scholarly journals Hydrophilic Gel Amendments to Sand Soil Can Increase Growth and Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency of Citrus Seedlings

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.P. Syvertsen ◽  
J.M. Dunlop
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Sand Soil ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Total N ◽  
Uptake Efficiency ◽  
N Uptake Efficiency

We tested the hypothesis that amendments of two hydrophilic gels to a sand soil would reduce N leaching losses and increase growth of citrus seedlings. Three-month-old seedlings of `Swingle' citrumelo [Citrus paradisi Macf. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] were transplanted into containers of steam-sterilized Candler sand, amended with a linear acrylamide/acrylate copolymer (PAM), and/or a cross-linked copolymer agronomic gel (AGRO). Two rates of each amendment were applied either alone or together and were either mixed into dry sand prior to seedling transplant, used as a root-dip slurry at transplant or applied to the soil surface in a solution after transplant. Seedlings were grown in the greenhouse for 5 months and irrigated to container capacity with a dilute nutrient solution without leaching. Pots were leached every 2 weeks and total N losses from the soil were measured in the leachate. PAM amendments increased N retention in soil slightly but PAM had no effect on plant growth, water use, N uptake, or N leaching relative to unamended control plants. The AGRO amendments increased seedling growth, plant water use and uptake of N from 11% to 45% above that of the unamended control plants depending on application method. AGRO decreased N concentrations in the leachate to as low as 1 to 6 mg·L-1. Only 6% of the total applied N was leached from the AGRO treatments, which was about half that from the untreated control plants. There was no additional benefit of using both amendments together or of an additional AGRO root dip treatment. The largest plants used the most water, required the most N and had the greatest N uptake efficiency. AGRO amendments clearly enhanced seedling growth, increased their N uptake efficiency, and reduced N losses from this sand soil.

scholarly journals Isotopic and Nonisotopic Estimation of Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency in Container-grown Woody Ornamentals

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 665-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Sandrock ◽  
Timothy L. Righetti ◽  
Anita N. Azarenko
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Tracer Method ◽  
Total N ◽  
Uptake Efficiency ◽  
N Uptake Efficiency ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Fertilizer N Uptake

Cornus sericea L., Weigela florida (Bunge) A. DC., and Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Sieb were grown outside in 3.8-L plastic containers for 345 days (1 Apr. 2001 to 11 Mar. 2002). Nitrogen (N) was applied at rates (NAR) of 25, 50, 100, 200, and 300 mg·L–1 and delivered as aqueous double-labeled 15N depleted NH4NO3 (min 99.95% atom 14N). In all species, root, shoot, and total plant dry weight increased with increasing NARs while root to shoot ratios decreased. Similarly, root, shoot, and total plant N increased with NAR for each species, and at each NAR more N was stored in the roots than in the shoots. Estimation of fertilizer N uptake determined by the total N method was higher for all species and at each NAR than estimation of N uptake determined by the fertilizer 15N tracer method. Fertilizer N uptake efficiency determined by the total N method was highest at 25 mg·L–1 and decreased as NARs increased. In contrast fertilizer N uptake efficiency determined by the fertilizer 15N tracer method was lowest at 25 mg·L–1 and increased or remained relatively constant as NARs increased. Differences in N uptake and N uptake efficiency can be attributed to overestimation by the total N method due to the inclusion of nonfertilizer N and underestimation by the fertilizer 15N tracer method due to pool substitution. Corrected N uptake efficiency values can be calculated by adjusting the original data (total N or 15N uptake) by the distance between the origin and the y intercept of the regression line representing the data.

scholarly journals Assessments of N leaching losses from six case study dairy farms using contrasting approaches to cow wintering

2012 ◽  
pp. 51-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Chrystal ◽  
R.M.Monaghan D. Dalley ◽  
T. Styles
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cow ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
High Potential ◽  
System Level ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Total N ◽  
Leaching Losses

The expansion of the southern dairy herd in New Zealand has raised a number of concerns about the sustainability of grazing brassica forage crops. Here we provide an assessment of the contribution of these crops to the potential for N losses to water at a wholefarm system level, and compare these with metrics derived for systems that use alternative approaches for wintering cows. The risks of nutrient losses to water from six Monitor Farms that use contrasting approaches to dairy cow wintering were assessed using the Overseer® Nutrient budgets model (Overseer). This modelling assessment was supplemented with detailed information about the management of effluent generated from off-paddock cow wintering facilities such as wintering pads and covered housing. Predictions of N losses from individual farm blocks indicated that both winter- and summer-grazed brassica forage crops have a relatively high potential for N leaching losses. Expressed at a whole-system level (i.e. accounting for the milking platform, winter forage crop and other support land), the winter forage crops accounted for between 11 and 24% of total N leaching losses, despite representing only 4 to 9% of the area. The high N leaching losses predicted for summer-grazed forage crops were attributed to the limited opportunity for N uptake of excreted urinary N by the following new pasture. Another risk identified for some farms was the current practice of applying effluents collected from off-paddock facilities to land during winter. These assessments suggest that off-paddock cow wintering systems can help to minimise N losses from farms to water, although the storage and safe return to land of effluents and manures generated from the housing facilities is essential if this potential benefit is to be realised. Our assessments also suggest that summer crop paddocks have a relatively high potential for N leaching losses, although further research is needed to confirm this. Keywords: dairy cow wintering, Southland, nitrate leaching, grazed brassica forage crops.

Genotypic Variation in C and N Isotope Discrimination Suggests Local Adaptation of Heart-Leaved Willow

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Hu ◽  
Robert D Guy ◽  
Raju Y Soolanayakanahally
Keyword(s):  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Local Adaptation ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Carbon Isotopic Composition ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Clinal Variation ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Uptake Efficiency ◽  
N Uptake Efficiency

Abstract Plants acquire multiple resources from the environment and may need to adjust and/or balance their respective resource-use efficiencies to maximize grow and survival, in a locally adaptive manner. In this study, tissue and whole-plant carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) and C/N ratios provided long-term measures of use efficiencies for water (WUE) and nitrogen (NUE), and a nitrogen isotopic composition (δ15N) based mass balance model was used to estimate traits related to N uptake and assimilation in heart-leaved willow (Salix eriocephala Michx.). In an initial common garden experiment consisting of 34 populations, we found population level variation in δ13C, C/N and δ15N, indicating different patterns in WUE, NUE and N uptake and assimilation. Although there was no relationship between foliar δ13C and C/N ratios among populations, there was a significant negative correlation between these measures across all individuals, implying a genetic and/or plastic trade-off between WUE and NUE not associated with local adaptation. To eliminate any environmental effect, we grew a subset of 21 genotypes hydroponically with nitrate as the sole N-source, and detected significant variation in δ13C, δ15N and C/N ratios. Variation in δ15N was mainly due to genotypic differences in the nitrate efflux/influx ratio (E/I) at the root. Both experiments suggested clinal variation in δ15N (and thus N uptake efficiency) with latitude of origin, which may relate to water availability and could contribute to global patterns in ecosystem δ15N. There was a tendency for genotypes with higher WUE to come from more water replete sites with shorter and cooler growing seasons. We found that δ13C, C/N, and E/I were not inter-correlated, suggesting that selection of growth, WUE, NUE and N uptake efficiency can occur without trade-off.

scholarly journals Undersowing Italian ryegrass diminishes nitrogen leaching from spring barley

2000 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. LEMOLA ◽  
E. TURTOLA ◽  
C. ERIKSSON
Keyword(s):  
Spring Barley ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Sand Soil ◽  
Total N ◽  
Water Well ◽  
Water Spring

Nitrogen (N) leaching from spring barley with and without undersown Italian ryegrass was studied in Jokioinen, south-western Finland during five years (summer 1993–spring 1998) in 1.7 m deep lysimeters (Ø0.9 m) filled to 1.1 m with clay, silt, sand and peat soil. Tillage was performed in mid- October or in May, before sowing of the barley and ryegrass for the next season. In the second, third and fourth years of the experiment, total N leaching from barley without undersown ryegrass was 15, 7.9,32 and 38 kg ha-1 y-1 in clay, silt, sand and peat soil, respectively. Undersowing reduced N leaching by 52,31,68 and 27%. The reduction in N leaching from clay and sand when barley was undersown with ryegrass was nearly the same as the increased total uptake of N (barley +ryegrass).In sand soil, ryegrass was able to diminish the NO 3-N concentration of the drainage water well below the limit for acceptable drinking water. Spring tillage reduced N leaching only on peat soil (16%). Slight competition between the main and the undersown crop was indicated by lower N contents of the barley yield.;

scholarly journals Residual effect of clover-rich leys on soil nitrogen and successive grain crops

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. NYKÄNEN ◽  
A. GRANSTEDT ◽  
L. JAUHIAINEN
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Clayey Soil ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Biological N Fixation

Legume-based leys form the basis for crop rotations in organic farming as they fix nitrogen (N) from the atmosphere for the succeeding crops. The age, yield, C:N, biological N fixation (BNF) and total N of red clover-grass leys were studied for their influence on yields, N uptake and N use efficiency (NUE) of the two sequential cereal crops planted after the leys. Mineral N in deeper soil (30-90 cm) was measured to determine N leaching risk. Altogether, four field experiments were carried out in 1994-1998 at two sites. The age of the ley had no significant effect on the yields and N uptake of the two subsequent cereals. Surprisingly, the residual effect of the leys was negligible, at 0–20 kg N ha-1yr-1. On the other hand, the yield and C:N of previous red clover-grass leys, as well as BNF-N and total-N incorporated into the soil influenced subsequent cereals. NUEs of cereals after ley incorporation were rather high, varying from 30% to 80%. This might indicate that other factors, such as competition from weeds, prevented maximal growth of cereals. The mineral N content deeper in the soil was mostly below 10 kg ha-1 in the sandy soil of Juva, but was 5-25 kg ha-1 in clayey soil of Mietoinen.;

scholarly journals Quantifying nitrogen losses in oil palm plantations: models and challenges

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lénaïc Pardon ◽  
Cécile Bessou ◽  
Nathalie Saint-Geours ◽  
Benoît Gabrielle ◽  
Ni’matul Khasanah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Perennial Crop ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Total N

Abstract. Oil palm is the most rapidly expanding tropical perennial crop. Its cultivation raises environmental concerns, notably related to the use of nitrogen (N) fertilisers and associated pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. While numerous and diverse models exist to estimate N losses from agriculture, very few are available for tropical perennial crops. Moreover, there has been no critical analysis of the performances of existing models in the specific context of tropical perennial cropping systems. We assessed the capacity of 11 models and 29 sub-models to estimate N losses in a typical oil palm plantation over a 25-year-growth cycle, through leaching and runoff, and emissions of NH3, N2, N2O, and NOx. Estimates of total N losses were very variable, ranging from 21 to 139 kg N ha−1 yr−1. On average, 31 % of the losses occurred during the first three years of the cycle. Leaching comprised about 80 % of the losses. Based on a comprehensive Morris sensitivity analysis, the most influential variables were soil clay content, rooting depth and oil palm N uptake. We also compared model estimates with published field measurements. Many challenges remain to model more accurately processes related to the peculiarities of perennial tropical crop systems such as oil palm.

Impact of industrial-age climate change on the relationship between water uptake and tissue nitrogen in eucalypt seedlings

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gyro L. Sherwin ◽  
Laurel George ◽  
Kamali Kannangara ◽  
David T. Tissue ◽  
Oula Ghannoum
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Water Use ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
15N Nmr ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Total N ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Chemical Groups ◽  
Tissue Nitrogen

This study explored reductions in tissue nitrogen concentration ([N]) at elevated CO2 concentrations ([CO2]), and changes in plant water and N uptake. Eucalyptus saligna Sm. seedlings were grown under three [CO2] levels (preindustrial (280 μL L–1), current (400 μL L–1) or projected (640 μL L–1)) and two air temperatures (current, (current + 4°C)). Gravimetric water use, leaf gas exchange and tissue dry mass and %N were determined. Solid-state 15N-NMR spectroscopy was used for determining the partitioning of N chemical groups in the dry matter fractions. Water use efficiency (WUE) improved with increasing [CO2] at ambient temperature, but strong leaf area and weak reductions in transpiration rates led to greater water use at elevated [CO2]. High temperature increased plant water use, such that WUE was not significantly stimulated by increasing [CO2] at high temperature. Total N uptake increased with increasing [CO2] but not temperature, less than the increase recorded for plant biomass. Tissue [N] decreased with rising [CO2] and at high temperature, but N use efficiency increased with rising [CO2]. Total N uptake was positively correlated with total water use and root biomass under all treatments. Growth [CO2] and temperature did not affect the partitioning of 15N among the N chemical groups. The reductions of tissue [N] with [CO2] and temperature were generic, not specific to particular N compounds. The results suggest that reductions in tissue [N] are caused by changes in root N uptake by mass flow due to altered transpiration rates at elevated [CO2] and temperature.

scholarly journals Effect of Different Levels of Urea Super Granule and Prilled Urea on the Crop Quality, Nutrient Uptake and Soil Nutrient Status of Broccoli

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
M J Hussain ◽  
A J M S Karim ◽  
A R M Solaiman ◽  
M S Islam ◽  
M Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Comparative Performance ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Uptake Efficiency ◽  
Prilled Urea ◽  
N Uptake Efficiency ◽  
Β Carotene

A field experiment was conducted at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur during the period 2010-2011 to assess the effect of urea super granule (USG) and prilled urea (PU) on the quality attributes (Compactness coefficient, Vitamin C, β-carotene and chlorophyll contents) of broccoli, to assess the comparative performance of USG and PU on nutrient uptake and uptake efficiency of broccoli plant, to assess the effect of different forms and levels of urea N on the post harvest soil nutrient status of broccoli field and to select the better doses of USG and PU for quality broccoli production in Shallow Red-Brown Terrace Soil under Madhupur Tract (AEZ-28). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications having 17 treatments constituted with different levels of urea super granule (USG) and prilled urea (PU) as- T1: N-control,  T2: PU-N80, T3: PU-N100, T4: PU-N120, T5: PU-N140, T6: PU-N160, T7: PU-N180, T8: PU-N200, T9: PU-N220, T10: USG-N80, T11: USG-N100,  T12: USG-N120, T13: USG-N140, T14: USG-N160, T15: USG-N180, T16: USG-N200, T17 and USG-N220 kg ha-1. Results revealed that the comparative performance of USG in relation to head quality (compactness coefficient, ascorbic acid, β-carotene and chlorophyll content), nutrient (NPKS) uptake and N uptake efficiency was found better as compared to PU. The compactness coefficient, β-carotene and chlorophyll contents were increased with increasing rate of N as well as USG and PU, but ascorbic acid content was slightly decreased with increasing rate of USG and PU. The maximum compactness coefficient (18.61) was found from the treatment USG-N180 that was followed by USG-N160 (18.24) and the highest β-carotene content (0.401 mg/100gFW) was found from USG-N160 followed by PU-N180 (0.40 mg/100gFW). Similarly the highest chlorophyll-a content (0.818 mg/100gFW) was found from USG-N180 followed by USG-N160 (0.814 mg/100gFW) and the highest chlorophyll-b content (1.141mg/100g FW) was recorded from USG-N180. The higher nutrient uptake and N uptake efficiency (108.531%) was obtained from USG treated plots over that of the PU. But N uptake efficiency was decreased with increasing rates of N fertilizer. But post harvest soil nitrogen status did not show any systematic trend although it was found higher in USG over PU. Similarly no remarkable changes were observed in post harvest soil P, K, S and B status for the crop. However, USG @ 160 kg N ha-1 (USG-N160) followed by USG-N140 and PU @ 180 kg N ha-1 (PU-N180) with other recommended doses of fertilizer could be suggested as USG and PU based fertilizer recommendation for a good quality broccoli production in terms of yield and quality in Silty Clay Loam Soil of Madhupur Tract.The Agriculturists 2017; 15(2) 24-39 

scholarly journals Enhancing the Urea-N Use Efficiency in Maize (Zea mays) Cultivation on Acid Soils Amended with Zeolite and TSP

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 394-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osumanu H. Ahmed ◽  
Aminuddin Hussin ◽  
Husni M. H. Ahmad ◽  
Anuar A. Rahim ◽  
Nik Muhamad Abd. Majid
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Use Efficiency ◽  
Ammonia Loss ◽  
Uptake Efficiency ◽  
N Uptake Efficiency ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
N Use

Ammonia loss significantly reduces the urea-N use efficiency in crop production. Efforts to reduce this problem are mostly laboratory oriented. This paper reports the effects of urea amended with triple superphosphate (TSP) and zeolite (Clinoptilolite) on soil pH, nitrate, exchangeable ammonium, dry matter production, N uptake, fresh cob production, and urea-N uptake efficiency in maize (Zea mays) cultivation on an acid soil in actual field conditions. Urea-amended TSP and zeolite treatments and urea only (urea without additives) did not have long-term effect on soil pH and accumulation of soil exchangeable ammonium and nitrate. Treatments with higher amounts of TSP and zeolite significantly increased the dry matter (stem and leaf) production of Swan (test crop). All the treatments had no significant effect on urea-N concentration in the leaf and stem of the test crop. In terms of urea-N uptake in the leaf and stem tissues of Swan, only the treatment with the highest amount of TSP and zeolite significantly increased urea-N uptake in the leaf of the test crop. Irrespective of treatment, fresh cob production was statistically not different. However, all the treatments with additives improved urea-N uptake efficiency compared to urea without additives or amendment. This suggests that urea amended with TSP and zeolite has a potential of reducing ammonia loss from surface-applied urea.

The nitrogen footprint of food products in the European Union

2013 ◽  
Vol 152 (S1) ◽  
pp. 20-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. LEIP ◽  
F. WEISS ◽  
J. P. LESSCHEN ◽  
H. WESTHOEK
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
The European Union ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Total N ◽  
Reactive N ◽  
Livestock Products

SUMMARYNitrogen (N) is an essential element for plants and animals. Due to large inputs of mineral fertilizer, crop yields and livestock production in Europe have increased markedly over the last century, but as a consequence losses of reactive N to air, soil and water have intensified as well. Two different models (CAPRI and MITERRA) were used to quantify the N flows in agriculture in the European Union (EU27), at country-level and for EU27 agriculture as a whole, differentiated into 12 main food categories. The results showed that the N footprint, defined as the total N losses to the environment per unit of product, varies widely between different food categories, with substantially higher values for livestock products and the highest values for beef (c. 500 g N/kg beef), as compared to vegetable products. The lowest N footprint of c. 2 g N/kg product was calculated for sugar beet, fruits and vegetables, and potatoes. The losses of reactive N were dominated by N leaching and run-off, and ammonia volatilization, with 0·83 and 0·88 due to consumption of livestock products. The N investment factors, defined as the quantity of new reactive N required to produce one unit of N in the product varied between 1·2 kg N/kg N in product for pulses to 15–20 kg N for beef.

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