scholarly journals 129 High Nitrate Fertilizers Control Shoot Growth through Low Phosphate Stress

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 463F-464
Author(s):  
Cheon-Young Song ◽  
Jin-Sheng Huang ◽  
Paul V. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Source ◽  
Bedding Plant ◽  
Shoot Size ◽  
Ratio Set ◽  
Phosphate Supply ◽  
N Form

The greenhouse industry successfully uses high NO3 fertilizers to produce plants with short, compact shoots. It is commonly assumed that NO3 results in compactness while NH4 or urea stimulate large shoot growth. However, high NO3 fertilizers contain little or no phosphate. Four sets of treatments were applied to five species of bedding plant plug seedlings in two experiments to differentiate the effects of N source vs. phosphate supply on growth. Seedlings were established on 20-4.4--16.6 fertilizer until 10 days into stage 3, when the following treatments began. Set 1: phosphate-P was held at 22 mg/L and total N at 100 mg/L with NH4 comprising 40%, 13%, 7%, or 0% of total N, the remaining being NO3. Differences in shoot size did not occur as a consequence of the shift in NH4:NO3 ratio. Set 2: N was supplied at a concentration of 100 mg/L from 40% NH4 plus 60% NO3 while PO4-P was varied over the series of concentrations of 21.9, 6.6, 3.3, and 0 mg/L. Set 3: the same as Set 2 except that N was supplied entirely as NO3. Height and weight of shoots in Sets 2 and 3 were positively related to PO4 supply. Set 4: three commercial fertilizers containing 0 PO4-P and 8, 13, or 20% of N in the NH4 form. Compact shoots developed in these treatments. When 22 mg phosphate-P/L was added to one of these fertilizers, compactness was reversed. Shoot suppression by high NO3 fertilizers was concluded to be a function of low phosphate and not N form.

scholarly journals 130 Impact of Fertilizer N Forms on Bedding Plant Development

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 464A-464
Author(s):  
Dharmalingam S. Pitchay ◽  
Paul V. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Petunia Hybrida ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
N Application ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Bedding Plant ◽  
Shoot Size ◽  
N Form

It is a common practice in greenhouses to apply fertilizers with a high proportion of N in the NO3 form to achieve short, compact shoots and a moderate (25% or greater) proportion of NH4 or urea for large shoots. However, this practice is not substantiated in the scientific literature. Two experiments were conducted in a greenhouse to assess effects of N form on development. In the first, Petunia hybrida `Mid-night Dreams' was treated with five ratios of NH4:NO3 or urea:NO3 in a factorial arrangement with three concentrations of N (50-low, 100-adequate, and 200-high mg/L at each irrigation). In the second experiment six species of bedding plants were treated in a factorial arrangement of five ratios of NH4:NO3 and two pH levels (acceptably low, 5.4-5.8, and unacceptably low, 4.6-5.2). In all comparisons, height and dry weight of shoots grown with 100% NO3 were equal or larger than the plants grown with combinations of N. There was a general trend for plants to be shorter and lighter at higher NH4 or urea proportions. These results refute the hypothesis that shoot size is under the control of N form. Depth of green foliar color correlated positively with proportion of NH4 or urea. Reputed NH4 toxicity symptoms of chlorosis, necrosis, and curling of older leaves occurred only at adversely low pH levels below 5.2 in experiment 2. Resistance of plants to this disorder under conditions of pH levels in the range of 5.4 to 5.8, high N application rates, and applications of 100% NH4 indicates that bedding plants during commercial production are fairly resistant to this disorder.

Response of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) to plant density and phosphorus fertilizer under dryland conditions

1981 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. P. S. Ahlawat ◽  
C. S. Saraf
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizer ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilizer ◽  
Total N ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth ◽  
Plant Densities

SUMMARYField studies were made for 2 years on a sandy loam soil under dryland conditions of north-west India with three pigeon-pea varieties in relation to plant density and the application of phosphate fertilizer. Varieties Pusa Ageti and P4785 with better developed root system and profuse nodulation had higher grain and stalk yield, and higher N and P yield than Prabhat. Root and shoot growth and root nodulation were adversely affected with increasing plant densities in the range 50 × 103 and 150 × 103 plants/ha. Stalk and total N and P yield increased with increasing plant density. Plant density of 117 × 103 plants/ha produced maximum grain yield of 1·53 t/ha. Phosphorus fertilizer promoted root and shoot growth, intensity and volume of nodulation and increased grain, stalk, N and P yield. The effect of plant density on grain yield was more pronounced in the presence of phosphate fertilizer. The economic optimum rate of P ranged between 22·1 and 23·1 kg/ha under different plant densities.

scholarly journals Composted Cotton Stalks and Cotton Gin Trash Substrate Amendments and Irrigation/Ground Cover Management II. Effect on Growth and Disease Suppression for Azalea and Juniper

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-148
Author(s):  
E.D. Riley ◽  
H.T. Kraus ◽  
T.E. Bilderback ◽  
D.M. Benson
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Substrate Composition ◽  
N Source ◽  
Cotton Stalks ◽  
Cotton Gin

‘Sunglow’ azalea and ‘Blue Pacific’ juniper were grown in pine bark (PB) and pine tree (PT) substrates that were amended with cotton stalks composted with a N source (CSN), cotton stalks composted without an N source (CS), and cotton gin trash (CGT) to evaluate the substrate's effect on plant growth and disease suppression. The plants were grown under two different, commonly used, irrigation/ground surface management regimes — overhead, sprinkler irrigation with black geotextile weed fabric covering the ground (OH) or low-volume, spray stake irrigation with gravel covering the ground (LV). In 2010, with OH, all PB-amended substrates produced significantly larger azalea shoots than PT-amended substrates. In 2011, with OH, all azalea shoots were similar in size when grown in all substrates except for PT:CS, where plants were significantly smaller. With LV, in 2010 and 2011, azalea shoot growth was largest when grown in a PB substrate amended with CSN or CGT and lowest in PT:CS. Junipers with OH produced generally larger shoot growth with the PB-based substrates in both 2010 and 2011 compared to the PT-based substrates. With LV, PT:CGT produced the numerically smallest juniper shoot growth for both years. Overall, PT-based substrates appeared to produce greater consistency in growth, because responses were more similar in 2010 and 2011, however irrigation method and management can impact growth regardless of substrate composition. CGT added to PB- or PT-based substrates enhanced Ca and Mg uptake by both species but not P uptake. OH generally kept ground surface and substrate temperatures lower than LV regardless of substrate composition. The substrates tested neither enhanced nor deterred P. cinnamomi infection in azalea or juniper.

scholarly journals Root Contact between Maize and Alfalfa Facilitates Nitrogen Transfer and Uptake Using Techniques of Foliar 15N-Labeling

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeqiang Shao ◽  
Xinyu Wang ◽  
Qiang Gao ◽  
Hualiang Zhang ◽  
Hailing Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Period ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Nitrogen Transfer ◽  
N Transfer ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Source ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Root Barrier ◽  
15N Labeling ◽  
Root Contact

Belowground nitrogen (N) transfer from legumes to non-legumes provides an important N source for crop yield and N utilization. However, whether root contact facilitates N transfer and the extent to which N transfer contributes to crop productivity and N utilization have not been clarified. In our study, two-year rain shelter experiments were conducted to quantify the effect of root contact on N transfer in a maize/alfalfa intercropping system. N transfer occurred mainly one direction from alfalfa to maize during the growth period. Following the N0 treatment, the amount of N transfer from alfalfa to maize was 204.56 mg pot−1 with no root barrier and 165.13 mg pot−1 with a nylon net barrier, accounting for 4.72% and 4.48% of the total N accumulated in maize, respectively. Following the N1 treatment, the amount of N transfer from alfalfa to maize was 197.70 mg pot−1 with no root barrier and 139.04 mg pot−1 with a nylon net barrier, accounting for 3.64% and 2.36% of the total N accumulated in the maize, respectively. Furthermore, the amount of N transfer without no root barrier was 1.24–1.42 times higher than that with a nylon net barrier regardless of the level of N addition. Our results highlight the importance and the relevance of root contact for the enhancement of N transfer in a maize/alfalfa intercropping system.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Nutrition of Greenhouse Pepper. II. Effects of Nitrogen Concentration and NO3: NH4 Ratio on Growth, Transpiration, and Nutrient Uptake

HortScience ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 1252-1259 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bar-Tal ◽  
B. Aloni ◽  
L. Karni ◽  
R. Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Total N ◽  
Hydroponic System ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
N Source ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Canopy Nitrogen

The objective of this research was to study the effects of N concentration and N-NO3: N-NH4 ratio in the nutrient solution on growth, transpiration, and nutrient uptake of greenhouse-grown pepper in a Mediterranean climate. The experiment included five total N levels (0.25 to 14 mmol·L-1, with a constant N-NO3: N-NH4 ratio of 4) and five treatments of different N-NO3: N-NH4 ratios (0.25 to 4, with a constant N concentration of 7 mmol·L-1). Plants were grown in an aero-hydroponic system in a climate-controlled greenhouse. The optimum N concentrations for maximum stem and leaf dry matter (DM) production were in the range of 8.0 to 9.2 mmol·L-1. The optimum N-NO3: N-NH4 ratio for maximal stem DM production was 3.5. The optimum value of N concentration for total fruit DM production was 9.4 mmol·L-1. Fruit DM production increased linearly with increasing N-NO3: N-NH4 ratio in the range studied. The N concentration, but not N source, affected leaf chlorophyll content. Shorter plants with more compacted canopies were obtained as the N-NO3: N-NH4 ratio decreased. The effect of N concentration on transpiration was related to its effect on leaf weight and area, whereas the effect of a decreasing N-NO3: N-NH4 ratio in reducing transpiration probably resulted from the compacted canopy. Nitrogen uptake increased as the N concentration in the solution increased. Decreasing the N-NO3: N-NH4 ratio increased the N uptake, but sharply decreased the uptake of cations, especially Ca.

scholarly journals Interactions between uptake of amino acids and inorganic nitrogen in wheat plants

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 11311-11335 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Gioseffi ◽  
A. de Neergaard ◽  
J. K. Schjoerring
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Arable Soils ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Source

Abstract. Soil-borne amino acids may constitute a nitrogen (N) source for plants in various terrestrial ecosystems but their importance for total N nutrition is unclear, particularly in nutrient-rich arable soils. One reason for this uncertainty is lack of information on how the absorption of amino acids by plant roots is affected by the simultaneous presence of inorganic N forms. The objective of the present study was to study absorption of glycine (Gly) and glutamine (Gln) by wheat roots and their interactions with nitrate (NO3–) and (NH4+) during uptake. The underlying hypothesis was that amino acids, when present in nutrient solution together with inorganic N, may lead to down-regulation of the inorganic N uptake. Amino acids were enriched with double-labelled 15N and 13C, while NO3– and NH4+ acquisition was determined by their rate of removal from the nutrient solution surrounding the roots. The uptake rates of NO3– and NH4+ did not differ from each other and were about twice as high as the uptake rate of organic N when the different N forms were supplied separately in concentrations of 2 mM. Nevertheless, replacement of 50 % of the inorganic N with organic N was able to restore the N uptake to the same level as that in the presence of only inorganic N. Co-provision of NO3– did not affect glycine uptake, while the presence of glycine down-regulated NO3– uptake. The ratio between 13C and 15N were lower in shoots than in roots and also lower than the theoretical values, reflecting higher C losses via respiratory processes compared to N losses. It is concluded that organic N can constitute a significant N-source for wheat plants and that there is an interaction between the uptake of inorganic and organic nitrogen.

scholarly journals Accumulation of Macro- and Micronutrients and Nitrogen Demand-supply Relationship of ‘Gala’/‘Malling 26’ Apple Trees Grown in Sand Culture

2009 ◽  
Vol 134 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lailiang Cheng ◽  
Richard Raba
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Nutrient Accumulation ◽  
Total N ◽  
Supply Relationship ◽  
Macro And Micronutrients ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Fruit Harvest ◽  
N Demand

Six-year-old ‘Gala’/‘Malling26’ (‘M.26’) apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) trees grown in sand culture were provided with a total of 30 g of N per tree as enriched 15N-NH4NO3 in Hoagland's solution via fertigation to determine the magnitude and seasonal patterns of accumulation of macro- and micronutrients and the demand-supply relationship of N. Crop load was adjusted to 8.2 fruit/cm2 trunk cross-sectional area, at king fruit diameter of 10 mm by hand-thinning. At each of seven key developmental stages throughout one annual growth cycle, four trees were excavated and destructively sampled for complete nutrient analysis. Nutrient concentrations in leaves and fruit fell within the recommended optimal range, and the fruit yield was 18.8 kg/tree (equivalent to 52.45 t·ha−1) with an average fruit weight of 181 g. The net accumulation of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S from budbreak to fruit harvest was 19.8, 3.3, 36.0, 14.2, 4.4, and 1.6 g/tree, respectively, and that for B, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe was 93.6, 60.9, 46.5, 184.8, and 148.7 mg/tree, respectively. Nutrient accumulation by new growth (fruit plus shoots and leaves) accounted for over 90% of the net gain for N, P, K, Mg, S, and B in the whole tree and a large proportion of the net gain for Ca, Zn, Mn, and Fe (from 58.1% for Zn to 87.2% of Fe) from budbreak to fruit harvest. Differential nutrient accumulation patterns were found in shoots and leaves and fruit. The most rapid accumulation of all nutrients in shoots and leaves took place during active shoot growth from bloom to the end of shoot growth. The accumulation pattern of most nutrients corresponded well with the accumulation of dry matter, with continued accumulation observed only in total Ca and Mn in shoots and leaves after the end of shoot growth. Nutrient accumulation in fruit largely followed its dry matter accumulation, and a large proportion of the nutrient accumulation (from 58.1% for Zn to 77.4% of K) occurred from the end of shoot growth to fruit harvest. At harvest, fruit contained more P, K, B, and Fe, whereas shoots and leaves had more N, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, and Mn. Most of the N demand by new growth at bloom was provided by tree reserve N. Remobilization of N from perennial parts of the tree was found to support rapid fruit expansion from the end of shoot growth to fruit harvest. The most rapid uptake from current season's N supply occurred from bloom to the end of shoot growth, corresponding to the highest tree N demand. At harvest, 62.4% of the total N in new growth was in shoots and leaves, with the balance in fruit. Reserve N and current season's N uptake each contributed about 50% to the total N in the whole tree at harvest.

Pelletized organo-mineral fertilizer product as a nitrogen source for potato production

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
B J Zebarth ◽  
R. Chabot ◽  
J. Coulombe ◽  
R R Simard ◽  
J. Douheret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Tuber Yield ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Potato Production ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
N Content ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Source

Replacement of mineral fertilizer with organo-mineral fertilizer products made with animal manures is one strategy for reducing the environmental impact of agricultural production. This study evaluated a pelletized organo-mineral fertilizer product with a nutrient analysis of approximately 7-4-4 produced from composted solid poultry, solid dairy and liquid hog manure as a N source for processing potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production in Atlantic Canada. The availability of N in the organo-mineral fertilizer product was estimated, and tuber yield, size distribution and quality parameters and soil NO3-N content at harvest were compared at similar application rates of N as mineral or organo-mineral fertilizer. Field trials were conducted in 2000 to 2002 to compare different rates of mineral (0–200 kg N ha-1 as NH4NO3) or organo-mineral (0–3 t product ha-1) fertilizer band-applied at planting, followed by split applications of variable rates of mineral fertilizer. Apparent recovery of N from the mineral fertilizer, estimated as the slope of the regression of plant N accumulation against the rate of N applied and expressed as a percentage, was 65, 33 and 78% in 2000, 2001 and 2002, respectively. Apparent recovery of total N in the organo-mineral fertilizer was 6 0 , 26 and 57% in 2000, 2001 and 2002, respectively. Fertilizer N equivalency of the total N in the organo-mineral fertilizer, estimated as the apparent recovery of organo-mineral fertilizer N divided by apparent recovery of mineral fertilizer N and expressed as a percentage, was 92, 79 and 73% in 2000, 2001 and 2002, respectively. Application of equivalent rates of N as mineral or organo-mineral fertilizer at planting generally resulted in comparable values of tuber yield, size distribution and quality parameters and soil NO3-N content at tuber harvest. We recommend application of 1.5 t ha-1 of organo-mineral fertilizer at planting, with additional mineral fertilizer applied as a split application if warranted, as a suitable N source for processing potato production. Key words: Solanum tuberosum, yield, tuber size, tuber nitrate, tuber specific gravity, soil nitrate

scholarly journals Interspecific Responses of Marigold to Manganese as Influenced by Nitrogen Source

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 1281-1282 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.S. Reddy ◽  
H.A. Mills
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
N Source ◽  
Interspecific Response ◽  
Hydroponically Grown ◽  
Mn Concentration ◽  
Hydroponic Conditions ◽  
Mn Concentrations

Responses of two hydroponically grown marigold species, Tagetes erects L. `pumpkin Crush' and T. patula L. `Janie Yellow', to Mn concentrations of 0.5 mg·liter-1 or 10 mg·liter-1 with KNO3 and Ca(NO3)2 (NO3 source) or NH4N O3 as the N source were investigated. In both species, Mn uptake was enhanced with the NO3 source while reduced with NH4NO3. With Mn supplied at 0.5 mg·liter-1 and NO3 as the N source, T. erects absorbed twice the Mn per gram of dry matter as T. patula. T. erecta accumulated higher concentration of Mn in the shoot than in the root irrespective of the N source. T. patula accumulated higher concentration of Mn in the roots with the NO3 source while NH4NO3 shifted the Mn accumulation to the shoot. Growth of both species was suppressed with 10 mg Mn/liter and the suppression was greater with the NO3 source than with the NH4NO3. These results indicate an interspecific response to Mn concentration as well as an N source influence on the uptake of Mn in marigold grown under hydroponic conditions.

scholarly journals ELEMENTAL CONTENT IN TOMATO SEEDLINGS AS INFLUENCED BY PRETRANSPLANT CONDITIONING

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1129a-1129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Garton ◽  
Irvin E. Widders
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Elemental Concentration ◽  
Elemental Content ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Total N ◽  
Tomato Seedlings ◽  
Processing Tomato ◽  
Shoot Tissue ◽  
Shoot Growth Rate ◽  
Fertilizer Solutions

Processing tomato seedlings cultured in 288 cell plug trays were fertilized with solutions containing either 75-32-62 or 150-64-124 ppm N-P-K until the 4 to 5 true leaf stage (12 cm tall). At this developmental. stage, the seedlings were nutrient conditioned with 0-0-0, 75-32-62, 150-64-124, 300-128-248 or 450-194-374 ppm N-P-K for up to 12 days. Within 3 days of initiation of pretransplant fertilization treatments, both the contents and mean concentrations in shoot tissue of total N, P, K and soluble NO3- were significantly altered. The maximum effects on tissue concentrations were observed within 5 days. Shoot growth rate of seedlings was affected within 5 to 8 days by a modification of elemental concentration within fertilizer solutions. The benefits of nutrient conditioning on tomato seedlings will be discussed.

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