants. Treating marigold seeds with 1000 mg ppm PB used about one-fifth the PB used to drench the growth medium.

scholarly journals Modeling the Effects of Temperature and Photosynthetic Daily Light Integral on Growth and Flowering of Salvia splendens and Tagetes patula

2007 ◽  
Vol 132 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Ann Moccaldi ◽  
Erik S. Runkle
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Tagetes Patula ◽  
Flower Number ◽  
Daily Light Integral ◽  
Salvia Splendens ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Light Integral ◽  
Changing Light

Photosynthetic daily light integral (DLI) and temperature are two environmental factors that profoundly influence plant growth and development. Two common ornamental annual crops, salvia (Salvia splendens F. Sello ex Roem & Schult.) and marigold (Tagetes patula L.), were grown in glass greenhouses under a mean DLI of 5 to 25 mol·m−2·d−1 at temperatures from 14 to 27 °C. Growth (e.g., plant dry weight at flowering) and flowering characteristics (e.g., time to flowering and flower number) were modeled in response to the mean daily temperature and DLI by using multiple regression analysis. The rate of progress to flowering of salvia and marigold was primarily influenced by the mean air temperature. For example, time from seedling transplant to flowering of salvia decreased from 42 days to 24 days as temperature increased from 15 to 25 °C, with a mean DLI of 10 mol·m−2·d−1. Flower number and plant dry weight on the date of first flowering generally decreased with increasing temperature and decreasing DLI in both species. For example, marigold plants grown at 15 °C and a mean DLI of 25 mol·m−2·d−1 were 2.45 times greater in dry weight, had 2.12 more flowers, and had 49% larger flowers at flowering compared with plants grown at 25 °C and a mean DLI of 5 mol·m−2·d−1. The models can be used to predict the impact of changing light and temperature conditions on plant quality and flowering of these two crops.

scholarly journals Growth, Quality, and Economic Value Responses of Bedding Plants to Reduced Water Usage

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 856-864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanjun Guo ◽  
Terri Starman ◽  
Charles Hall
Keyword(s):  
Economic Value ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Flower Number ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
French Quarter ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Bedding Plant ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dry Down

This study analyzed the effects of two ranges of drying down of substrate moisture content (SMC) before re-watering on plant growth and development, postproduction quality, and economic value of bedding plants grown in 1.67-L containers during greenhouse production. The two SMC treatments were wide-range (WR) SMC (WR-SMC) for dry-down from container capacity (CC) of 54% SMC dried down to 20% SMC or narrow-range (NR) SMC (NR-SMC) for dry-down from CC of 54% SMC dried down to 40% SMC. Six bedding plant cultivars were used [Solenostemon scutellarioides ‘French Quarter’ (coleus); Petunia ×hybrida ‘Colorworks Pink Radiance’ (petunia); Lantana camara ‘Lucky Flame’ (lantana); Impatiens ×hybrida ‘Sunpatiens Compact Hot Coral’ (SCC); ‘Sunpatiens Spreading Lavender’ (SSL) (impatiens); and Salvia splendens ‘Red Hot Sally II’ (salvia)]. Shoot dry weight was reduced with WR-SMC on petunia, lantana, impatiens SCC, and salvia at the end of production. With WR-SMC, the petunia and impatiens SCC root ball coverage percentages were greater on the bottom of the container, whereas those of impatiens SSL and salvia were reduced. The WR-SMC increased petunia postproduction quality by increasing the flower number. Lantana and impatiens SCC inflorescence/flower and/or bud number were reduced with WR-SMC. The impatiens SSL flower number was unaffected by SMC treatment. Salvia grown with WR-SMC had increased postproduction quality. WR-SMC reduced postproduction water potential in petunia, lantana, and coleus, suggesting that plants with WR-SMC during production were acclimated to reduced irrigation administered during postproduction. WR-SMC saved labor due to less frequent watering and overhead-associated costs due to reduced bench space, with the exception of coleus and impatiens SSL, which used the same bench space as NR-SMC. Considering production and/or postproduction quality, using WR-SMC during greenhouse production is beneficial as an irrigation method for coleus, petunia, impatiens SSL, and salvia, but not for impatiens SCC or lantana grown in 1.67-L containers.

scholarly journals Low-Value Trees as Alternative Substrates in Greenhouse Production of Three Annual Species

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 152-161
Author(s):  
Anna-Marie Murphy ◽  
Charles H. Gilliam ◽  
Glenn B. Fain ◽  
H. Allen Torbert ◽  
Thomas V. Gallagher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Eastern Redcedar ◽  
Flower Number ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Fuel Prices ◽  
Annual Crops ◽  
Industry Standards ◽  
Air Space ◽  
Unknown Factor ◽  
Substrate Ph

Abstract Peat and perlite have served as industry standards in greenhouse substrates for over 50 years. The continued availability of peat, paralleled with its inert characteristics, as well as its ability to stay generally pathogen-free have all contributed to its success in the horticulture industry. Expanded perlite has long been used as an amendment in container mediums to provide air space to container substrates without adding to bulk density or affecting substrate pH and EC. However, due to increased restrictions on the harvesting of peat, as well as fluctuations in fuel prices necessary for shipping, the future availability of peat is a largely unknown factor in greenhouse production. Additionally, growers consider perlite to be a general nuisance due to the lung and eye irritation problems. Because of these problems, researchers have focused on identifying and evaluating possible alternatives to standard substrates. These studies evaluated three possible substrate alternatives for use in greenhouse production, including fresh sweetgum (SG), hickory (H), and eastern redcedar (RC), in addition to WholeTree (WT) substrate. Three greenhouse annual crops (petunia, impatiens, and vinca) were planted in varying ratios of these species mixed with peat. Plants grown with SG and H as amendments did not perform as well as a traditional peat:perlite mix with respect to flower number, growth indices, and plant dry weight. However, plants grown in RC tended to be equivalent to those grown in a traditional mix. Data showed that greenhouse producers could amend their standard greenhouse substrate with up to 50% eastern redcedar with little to no differences in plant growth.

scholarly journals Responses of Marigold Cultivars to Saline Water Irrigation

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youping Sun ◽  
Genhua Niu ◽  
Christina Perez ◽  
H. Brent Pemberton ◽  
James Altland
Keyword(s):  
Saline Water ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Tagetes Patula ◽  
Flower Number ◽  
Salt Damage ◽  
Yellow Orange ◽  
African Marigold ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Dark Green

Marigolds (Tagetes sp.) are ornamental plants with fine-textured, dark green foliage, and yellow, orange, or bicolored flowers. The relative salt tolerance of eight marigolds [‘Discovery Orange’, ‘Discovery Yellow’, ‘Taishan Gold’, ‘Taishan Orange’, and ‘Taishan Yellow’ african marigold (Tagetes erecta); ‘Hot Pak Gold’, ‘Hot Pak Orange’, and ‘Hot Pak Yellow’ french marigold (Tagetes patula)] was evaluated in a greenhouse experiment. Plants were irrigated weekly with nutrient solution at an electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.2 dS·m−1 (control) or saline solutions at an EC of 3.0 or 6.0 dS·m−1 (EC 3 or EC 6). Marigold plants began to show foliar salt damage (leaf burn and necrosis) at 6 weeks after the initiation of treatment. At harvest (9 weeks after the initiation of treatment), ‘Discovery Orange’, ‘Discovery Yellow’, ‘Taishan Gold’, and ‘Taishan Yellow’ plants exhibited severe foliar salt damage with visual scores less than 2 (on a scale of 0 to 5, with 0 = dead and 5 = excellent with no foliar salt damage) in EC 6. In the same treatment, ‘Hot Pak Gold’ and ‘Taishan Orange’ plants all died and only one of nine ‘Hot Pak Orange’ and ‘Hot Pak Yellow’ plants survived. In EC 3, all cultivars had slight or minimal foliar salt damage with visual scores ≈4 with the exception of Taishan Gold and Taishan Orange plants that showed moderate foliar damage with a visual score of 2.3 and 2.1, respectively. Treatment EC 3 reduced the flower number of ‘Discovery Orange’, ‘Discovery Yellow’, ‘Hot Pak Gold’, and ‘Hot Pak Yellow’ by 52%, 28%, 50%, and 30%, respectively, whereas EC 6 decreased the flower number of ‘Discovery Orange’ and ‘Discovery Yellow’ by 48% and 52%, respectively. In addition, both EC 3 and EC 6 did not reduce total dry weight (DW) of any cultivars, except Hot Pak Yellow and Taishan Yellow. In conclusion, all marigold cultivars are moderately sensitive to salt. ‘Discovery Orange’, ‘Taishan Yellow’, ‘Discovery Yellow’, and ‘Taishan Gold’ were more tolerant than ‘Hot Pak Gold’, ‘Hot Pak Orange’, ‘Hot Pak Yellow’, and ‘Taishan Orange’.

scholarly journals Photosynthetic Daily Light Integral Influences Flowering Time and Crop Characteristics of Cyclamen persicum

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wook Oh ◽  
In Hye Cheon ◽  
Ki Sun Kim ◽  
Erik S. Runkle
Keyword(s):  
Net Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux ◽  
Flower Number ◽  
Cyclamen Persicum ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Daily Light Integral ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Light Integral

This study was carried out to examine the effect of photosynthetic daily light integral (DLI) on the growth and flowering of cyclamen (Cyclamen persicum Mill. ‘Metis Scarlet Red’). Plants with six fully unfolded leaves were grown at 24/16 °C (12 h/12 h) under an 8- or 16-h photoperiod at a photosynthetic photon flux of 50, 100, 150, 200, and 300 μmol·m−2·s−1, which provided seven DLIs: 1.4, 2.9, 4.3, 5.8, 8.6, 11.5, and 17.3 mol·m−2·d−1. Days to first flower decreased from 133 to 75 as DLI increased from 1.4 to 17.3 mol·m−2·d−1, although the acceleration of flowering was less pronounced when the DLI was greater than 5.8 mol·m−2·d−1. Mean leaf and flower number increased from 8.7 to 28.0 and from 0 to 14.7, respectively, as DLI increased from 1.4 to 11.5 mol·m−2·d−1, but there was no further increase under a DLI of 17.3 mol·m−2·d−1. Total dry weight and net photosynthetic rate showed a similar trend as leaf and flower number. We conclude that supplemental lighting can accelerate greenhouse production of potted cyclamen under a low ambient DLI (i.e., less than 12 mol·m−2·d−1).

scholarly journals Growth Suppression and Raised Tissue Cl- Contents in NH4+-fed Marigold, Petunia, and Salvia

1992 ◽  
Vol 117 (5) ◽  
pp. 762-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byoung Ryong Jeong ◽  
Chiwon W. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Petunia Hybrida ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Suppression ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Tagetes Patula ◽  
Sensitive Species ◽  
N Source ◽  
Salvia Splendens

Ageratum houstanianum Mill. (tolerant), Tagetes patula L. (French marigold, very sensitive), Petunia hybrida Vilm. (sensitive), and Salvia splendens F. Sellow et. Roem & Schult. (very sensitive) were grown with NO3-, NH4+NO3-, or NH4+ as the N source to examine whether NH4+-related growth suppression (NH4+-RGS) in the NH, -sensitive species was associated with excessive Cl- absorption from the nutrient solution. Amounts of Cl- applied were 4 or 11 meq·liter-1 (Expt. 1) and 0 or 4 meq·liter-1 (Expt. 2). When fertilized with NH4+ as a sole N source, marigold, petunia, and salvia showed NH4+-RGS symptoms with yield reduction regardless of altered Cl- levels in the nutrient solution, while ageratum showed no such symptoms. When grown with NH4+ solution, these sensitive plants had shoot fresh and dry weight reductions of ≈ 50% compared to those grown with the NH4+ + NO3- solution. Plants fertilized with NH4+ showed more severe NH4+-RGS symptoms when grown in rockwool (RW) than in peat-lite mix (PL). The NH4+-grown plants contained more NH4+ and much more Cl- in the tissue than plants fertilized with NO3- or NH4+ + NO3-, irrespective of the Cl- level in the nutrient solution. However; NH4+-RGS symptoms in marigold, petunia, and salvia appear to be caused by the uptake of NH4+, but not in association with Cl- from the nutrient solution.

scholarly journals Use of Pulp Mill Ash as a Substrate Component for Greenhouse Production of Marigold

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guihong Bi ◽  
Williams B. Evans ◽  
Glenn B. Fain
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Tagetes Patula ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Quality Ratings ◽  
Substrate Ph ◽  
Root Quality

Pulp mill ash was evaluated as a substrate component in the production of greenhouse-grown French marigold (Tagetes patula L. ‘Janie Deep Orange’). Peat-based substrates (75:10:15 by volume blend of peatmoss, vermiculite, and perlite) amended with 0% to 50% (by volume) pulp mill ash were compared with a standard commercially available substrate. With the exception of an unfertilized control, each substrate blend contained 5.93 kg·m−3 14N–6.2P–11.6K (3- to 4-month release) and 0.89 kg·m−3 Micromax. Substrates containing higher volumes of ash had finer particles, less air space, and more waterholding capacity than the commercial substrate. Bulk density increased with increasing ash volume, and substrate containing 50% ash had 120% greater bulk density than the commercial substrate. Substrates containing ash generally had higher pH and electrical conductivity (EC) than the commercial substrate with substrate pH and EC increasing with increasing ash volume. In general, marigold plants grown in peat-based substrates with the addition of 0% to 50% ash had similar growth indices, flower dry weights, numbers of flowers, and SPAD values as plants grown in commercial substrate; however, plants grown in substrates containing 30% to 50% ash had lower shoot dry weights or root quality ratings than plants grown in commercial substrate. Plant growth index, shoot dry weight, and root quality rating decreased with increasing ash volume.

Effect of planting date and density on calendula and peppermint herbs

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-29
Author(s):  
Rahim Mohammadian ◽  
Behnam Tahmasebpour ◽  
Peyvand Samimifar
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Effect ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Mass Reduction ◽  
Flower Number ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Total Maximum

A factorial experiment was conducted with a completely randomized design to evaluate the effects of planting date and density on calendula herbs and peppermint. It had 3 replicates and was done in Khosroshahr research farm, Tabriz in 2006. Under studied factors were: 3 planting dates (10 May, 25 May and 10 June) in 4 densities (25, 35, 45, 55) of the plant in square meters. The results of variance a nalysis showed that there was 1% probability significant difference between the effects of planting date and bush density on the leave number, bush height and the bush dry weight. But the mutual effect of the plant date in mentioned traits density was insignificant. Regarding the traits mean comparison, the total maximum dry weight was about the 55 bush density in mm. Also, the bush high density in mm causes the bush growth and its mass reduction. When there is the density grain, the flower number will increase due to bush grain in surface unit. Overall, we can conclude that 10 June planting and 45 bush density in mm is the most suitable items and results in favored production with high essence for these crops.

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