scholarly journals Nitrogen Fertilization, Midsummer Trunk Girdling, and AVG Treatments Affect Maturity and Quality of `Jonagold' Apples

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Wargo ◽  
Ian A. Merwin ◽  
Christopher B. Watkins
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Fruit Maturity ◽  
N Status ◽  
Red Coloration ◽  
Leaf N

`Jonagold' apples [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] often fail to develop adequate red coloration at maturity and become soft and greasy in storage. During two growing seasons, we tested factorial combinations of three preharvest treatments affecting `Jonagold' quality at harvest and after storage: 1) three nitrogen (N) treatments [36 kg·ha-1 soil applied N, 6.9 kg·ha-1 of urea-N (1% w/v) in foliar sprays mid-May and June, or no N fertilizers]; 2) trunk girdling in early August each year; and 3) foliar applications of aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG, formulated as ReTain) 3 weeks before the first scheduled harvest. Fruit were sampled at four weekly intervals each year and evaluated for maturity and quality at harvest and after storage. Foliar urea and soil-applied N delayed red color development in 1998 but not 1999, increased fruit size in girdled and nonAVG treated trees in both years, and increased greasiness in 1999 only. AVG reduced fruit greasiness after storage both years. Nitrogen uptake was reduced in the dry Summer 1999, but N treatments still increased poststorage flesh breakdown. Mid-summer trunk girdling increased red coloration and intensity both years and improved market-grade packout. This effect was not caused by advanced maturity, although trunk girdling slightly increased skin greasiness. Girdling reduced fruit size only on trees of low N status. The AVG applications delayed maturity and red color development by 7 to 10 days in both years compared with untreated fruit. In 1998, the combination of AVG and N fertilization delayed red color development more than either treatment alone. Fruit softening and greasiness were reduced in AVG-treated fruit harvested at the same time as untreated fruit, but this effect was not observed when AVG treated fruit were harvested at comparable maturity 7 to 10 days later. Trunk girdling and withholding N fertilizer were the best treatments for enhancing red coloration, and foliar N concentrations of ≈2.0% (W/W) resulted in better packouts compared with higher leaf N levels. AVG was an effective tool for delaying fruit maturity and maintaining fruit quality awaiting harvest, but not for improving red coloration of `Jonagold' apples.

scholarly journals 574 Nitrogen, Trunk Scoring, and AVG Treatments Influence Fruit Color and Quality of `Jonagold' Apple

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 495B-495
Author(s):  
James M. Wargo ◽  
Ian Merwin ◽  
Christopher Watkins
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Refrigerated Storage ◽  
Fruit Firmness ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Fruit Maturity ◽  
Harvest Maturity ◽  
Foliar Urea

`Jonagold' apple often has problems of inadequate red blush development at harvest, and loss of firmness and skin “greasiness” after refrigerated storage. During two growing seasons we tested factorial combinations of three preharvest treatments for managing these problems: 1) N fertilization (no applied N, 34 kg N/ha in May, or 1% (w/w) foliar urea sprays in May and June); 2) mid-summer trunk scoring (girdling); and 3) aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) applications 3 weeks prior to harvest. Fruit were harvested at four weekly intervals each year, and evaluated for size, blush, firmness, soluble solids, ethylene, and starch hydrolysis. Nitrogen delayed blush development in 1998, but not 1999, and there was no difference in fruit surface blush coverage between foliar urea and soil applied N. Nitrogen applications increased fruit size, decreased fruit firmness, and increased post-storage flesh breakdown in 1999. Trunk scoring increased blush coverage and intensity both years, and improved market-grade packouts. Blush increase after trunk scoring was not caused by advanced fruit maturity (based on ethylene and starch indices) in either year, although it did increase skin greasiness slightly. AVG treatments delayed maturity and blush development of `Jonagold' by 7 to 10 days both years, relative to untreated fruit. Flesh firmness increased and greasiness decreased in AVG treated fruit harvested on the same dates as controls. However, in AVG fruit harvested at comparable stages of maturity 7 to 10 days later, firmness and greasiness were equivalent to untreated fruit on the previous harvest date. Trunk scoring and no N fertilizer were effective for improving fruit blush coloration, and AVG for delaying harvest maturity.

scholarly journals Effect of Particle Film on Fruit Sunburn, Maturity and Quality of `Fuji' and `Honeycrisp' Apples

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Schupp ◽  
Esmaeil Fallahi ◽  
Ik-Jo Chun
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Fruit Color ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Mineral Concentration ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Fruit Maturity ◽  
Honeycrisp Apples

Studies were initiated in Idaho and New York to determine the effects of Surround, a kaolin clay particle film product recently labeled as a crop protectant for agricultural crops, on fruit maturity and quality of `Fuji' and `Honeycrisp' apples (Malus×domestica) and fruit mineral concentration of `Fuji' apples. Surround reduced fruit weight, red color, and the incidence of sunburn of `Fuji' apples in Idaho. Sunburn did not occur on `Honeycrisp' in the New York study. In that study, Surround had no effect on fruit weight or red fruit color when applied in May and June but reduced fruit weight and red color when applied later. The reduction in red color development observed in both `Fuji' and `Honeycrisp' was not related to mineral nutrients or to a delay in fruit maturity. Surround applications resulted in undesirable residues in the basin and in the cavity of harvested fruit that were not satisfactorily removed by brushing on a commercial packing line. While effective for reducing sunburn, Surround was ineffective for increasing red fruit color of apples.

scholarly journals Effect of Aminoethoxyvinylglycine and Surfactants on Preharvest Drop, Maturity, and Fruit Quality of Two Processing Peach Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Cline
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Additional Increase ◽  
Silicone Surfactants ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Fruit Maturity ◽  
Harvest Data ◽  
Peach Trees

The effect of aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), commercially available as ReTain, and three organo-silicone surfactants were evaluated in a series of four experiments over a 2-year period in two commercial peach orchards. Four rates of AVG (0, 66, 132, and 264 mg·L–1 AVG; all applied with 0.05% Sylgard 309) and three surfactants (0.05% Sylgard 309; 0.05% Regulaid; and 0.50% LI-700; all applied with 132 mg·L–1 AVG) were applied to `Venture' and `Babygold 7' peach trees 10 days before first harvest. Fruit were harvested according to commercial standard maturation criteria of background color, suture filling, and fruit size. Treatments were assessed in relation to fruit maturity, delay in harvest, fruit size and yield, fruit quality (flesh firmness and brix), as well as fruit quality following 2 weeks of cold storage. Based on sequential harvest data, the maturation of the AVG treated trees was delayed by about 3 to 4 days. Fruit from AVG treated trees were firmer at harvest and 2 weeks following cold storage at 2°C. However, no additional increase in fruit size or yield was detected. In addition, the addition of a surfactant was not necessary for AVG to be efficacious for delaying maturity and enhancing firmness when applied at 132 mg·L–1 AVG. However, when the three surfactants were compared, Regulaid and Li 700 advanced color development in one experiment and Li-700 resulted in firmer fruit in another. Aminoethoxyvinylglycine applications to the clingstone cultivars `Venture' and `Babygold 7' can be used successfully to manage harvest activities by delaying the onset of picking and improving fruit firmness.

Effects of AVG, NAA, Ethephon, and Summer Pruning on Preharvest Drop and Fruit Quality of `McIntosh'

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 513b-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.W. Stover ◽  
C.B. Watkins ◽  
M.J. Fargione ◽  
K.A. Iungerman
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Naphthalene Acetic Acid ◽  
Fruit Softening ◽  
Fruit Firmness ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Accelerated Ripening ◽  
Substantial Drop

Ethylene production increases dramatically during maturation and ripening of `McIntosh' apples, frequently resulting in preharvest drop and accelerated fruit softening. As harvest approaches, commercial growers must balance the need for color development with minimizing fruit softening and drop. The effects of plant growth regulators and summer pruning on this balance were evaluated in this study. Treatments were applied to trees in the Mid-Hudson in 1995 and 1996 and a subset of growth regulator treatments was applied in the Champlain Valley in 1996. NAA (naphthalene acetic acid) significantly reduced drop on only one sample date in only one of the three trials. Ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) at 150 ppm plus 10 ppm NAA, accelerated ripening and permitted harvest before substantial drop occurred, but earlier harvest resulted in smaller fruit size. AVG (aminoethoxy vinyl glycine) at 124 gram a.i./ha, on otherwise untreated trees, significantly delayed drop compared to the controls in two of three trials and resulted in better fruit firmness out of storage. Use of ethephon on AVG-treated trees significantly enhanced red color but also accelerated drop, although drop was reduced compared to ethephon only treatment. Late summer pruning significantly accelerated red color development, drop and ripening in both years. Pruning 16 Aug. 1996 significantly accelerated drop compared to pruning 1 Aug. 1996. Combining AVG application and pruning on 16 Aug. 1996 resulted in improved color without increasing drop compared to controls.

scholarly journals Photoselective Protective Netting Improves “Honeycrisp” Fruit Quality

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1708
Author(s):  
Sara Serra ◽  
Stefano Borghi ◽  
Giverson Mupambi ◽  
Hector Camargo-Alvarez ◽  
Desmond Layne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Scattered Light ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Light Transmittance ◽  
Light Spectrum ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Bitter Pit ◽  
And Control

High temperatures, wind, and excessive sunlight can negatively impact yield and fruit quality in semi-arid apple production regions. Netting was originally designed for hail protection, but it can modify the light spectrum and affect fruit quality. Here, pearl, blue, and red photoselective netting (≈20% shading factor) was installed in 2015 over a commercial “Cameron Select® Honeycrisp” orchard. Our research objectives were to (1) describe the light quantity and quality under the colored nets compared to an uncovered control and (2) investigate the effect of Photoselective nets on “Honeycrisp” apple quality for two growing seasons. Light transmittance and scattering for each treatment were measured with a spectroradiometer, and samples for fruit quality analyses were collected at harvest. PAR (photosynthetic active radiation), UV, blue, red, and far-red light were lower underneath all netting treatments compared to an uncovered control. The scattered light was higher under the pearl net compared to other colors, while red and far-red light were lower under the blue net. For two consecutive years, trees grown under the photoselective nets intercepted more incoming light than the uncovered trees with no differences among the three colors. In both years, trees under red and blue nets had more sunburn-free (clean) apples than pearl and control. Red color development for fruit was lower when nets were used. Interestingly, bitter pit incidence was lower underneath red nets for both years. Other than red color development, “Honeycrisp” fruit quality was not appreciably affected by the use of netting. These results highlight the beneficial effect of nets in improving light quality in orchards and mitigating physiological disorders such as bitter pit in “Honeycrisp” apple.

scholarly journals Improving the Red Color and Fruit Quality of ‘Kent’ Mango Fruit by Pruning and Preharvest Spraying of Prohydrojasmon or Abscisic Acid

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 944
Author(s):  
Sudheeran Pradeep Kumar ◽  
Dalia Maurer ◽  
Oleg Feygenberg ◽  
Cliff Love ◽  
Noam Alkan
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Air Jet ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Pruning Techniques

Pre-harvest application of prohydrojasmon (PDJ) or abscisic acid (ABA) induces the red color in fruits that were exposed to sunlight at the orchard. In this large-scale work, we evaluated the effect of two different pruning techniques of ‘Kent’ mango orchards, one leading to opening the orchard canopy to expose as much fruit as possible to sunlight, while the second pruning leads to square-shaped trees and subsequently reduces the amount of sunlight reaching the fruit. These two pruning methods were combined with preharvest spraying with prohydrojasmon (PDJ) or abscisic acid (ABA) using two different types of sprayers, i.e., regular and air-jet sprayer. Pruning the canopy of the orchards to open and closed trees exposed 80% or 30% of fruits to sunlight, respectively. Both of the application with air-jet and regular sprayers effectively covered the fruit without causing fruit detachment and damage to yield. Both the phytohormones (PDJ and ABA) application treatments induced red blush skin, red intensity, anthocyanin, and flavonoids, particularly in fruit grown outside the tree canopy in both open and closed trees. PDJ and ABA treatments exhibited marginally reduced acidity than the untreated control, while the brix was not affected much by any of the treatments. Besides these, exposure to sunlight and PDJ treatment also reduced postharvest decay and increased chlorophyll degradation and yellowing in comparison to the controls. This study promoted applicative evidence about the positive effects of exposure to sunlight, prohydrojasmon (PDJ), and abscisic acid (ABA) on red color development without compromising the mango fruit’s quality.

scholarly journals Effect of N fertilization rate on soil alkali-hydrolyzable N, subtending leaf N concentration, fiber yield, and quality of cotton

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Binglin Chen ◽  
Hongkun Yang ◽  
Weichao Song ◽  
Chunyu Liu ◽  
Jiao Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fertilization Rate ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Fiber Yield ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Leaf N Concentration ◽  
Leaf N

scholarly journals 067 SHOOT ORIENTATION AFFECTS PEACH SHOOT AND FRUIT GROWTH

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 437e-437
Author(s):  
Paula M. Gross ◽  
Stephen C. Myers
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Initial Orientation ◽  
Color Intensity ◽  
Lateral Shoot ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Terminal Shoot ◽  
One Year

One-year old fruiting shoots averaging 50 cm in length were tagged according to naturally-occurring orientations ranging from vertical to horizontal throughout the canopies of dormant `Encore' peach (Prunus persica L Batsch) trees. Following fruit set, tagged shoots were thinned to two or three fruit per shoot. Fruit diameter, terminal shoot extension, and shoot orientation were measured at intervals throughout the season. Fruit were harvested at uniform maturity based on ground color for assessment of fresh weight, diameter, percent red blush, and red color intensity. A linear relationship (p=.001) was found between final fruit size and initial orientation, with fruit diameters 6 percent larger on shoots initially oriented horizontally than those initially vertical. Fruit size differences were not detected until the last two to three weeks of growth. Fruit size response to orientation was found to be independent of light. Red color development was not influenced, probably due to fairly uniform light environments within the canopies. Terminal shoot length was linearly related to initial orientation, with shoots initially oriented horizontally having the least terminal shoot extension. Development of lateral shoot growth in relation to shoot orientation will be discussed.

scholarly journals 811 PB 196 FOLIAR VARIATIONS IN FALL COLOR DEVELOPMENT AMONG FIVE PLANT SPECIES

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 549d-549
Author(s):  
Suman Singha ◽  
Bernard Bible ◽  
Edward Corbett
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Euonymus Alatus ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Marked Location ◽  
Red Coloration

Variations in the pattern of fall color development in the leaves of Acer rubrum, Acer saccharum, Quercus coccinea, Oxydendrum arboreum and Euonymus alatus were determined. CIELAB coordinates were measured with a Minolta CR-2000b calorimeter at a marked location on 5 tagged leaves from 2 plants of each species. The changes in hue follow similar trends in these species, but the time of onset varies. Onset of red color development increased variability in hue between leaves of the same species. Based on color changes in E. alatus anthocyanin development occurs prior to significant loss of chlorophyll and red coloration remains masked, whereas in A. rubrum anthocyanin development occurs in association with or following the loss of chlorophyll. This results in differences in the pattern of hue and chroma development between these species.

scholarly journals Thinning and Diametric Fruit Growth Response of Apple Trees Treated with Benzyladenine and GA4+7 (Accel®), Carbaryl, and NAA

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 787E-787
Author(s):  
John A. Cline ◽  
Mary Bom ◽  
Donald C. Elfving
Keyword(s):  
Growth Response ◽  
Additional Data ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Sharp Decline ◽  
Fruit Thinning ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Fruit Maturity ◽  
Cluster Rate ◽  
Number Of Seeds

A series of seven fruit thinning experiments with benzyladenine (BA), benzyladenine and GA4+7 (10:1 BA:GA4+7, Accel), carbaryl (CB), and NAA were conducted at the Horticultural Experiment Station, Simcoe, during the 1993 and 1994 growing seasons. In 1993, BA and Accel at 0, 100, 200, and 300 mg of BA/liter were applied to mature `Redspur Delicious'/M.26 and `Empire'/M.26 trees when fruit were ≈10 mm in diameter. In one set of experiments in 1994, Accel was applied at 0, 25, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg of BA/liter to mature `McIntosh'/M.26 and `Empire'/M.7 trees. In a second set of experiments in 1994, Accel was applied at 0, 50, and 100 mg of BA/liter to mature `Idared'/M.26, `Empire'/M.26, and `Marshall McIntosh'/Mark trees when fruit were ≈10 mm in diameter. Additional treatments included bloom sprays of Accel at 50 mg of BA/liter, and sprays of BA at 50 mg a.i/liter, NAA at 10 mg a.i./liter, CB at 1000 mg a.i./liter, and a “low” (two fruit remaining/flower cluster) and `”high” (one fruit remaining/flower cluster) rate of hand thinning. In all experiments, thinning response to BA and Accel increased with concentration. Concentrations below 50, 100, and 300 mg BA/liter were generally ineffective for thinning `Empire', `Idared', and `McIntosh', and `Delicious', respectively. Fruit size of `Idared' and `Empire' was increased at rates of 50 mg BA/liter, whereas rates of 100 mg BA/liter were needed to increase fruit size of `McIntosh'. Accel applied to `Empire' at 150 mg BA/liter decreased the number of seeds per fruit and increased fruit length:diameter (L:D) ratios. Concentrations of Accel exceeding 100 mg BA/liter in `Red Delicious' decreased the number of seeds per fruit, while having little effect on fruit L:D ratios even though lower concentrations increased fruit L:D ratios. Diametric fruit growth measurements in 1994 indicated a temporary, but sharp, decline in growth rate immediately following treatment imposition for trees that responded positively to thinning. Additional data describing treatment effects on fruit size distribution, vegetative growth, and fruit maturity will be presented and discussed in relation to crop load.

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