scholarly journals Flower Bud Initiation in Primocane-fruiting, Tetraploid Blackberry Germplasm

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 595d-595
Author(s):  
Jose Lopez-Medina ◽  
James N. Moore ◽  
Kyung S. Kim ◽  
John R. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Floral Differentiation ◽  
Floral Primordia ◽  
Bud Initiation

Floral initiation (FI) was studied both in greenhouse- and field-grown plants of primocane-fruiting (PF) blackberries recently developed by the Univ. of Arkansas. Root cuttings of A-1836 and APF-13 were dug from the field and planted in a greenhouse on 1 Mar. 1997. NC 194 was included only in the field study. Terminal apices were sampled weekly starting at 0 (just before emergence) nodes of growth on 21 Mar. Floral primordia were first seen at five and six nodes of growth in greenhouse-grown A-1836 and APF-13, respectively, 35-42 days after root cuttings were planted (DAP). Under field conditions, the same event was not observed until 21 May when A-1836 and APF-13 reached at least 20 nodes; NC 194 did not show evidence of floral parts until 10 July. Once FI occurred, floral differentiation proceeded uninterrupted until completion. Blooming occurred 32-35 and 40-45 days after FI in APF-13 and A-1836, respectively; NC 194 bloomed in late August. The first fruits of APF-13 were harvested 120 DAP. These findings demonstrate that PF blackberries form flower buds soon after a short period of vegetative growth. This information should be useful for implementing horticultural practices, such as programming of the harvest date.

scholarly journals Different Summer and Autumn Water Deficit Affect the Floral Differentiation and Flower Bud Growth in Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.)

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 914
Author(s):  
Susanna Bartolini ◽  
Ermes Lo Piccolo ◽  
Damiano Remorini
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Prunus Armeniaca ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Fruit Species ◽  
Floral Differentiation ◽  
Bud Initiation

In deciduous fruit species, floral bud initiation, differentiation and organogenesis take place during the summer–autumn season that precedes anthesis. Among factors able to modify the regularity of these processes, water availability represents a crucial aspect. This investigation aimed to assess the influence of different summer and autumn water deficit and re-watering treatments on floral morphogenesis, xylem vessel differentiation and quality of flower buds. Trials were carried out on two-year-old potted apricot trees (cv. ‘Portici’) which were submitted to different regimes: (i) fully irrigated plants; (ii) stressed plants in June (S1), July (S2) and October (S3) followed to re-watering. Midday stem water potential was used to determine water status, and leaf gas exchanges were measured during trials. Histological analyses on floral differentiation, xylem progression within flower buds and biological observations were carried out. Both summer water stress periods affected the floral differentiation leading to a temporary shutdown. The S1 trees were able to recover the development of meristematic apices while S2 had a strong delay. All drought treatments caused a slower xylem progression, variations in bud size, blooming entity and flower anomalies. Results particularly highlights the importance of water availability also in early autumn.

scholarly journals Flower Bud Initiation in Primocane-fruiting Blackberry Germplasm

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Lopez-Medina ◽  
James N. Moore ◽  
Kyung-S. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Terminal Flower ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Floral Primordia ◽  
Terminal Buds ◽  
Bud Initiation ◽  
Shoot Emergence

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM) were used to study the transition of meristems from vegetative to floral phase in erect primocane-fruiting (PF) blackberries [Rubus (Tourn.) L. subgenus Rubus] developed at the Univ. of Arkansas. Dormant root cuttings of A-1836 and APF-13 blackberries were dug from the field and planted on 28 Dec. 1996 and 1 Mar. 1997 to produce plants for use in a greenhouse study. In a field study, terminal buds of field-grown A-1836, APF-13, NC194, and summer-fruiting `Arapaho' were sampled on 21 Mar 1997 (before shoot emergence from soil), and then weekly from 14 to 28 May 1997. Flower bud primordia were first observed at five and six nodes of growth in greenhouse-grown A-1836 and APF-13 plants, respectively, 35 to 42 days after root cuttings were planted (DAP). Under field conditions, floral primordia were not observed until 21 May when A-1836 and APF-13 had at least 20 nodes of growth; NC194 did not differentiate floral structures until 10 July. The developmental patterns of the vegetative apical meristem in the PF selections, both field- and greenhouse-grown plants, were similar to those of `Arapaho'. Opening of the terminal flower of the inflorescence occurred 32 to 35 days after floral initiation in APF-13, and 8 to 10 days later on A-1836. Field-grown NC194 bloomed in late August. The first fruits of greenhouse-grown APF-13 were harvested 120 DAP. These findings demonstrate that PF blackberries form flower buds after a short period of vegetative growth.

scholarly journals RcAP1, a Homolog of APETALA1, is Associated with Flower Bud Differentiation and Floral Organ Morphogenesis in Rosa chinensis

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 3557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Han ◽  
Aoying Tang ◽  
Jiayao Yu ◽  
Tangren Cheng ◽  
Jia Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Floral Organ ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Floral Organs ◽  
Rosa Chinensis ◽  
Organ Morphogenesis ◽  
Floral Primordia ◽  
Flower Bud Differentiation ◽  
Delayed Flowering

Rosa chinensis is one of the most popular flower plants worldwide. The recurrent flowering trait greatly enhances the ornamental value of roses, and is the result of the constant formation of new flower buds. Flower bud differentiation has always been a major topic of interest among researchers. The APETALA1 (AP1) MADS-box (Mcm1, Agamous, Deficiens and SRF) transcription factor-encoding gene is important for the formation of the floral meristem and floral organs. However, research on the rose AP1 gene has been limited. Thus, we isolated AP1 from Rosa chinensis ‘Old Blush’. An expression analysis revealed that RcAP1 was not expressed before the floral primordia formation stage in flower buds. The overexpression of RcAP1 in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in an early-flowering phenotype. Additionally, the virus-induced down-regulation of RcAP1 expression delayed flowering in ‘Old Blush’. Moreover, RcAP1 was specifically expressed in the sepals of floral organs, while its expression was down-regulated in abnormal sepals and leaf-like organs. These observations suggest that RcAP1 may contribute to rose bud differentiation as well as floral organ morphogenesis, especially the sepals. These results may help for further characterization of the regulatory mechanisms of the recurrent flowering trait in rose.

scholarly journals Hydrogen Cyanamide Stimulates Early Foliation of `Misty' Southern Highbush Blueberry

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 537C-537
Author(s):  
J.G. Williamson ◽  
R.L. Darnell
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Highbush Blueberry ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanamide ◽  
Southern Highbush ◽  
Chilling Treatment

Two-year-old, container-grown `Misty' southern highbush blueberry plants were sprayed to drip with two concentrations of hydrogen cyanamide (HCN) (20.4 g·L–1 and 10.2 g·L–1) after exposure to 0, 150, or 300 hr of continuous chilling at 5.6°C. All plants were sprayed immediately after chilling and placed in a greenhouse for several weeks. The plants were moved outdoors during flowering to increase cross-pollination from nearby `Sharpblue' blueberry plants. HCN sprays killed some of the more advanced flower buds on shoot terminals and on small-diameter wood from the previous spring growth flush. Significantly greater flower bud mortality occurred for the 20.4 g·L–1 HCN sprays than for the 10.2 g·L–1 sprays. Flower buds subjected to 0 hr of chilling were more susceptible to spray burn than flower buds receiving 150 or 300 hr of chilling. Very little flower bud death occurred with the 10.2 g·L–1 HCN rate on plants receiving 300 hr of chilling. Vegetative budbreak was advanced for both HCN treatments compared to controls, regardless of chilling treatment. HCN-treated plants were heavily foliated at full bloom, while non-treated plants had very few to no leaves during bloom. HCN may be useful for stimulating vegetative growth in some southern highbush blueberry cultivars that suffer from poor foliation during flowering and fruit set.

THE EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD, TEMPERATURE, AND LIGHT INTENSITY ON THE GROWTH OF THE LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY (VACCINIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM AIT.)

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 1733-1739 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. V. Hall ◽  
R. A. Ludwig
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Photoperiodic Response ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Bud Formation ◽  
Lowbush Blueberry ◽  
Flower Bud Formation ◽  
Field And Laboratory Conditions

A study of the effect of environmental factors on the growth and development of the lowbush blueberry was carried out using clonally propagated plants. In a preliminary study a definite photoperiodic response was found. Under 8-hour days flower buds were formed and no vegetative growth occurred. Under 16-hour days vegetative growth resulted and no flower bud formation occurred. In a replicated greenhouse experiment, seven clones produced flower buds with 8-, 10-, and 12-hour days, but produced none with 14- or 16-hour days. One clone produced flower buds with 8-, 10,- 12-, and 14-, but none with 16-hour days. Two clones were able to produce flower buds under all five photoperiods. Under 8- and 10- hour photoperiods no vegetative growth occurred. Under 12, 14, and 16 hours progressively more vegetative growth occurred. In an experiment on the interaction of temperature and photoperiod, vegetative growth was significantly greater at 70° F than at 50° F with the differences being accentuated by day length. Flower bud formation occurred with 11- and 13-hour photoperiods regardless of temperature, but was more pronounced at the higher temperatures. At 70° F, 15-hour photoperiod, no flower buds were formed while at 50° F, 15 hours, three clones produced no flower buds and six clones produced an abnormal type of inflorescence. Similar abnormal inflorescences were produced by giving plants 2, 3, or 4 weeks of 8-hour days. Six weeks of 8-hour days was sufficient to initiate normal inflorescences. Shade, provided by two layers of cheesecloth, significantly reduced the number of flower buds compared with full sunlight. The growth of the lowbush blueberry under field and laboratory conditions is discussed in relation to environmental factors.

scholarly journals 444 Forcing Requirements of Seed-propagated Easter Lilies

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 470C-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil O. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Stem Height ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Hybrid Treatment ◽  
Easter Lily ◽  
Bud Initiation

Seed-propagated lilies have the potential to revolutionize Easter lily production, eliminating clonal disease transmission, costly production and shipping. Five F1 interspecific hybrids, Lilium × formolongo (L. longiflorum × L. formosanum), were evaluated to establish an initial forcing schedule. The hybrids included `Raizan Herald', `Augusta F1', `Raizan No. 1', `Raizan No. 2', and `Raizan No. 3'. Two hundred seeds/hybrid were sown in early July in plug trays. Ten weeks after sowing, seedlings were transplanted into 3-inch pots. At the 20-week stage, the seedlings were repotted into 6-inch standard pots for the final production phase. All hybrids had low germination rates (<20%). Hybrids were grown under two photoperiod treatments (short, long days) at 21 °C with n = 10 reps/hybrid/treatment. Plants were evaluated for no. days to visible bud, leaf unfolding rate, final plant height, leaf number, bud count, flowering dates, and the no. of shoots/bulb. Ten weeks after sowing, hybrids had one to four leaves/plant. At 20 weeks, the leaf number had increased to as many as 40. Despite the lack of a cold treatment, most hybrids initiated flower buds. Visible bud date occurred as early as 20 weeks after sowing. Photoperiod had no effect on leaf number, stem height, and flower bud initiation. Plant height exceeded 15 inches by week 16 in most hybrids, indicating the need for plant growth regulator applications. The next steps in product development for seed-propagated Easter lilies will be outlined.

scholarly journals 198 Possible Involvement of Polyamines in Floral Stimulus in Springbearing Strawberries

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 425B-425
Author(s):  
X. Zhang ◽  
F.M. Woods ◽  
R.C. Ebel ◽  
D.G. Himelrick ◽  
N.K. Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Green Fruit ◽  
Free Amine ◽  
Free Polyamines ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Stimulation Of

A prevailing hypothesis indicates that a decrease in vegetative growth and cessation in floral initiation in strawberry in response to changes in photoperiod and temperature may correlate with hormonally induced changes. We investigated changes in endogenous free polyamines in crowns, flowers, leaves, and fruit of springbearing strawberries (Fragaria xananassa cvs. Chandler and Earliglow) in response to varying temperatures to induce flowering. Spermidine was the prominent free amine in crowns. No marked changes of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine were observed in crowns during the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth in either cultivar. In contrast, high levels of free polyamines were noted in young developing tissues such as the most recently initiated leaves, flower buds, and green fruit. When the putrescine synthesis inhibitor difluoromethylonithine (DFMO, 1 mm) was exogenously applied, levels of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine were altered in crown tissues in greenhouse experiments. These findings indicate that free polyamines may potentially be associated with the stimulation of new growth in springbearing strawberries under the present experimental conditions evaluated.

scholarly journals Regulating Vegetative Growth and Flowering with Gibberellic Acid in Intact Plants and Cultured Phylloclades of `Crimson Giant' Easter Cactus

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas H. Boyle ◽  
Michael Marcotrigiano ◽  
Suzanne M. Hamlin
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Application Time ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Intact Plants ◽  
Floral Primordia ◽  
Delayed Flowering ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Floral Bud

Investigations were performed to determine the influence of gibberellic acid (GA3) on intact plants and cultured phylloclades of `Crimson Giant' Easter cactus [Rhipsalidopsis gaertneri (Regel) Moran]. Responses of intact plants depended on GA3 concentration, number of spray applications, and application time. Single GA3 applications delayed flowering and reduced the percentage of apical phylloclades flowering and number of flower buds per plant when applied before floral primordia formation [from 20 days before to the start of long days (LDs)], but hastened flowering and did not affect the percentage of apical phylloclades flowering or number of flower buds per plant when applied during floral bud development (20 days after the start of LDs). When sprays were applied at or before the start of LDs, increasing the GA, concentration resulted in fewer plants flowering, longer flowering delays, and further decreases in the number of flower buds per plant. Multiple GA3 applications were more inhibitory to flowering than single applications. Whole plants and cultured phylloclades exhibited similar reactions to GA3, but cultured phylloclades were more responsive to GA3 than intact plants. Intact plants and cultured phylloclades generally produced more new phylloclades as GA3 concentration increased. Spine growth also increased when phylloclades were cultured in a GA3-containing medium. Flowering was accelerated by ≈55 days when GA, was applied to intact plants with 1- to 2-mm-long flower buds. GA, may be horticulturally useful for Easter cactus crop scheduling.

scholarly journals Durian Floral Differentiation and Flowering Habit

2004 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chitose Honsho ◽  
Keizo Yonemori ◽  
Akira Sugiura ◽  
Songpol Somsri ◽  
Suranant Subhadrabandhu
Keyword(s):  
Floral Organ ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Floral Organ Development ◽  
Durio Zibethinus ◽  
Mature Flower ◽  
Floral Differentiation ◽  
Horticultural Research ◽  
Flowering Process

Flower bud differentiation and the flowering habit of durian (Durio zibethinus Murray) `Mon Thong' from budbreak to anthesis were investigated at the Chantaburi Horticultural Research Center in Thailand. Clusters of flower buds appeared at the end of November on primary or secondary scaffold branches near where a flower cluster occurred the previous year. Anatomical observations revealed that the development of floral organs was acropetal; the five fused epicalyx forming a large, elongated envelope enclosing the sepals, petals, stamen and fused multi-carpellate pistil. Floral organ development was completed in early January. The mature flower bud more than doubled in size one day before anthesis, with anthesis starting around 1600 hr and ending ≈1900 hr. The anthers did not dehisce until the completion of flowering. This change induced heterostyly in this cultivar, which promoted out-crossing by reducing the possibility of self-pollination. Aromatic nectar that attracted insects to the flower was secreted during anthesis. This is the first report to have clarified the overall flowering process in durian and provides the basic information for elucidating reproductive biology of durian in future research.

scholarly journals Low Night Temperature Increases Ovary Size in Sweet Pepper Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 396-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicacio Cruz-Huerta ◽  
Jeffrey G. Williamson ◽  
Rebecca L. Darnell
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Bud Initiation ◽  
Cool Night

Cool night temperatures have been reported to induce ovary swelling and consequent fruit deformation in bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), resulting in unmarketable fruit. This response is a serious limitation to the success of winter production systems for bell pepper. Limited work has been done with other types of sweet pepper, so it is unknown how universal this response is. Furthermore, most prior work has examined effects on ovary diameter only, and there is limited characterization of other ovary traits in response to cool night temperature. The objectives of the present study were to determine the effects of low night temperature on ovary characteristics in different sweet pepper cultivars and to determine the parts of the ovary that are most affected by these factors. Three types of sweet pepper (bell, long-fruited, and cherry) were exposed to 22/20 or 22/12 °C day:night temperatures and flowers at anthesis were continuously harvested throughout the experiments. Ovary fresh weight (FW), diameter, and length across all types (and cultivars within type) were greater under 22/12 °C compared with 22/20 °C. The increase in ovary FW was the result of increases in both ovary wall and placenta FW. In general, all cultivars exhibited increases in ovary size under 12 °C compared with 20 °C night temperature. Differences in ovary FW resulting from night temperature became more pronounced with time. These results indicate that low night temperature effects on ovary swelling may be a universal response among sweet pepper types. Three to 4 weeks are required for maximum swelling response, suggesting that flower buds must be exposed to low night temperatures within the first week after flower bud initiation, because previous work found that flower bud initiation in bell pepper takes ≈4 weeks. However, the duration of low night temperatures necessary for this response remains unknown.

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