scholarly journals Different Summer and Autumn Water Deficit Affect the Floral Differentiation and Flower Bud Growth in Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.)

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 914
Author(s):  
Susanna Bartolini ◽  
Ermes Lo Piccolo ◽  
Damiano Remorini
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Prunus Armeniaca ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Fruit Species ◽  
Floral Differentiation ◽  
Bud Initiation

In deciduous fruit species, floral bud initiation, differentiation and organogenesis take place during the summer–autumn season that precedes anthesis. Among factors able to modify the regularity of these processes, water availability represents a crucial aspect. This investigation aimed to assess the influence of different summer and autumn water deficit and re-watering treatments on floral morphogenesis, xylem vessel differentiation and quality of flower buds. Trials were carried out on two-year-old potted apricot trees (cv. ‘Portici’) which were submitted to different regimes: (i) fully irrigated plants; (ii) stressed plants in June (S1), July (S2) and October (S3) followed to re-watering. Midday stem water potential was used to determine water status, and leaf gas exchanges were measured during trials. Histological analyses on floral differentiation, xylem progression within flower buds and biological observations were carried out. Both summer water stress periods affected the floral differentiation leading to a temporary shutdown. The S1 trees were able to recover the development of meristematic apices while S2 had a strong delay. All drought treatments caused a slower xylem progression, variations in bud size, blooming entity and flower anomalies. Results particularly highlights the importance of water availability also in early autumn.

scholarly journals UTILIZATION OF POSTHARVEST GIBBERELLIC ACID SPRAYS TO REDUCE HAND THINNING IN `PATTERSON' APRICOT

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1167a-1167
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Southwick ◽  
James T. Yeager
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Prunus Armeniaca ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Fruit Species ◽  
Bud Initiation ◽  
Whole Tree

Heavy fruit set of apricot (Prunus armeniaca) cultivars grown in California often require hand thinning to insure that adequate fruit size is obtained. Alternatives to costly hand thinning would be welcome. GA treatments made during flower bud initiation/differentiation have been previously shown to inhibit the development of floral and vegetative buds in a number of different tree fruit species. The effects of post-harvest limb and whole tree aqueous gibberellic acid (GA) sprays on flower and fruit production were investigated over a 3 year period in `Patterson' apricot. Limb treatments indicated the potential for utilizing postharvest GA sprays to reduce the number of flowers produced in the following season. Harvest fruit size (June 1989) was increased by a 100 mg·liter-1 GA whole tree spray applied 7 July 1988 when compared to non-thinned and hand thinned trees. Yield per tree was reduced by that GA spray, but not enough to show statistical differences. No abnormal tree growth responses have been observed in GA-sprayed trees to date. These results and those from the 1989 and 1990 growing seasons will be presented in effort to identify a role for whole tree postharvest GA sprays in a chemical thinning program suitable for commercial apricots.

scholarly journals Flower Bud Initiation in Primocane-fruiting, Tetraploid Blackberry Germplasm

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 595d-595
Author(s):  
Jose Lopez-Medina ◽  
James N. Moore ◽  
Kyung S. Kim ◽  
John R. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Floral Differentiation ◽  
Floral Primordia ◽  
Bud Initiation

Floral initiation (FI) was studied both in greenhouse- and field-grown plants of primocane-fruiting (PF) blackberries recently developed by the Univ. of Arkansas. Root cuttings of A-1836 and APF-13 were dug from the field and planted in a greenhouse on 1 Mar. 1997. NC 194 was included only in the field study. Terminal apices were sampled weekly starting at 0 (just before emergence) nodes of growth on 21 Mar. Floral primordia were first seen at five and six nodes of growth in greenhouse-grown A-1836 and APF-13, respectively, 35-42 days after root cuttings were planted (DAP). Under field conditions, the same event was not observed until 21 May when A-1836 and APF-13 reached at least 20 nodes; NC 194 did not show evidence of floral parts until 10 July. Once FI occurred, floral differentiation proceeded uninterrupted until completion. Blooming occurred 32-35 and 40-45 days after FI in APF-13 and A-1836, respectively; NC 194 bloomed in late August. The first fruits of APF-13 were harvested 120 DAP. These findings demonstrate that PF blackberries form flower buds soon after a short period of vegetative growth. This information should be useful for implementing horticultural practices, such as programming of the harvest date.

scholarly journals Vine water deficit : among the 3 applications of pressure chamber, stem water potential is the most sensitive indicator

OENO One ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 169
Author(s):  
Xavier Choné ◽  
Olivier Trégoat ◽  
Cornelis Van Leeuwen ◽  
Denis Dubourdieu
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Pressure Chamber ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Sensitive Indicator ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
Stem Water

<p style="text-align: justify;">Vine water status is an important factor in grape quality. High tannin and anthocyanin content in red grape berries are related to moderate vine water deficits. Hence, a simple and sensitive indicator is required to determine vine water status and especially water constraint. Pressure chamber allows a quick and easy to practice determination of water status in the vineyard. Three applications of pressure chamber are known: predawn leaf water potential (ΨB), leaf water potential (ΨF) and stem water potential (ΨT). Only ΨB and ΨF are widely used on vines. In this survey ΨB, ΨF, ΨT and transpiration flow were measured on mature leaves to determine non-irrigated vine water status in field grown vines during the growing season. In California as well as in France, stem Ψ was the most discriminating indicator for both moderate and severe water deficits. In every plot surveyed ΨT was much better correlated to leaf transpiration than ΨF. Moreover, ΨT revealed nascent water deficit earlier than ΨB did. Among the three application of pressure chamber, ΨT was the only one to indicate short term water deficit after a rainfall. Hence, ΨT appears to be a useful indicator for grapevine management in both non-irrigated and irrigated vineyards.</p>

The effect of summer shading on flower bud morphogenesis in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.)

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanna Bartolini ◽  
Raffaella Viti ◽  
Lucia Andreini
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Prunus Armeniaca ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Regular Growth ◽  
Xylem Differentiation ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Primary Xylem ◽  
Floral Differentiation ◽  
Prunus Armeniaca L ◽  
Bud Growth

AbstractThe aim of this investigation was to assess whether imposed summer shading treatments in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) can affect the main phenological phases related to the floral morphogenesis (floral differentiation, xylogenesis), flower bud growth and quality in terms of bud capacity to set fruit. Experimental trials were carried out on fully-grown trees of ‘San Castrese’ and ‘Stark Early Orange’ cultivars characterized by different biological and agronomical traits to which shadings were imposed in July and August. Histological analysis was carried out from summer onwards in order to determine the evolution of floral bud differentiation, and the acropetal progression of primary xylem differentiation along the flower bud axis. Periodical recordings to evaluate the bud drop, blooming time, flowering and fruit set rates were performed also. These shade treatments determined a temporary shutdown of floral differentiation, slowed xylem progression up to the resumption of flower bud growth and a reduced entity of flowering and fruit set. These events were particularly marked in ‘San Castrese’ cultivar, which is well known for its adaptability to different climatic conditions. These findings suggest that adequate light penetration within the canopy during the summer season could be the determining factor when defining the qualitative traits of flower buds and their regular growth, and ultimately to obtain good and constant crops.

scholarly journals Soybean Plant Metabolism under Water Deficit and Xenobiotic and Antioxidant Agent Application

Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 266
Author(s):  
Julia Renata Schneider ◽  
Mariele Müller ◽  
Vilson Antonio Klein ◽  
Luciana Grazziotin Rossato-Grando ◽  
Rômulo Pillon Barcelos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Antioxidant Agent ◽  
Soybean Plants

The aim was to evaluate the interactive effects on biochemistry and physiology of soybean plants exposed to simultaneous xenobiotic and water deficit stresses, and the possible attenuation of plant damage by an antioxidant agent. Soybean plants were submitted to eight different soil water potentials, in two experiments (first experiment: −0.96, −0.38, −0.07, −0.02 MPa, and second experiment: −3.09, −1.38, −0.69, −0.14 MPa), xenobiotic, and antioxidant agent applications. Was observed a reduction in water status, gas exchange, photosynthetic pigments, photosystem II quantum yield, and increased leaf temperature in plants under low water availability. Water deficit also induced oxidative stress by the increased production of reactive oxygen species, cellular and molecular damage, and induction of the antioxidant defense metabolism, reduction of gas exchange, water status, and photosynthetic efficiency. The xenobiotic application also caused changes, with deleterious effects more pronounced in low soil water availability, mainly the reactive oxygen species production, consequently the antioxidant activity, and the oxidative damages. This indicates different responses to the combination of stresses. Antioxidant enzyme activity was reduced by the application of the antioxidant agent. Principal Component Analysis showed a relation with the antioxidant agent and reactive oxygen species, which is probably due to signaling function, and with defense antioxidant system, mainly glutathione, represented by thiols.

scholarly journals 444 Forcing Requirements of Seed-propagated Easter Lilies

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 470C-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil O. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Stem Height ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Hybrid Treatment ◽  
Easter Lily ◽  
Bud Initiation

Seed-propagated lilies have the potential to revolutionize Easter lily production, eliminating clonal disease transmission, costly production and shipping. Five F1 interspecific hybrids, Lilium × formolongo (L. longiflorum × L. formosanum), were evaluated to establish an initial forcing schedule. The hybrids included `Raizan Herald', `Augusta F1', `Raizan No. 1', `Raizan No. 2', and `Raizan No. 3'. Two hundred seeds/hybrid were sown in early July in plug trays. Ten weeks after sowing, seedlings were transplanted into 3-inch pots. At the 20-week stage, the seedlings were repotted into 6-inch standard pots for the final production phase. All hybrids had low germination rates (<20%). Hybrids were grown under two photoperiod treatments (short, long days) at 21 °C with n = 10 reps/hybrid/treatment. Plants were evaluated for no. days to visible bud, leaf unfolding rate, final plant height, leaf number, bud count, flowering dates, and the no. of shoots/bulb. Ten weeks after sowing, hybrids had one to four leaves/plant. At 20 weeks, the leaf number had increased to as many as 40. Despite the lack of a cold treatment, most hybrids initiated flower buds. Visible bud date occurred as early as 20 weeks after sowing. Photoperiod had no effect on leaf number, stem height, and flower bud initiation. Plant height exceeded 15 inches by week 16 in most hybrids, indicating the need for plant growth regulator applications. The next steps in product development for seed-propagated Easter lilies will be outlined.

scholarly journals Grasses suppress shoot-borne roots to conserve water during drought

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (31) ◽  
pp. 8861-8866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Sebastian ◽  
Muh-Ching Yee ◽  
Willian Goudinho Viana ◽  
Rubén Rellán-Álvarez ◽  
Max Feldman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Poaceae Family ◽  
Crown Roots

Many important crops are members of the Poaceae family, which develop root systems characterized by a high degree of root initiation from the belowground basal nodes of the shoot, termed the crown. Although this postembryonic shoot-borne root system represents the major conduit for water uptake, little is known about the effect of water availability on its development. Here we demonstrate that in the model C4 grass Setaria viridis, the crown locally senses water availability and suppresses postemergence crown root growth under a water deficit. This response was observed in field and growth room environments and in all grass species tested. Luminescence-based imaging of root systems grown in soil-like media revealed a shift in root growth from crown-derived to primary root-derived branches, suggesting that primary root-dominated architecture can be induced in S. viridis under certain stress conditions. Crown roots of Zea mays and Setaria italica, domesticated relatives of teosinte and S. viridis, respectively, show reduced sensitivity to water deficit, suggesting that this response might have been influenced by human selection. Enhanced water status of maize mutants lacking crown roots suggests that under a water deficit, stronger suppression of crown roots actually may benefit crop productivity.

scholarly journals Timing and Severity of Postharvest Water Stress Affect Following-year Productivity and Fruit Quality of Field-grown `Snow Queen' Nectarine

2005 ◽  
Vol 130 (6) ◽  
pp. 806-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Naor ◽  
R. Stern ◽  
M. Peres ◽  
Y. Greenblat ◽  
Y. Gal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Stem Water ◽  
Deep Suture ◽  
Flower Bud Development

The effects of the timing and severity of postharvest water stress on the productivity and fruit quality of field-grown nectarine [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Snow Queen] were studied for two consecutive years. Three levels of postharvest water status (midday stem water potentials of -1.2, -2.0, and -2.8 MPa) were examined. They were designated as High, Med, and Low, respectively. In the second year two additional treatments were examined in which Low and Med water status were interchanged on 1 Sept. 2002, and these treatments were designated as Low/Med and Med/Low. The percentages of double fruits and of those having a deep suture increased with decreasing postharvest midday stem water potential during the previous year, and most of these defects were stimulated by water deficits that occurred prior to 1 Sept. Postharvest water stress led to decreased crop yield in the subsequent year because there were fewer fruits per tree. Flower buds with double pistils were first noticed in mid-September, and by mid-November the ranking of double pistils in the various treatments were similar to the ranking of double fruits measured a month after bloom in the subsequent season. Postharvest water stress delayed flower bud development. The percentage of double fruits increased from 10% in 2002 to 40% in 2003 and the higher percentage in 2003 was associated with higher air temperatures during the reproductive bud development stage in 2002 than in 2001. Our data and others suggest that high temperatures create a potential for the occurrence of double fruits, but that the fulfillment of that potential is highly dependent on postharvest tree water status. The occurrence of double and deep suture fruits were highly correlated with midday stem water potential in August of the previous year, i.e., during the initial stages of flower bud development. The occurrence of double fruits was observed to increase sharply as the midday stem water potentials fell below -2.0 MPa, which suggests that a midday stem water potential of -2.0 MPa could serve as a threshold for postharvest irrigation scheduling.

scholarly journals Durian Floral Differentiation and Flowering Habit

2004 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chitose Honsho ◽  
Keizo Yonemori ◽  
Akira Sugiura ◽  
Songpol Somsri ◽  
Suranant Subhadrabandhu
Keyword(s):  
Floral Organ ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Floral Organ Development ◽  
Durio Zibethinus ◽  
Mature Flower ◽  
Floral Differentiation ◽  
Horticultural Research ◽  
Flowering Process

Flower bud differentiation and the flowering habit of durian (Durio zibethinus Murray) `Mon Thong' from budbreak to anthesis were investigated at the Chantaburi Horticultural Research Center in Thailand. Clusters of flower buds appeared at the end of November on primary or secondary scaffold branches near where a flower cluster occurred the previous year. Anatomical observations revealed that the development of floral organs was acropetal; the five fused epicalyx forming a large, elongated envelope enclosing the sepals, petals, stamen and fused multi-carpellate pistil. Floral organ development was completed in early January. The mature flower bud more than doubled in size one day before anthesis, with anthesis starting around 1600 hr and ending ≈1900 hr. The anthers did not dehisce until the completion of flowering. This change induced heterostyly in this cultivar, which promoted out-crossing by reducing the possibility of self-pollination. Aromatic nectar that attracted insects to the flower was secreted during anthesis. This is the first report to have clarified the overall flowering process in durian and provides the basic information for elucidating reproductive biology of durian in future research.

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