scholarly journals (428) Seed Threshing and Cleaningin Flowers

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1023C-1023
Author(s):  
David Tay
Keyword(s):  
Mesh Size ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Empty Seed ◽  
Small Plot ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Round Seed ◽  
Big Pieces ◽  
Selection Of

Flower seed threshing and cleaning are challenging because many flowers have tiny seed, e.g., the 1000-seed weight of Begonia is 0.01 g, and others have odd-shaped seed, e.g., Tagetes has pappus-bearing seed and Fibigia has winged seed. There is a lack of information on the threshing and cleaning of flower seeds. At the Ornamental Plant Germplasm Center, a small-plot grain belt thresher was modified by disengaging its winnower and a special chute installed to collect the threshed seed and chaff together for cleaning. A custom-made threshing board is used for small samples. The seed with chaff is passed through screen with mesh size that allows all the seed to pass through so that the big pieces of chaff are retained and separated, i.e., scalping. Accurate selection of the next scalping screen (SS) is critical so that the mesh size is just right for at least 95% of the seed to pass through to remove all the chaff larger than the seed. The seed is then sieved on a grading screen (GS) of mesh size that retains at least 95% of the seed to remove all the chaff smaller than the seed. A seed blower is used to further separate the remaining chaff and empty seed based on weight and surface area by adjusting the blowing velocity (BV). A vibratory separator (VS) is used for species with round seed, e.g., Antirrhinum. An X-ray machine is used to monitor the cleaning process. The SC, GS, BV, and VT are given for Agastache, Anisodontea, Antirrhinum, Aquilegia, Aster, Astilboides, Begonia, Belamcanda, Bergenia, Cleome, Coreopsis, Dianthus, Eupatorium, Gaillardia, Geranium, Gypsophila, Iris, Lilium, Lysimachia, Myosotis, Nothoscordom, Oenothera, Passiflora, Penstemon, Petunia, Platycodon, Ranunculus, Rudbeckia, Silene, Stokesia, Synnotia, Tagetes, Talinum, Thalictrum, Verbena, Veronica, and Zinnia.

scholarly journals Monitoring, implementation and reporting of interventions in a selection of trials assessing exercise therapy for the management of shoulder subacromial pain: a cross-sectional investigation

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. e044462
Author(s):  
Daniel C Ribeiro ◽  
Kate Spiers ◽  
Laura Thomas ◽  
Kiriffi Leilua ◽  
Matthew Wilkes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Manual Therapy ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Cochrane Review ◽  
Health Behavior Change ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Treatment Delivery ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Intervention Trials ◽  
Intervention Description ◽  
Selection Of

ObjectivesTo review the reporting of monitoring and implementation of interventions in a selection of trials that assessed the effectiveness of manual therapy and exercise in the management of shoulder subacromial pain.DesignA review of trials assessing the effectiveness of manual therapy and exercise in the management of patients with shoulder subacromial pain.MethodsWe included in our review a selection of 10 trials that were included in a Cochrane review and compared manual therapy and exercise intervention with another intervention. Trials were assessed independently by two reviewers using two checklists: the Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) and the Health Behavior Change Consortium treatment fidelity (National Institutes of Health Behaviour Change Consortium/NIHBCC).ResultsTIDieR overall scores for individual trials ranged from 11.1% to 45% and fidelity scores ranged from 7% to 50%. On average, trials scored the following within each domain of NIHBCC: study design 51%; training of providers 8%; treatment delivery 15%; treatment receipt 14% and treatment enactment 2.5%.ConclusionsLittle information about the monitoring, implementation and reporting of interventions was provided by trials and that is a barrier for implementing or replicating these interventions. The lack of information regarding the implementation of interventions needs to be taken into account when assessing whether effectiveness of interventions was impacted by their design or due to deviations from the protocol within trials.

DOES THIS SOUND FAMILIAR?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. A78-A78
Author(s):  
Student
Keyword(s):  
Small Samples ◽  
The Law ◽  
Selection Of

A study of the statistical intuitions of experience research psychologists revealed a lingering belief in what may be called the "law of small numbers," according to which even small samples are highly representative of the populations from which they are drawn. The responses of these investigators reflected the expectation that a valid hypothesis about a population will be represented by a statistically significant result in a sample with little regard for its size. As a consequence researchers put too much faith in the results of small samples and grossly overestimated the replicability of such results. In the actual conduct of research, this bias leads to the selection of samples of inadequate size and to overinterpretation of findings.

Paradata in Documentation Standards and Recommendations for Digital Archaeological Visualisations

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-220
Author(s):  
Lisa Börjesson ◽  
Olle Sköld ◽  
Isto Huvila
Keyword(s):  
Research Data ◽  
Data Reuse ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
National Heritage ◽  
Processing History ◽  
International Harmonisation ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Current Standards ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
As If

Abstract Digitalisation of research data and massive efforts to make it findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable has revealed that in addition to an eventual lack of description of the data itself (metadata), data reuse is often obstructed by the lack of information about the datamaking and interpretation (i.e. paradata). In search of the extent and composition of categories for describing processes, this article reviews a selection of standards and recommendations frequently referred to as useful for documenting archaeological visualisations. It provides insight into 1) how current standards can be employed to document provenance and processing history (i.e. paradata), and 2) what aspects of the processing history can be made transparent using current standards and which aspects are pushed back or hidden. The findings show that processes are often either completely absent or only partially addressed in the standards. However, instead of criticising standards for bias and omissions as if a perfect description of everything would be attainable, the findings point to the need for a comprehensive consideration of the space a standard is operating in (e.g. national heritage administration or international harmonisation of data). When a standard is used in a specific space it makes particular processes, methods, or tools transparent. Given these premises, if the standard helps to document what needs to be documented (e.g. paradata), and if it provides a type of transparency required in a certain space, it is reasonable to deem the standard good enough for that purpose.

scholarly journals Experimental Nets for a Protection System against the Vectors of Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al.

Agriculture ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Castellano ◽  
Antonella Di Palma ◽  
Giacinto Germinara ◽  
Marco Lippolis ◽  
Giuseppe Starace ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Mesh Size ◽  
Olive Tree ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Wooden Frame ◽  
Field Nursery ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Laboratory Bioassays ◽  
Meadow Spittlebug

The effectiveness of experimental nets in preventing the access of adult meadow spittlebug Philaenus spumarius L., the main vector of Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al. subspecies pauca, sequence type (ST) 53, in olive tree nurseries and orchards was evaluated. To optimize the net design, mesh size, kind of fabric, thread typology, and radiometric properties, six nets with different mesh sizes and kinds of fabric were evaluated in laboratory and in field experiments. Laboratory bioassays evaluating the capability of adult spittlebugs to pass through nets with different mesh sizes (1.2, 1.8, 2.4 mm) showed that all nets with a mesh size equal to or lower than 2.4 mm prevented insect crossing. These results were confirmed in field conditions using an experimental net box apparatus. Further laboratory tests showed a positive correlation between porosity and radiometric properties of the nets. Three prototypes of thermally stabilized flat woven nets made of circular cross-sectional yarns, knitted net with strips, and knitted nets made of yarns were tested after the evaluation of their potential usability in terms of porosity stability. The knitted net features were found to be the most suitable. The net transmissivity of the total and direct component of solar radiation in the photosynthetically active radiation and the infrared ranges increased with the net porosity. A prism-shaped wooden frame with a triangular base covered with the knitted net with a 2.4 mm mesh confirmed the insect’s capability of reaching considerable heights, up to 2.85 m. Hence, based on our results, the monowire knitted net with a 2.4 mm mesh can be used in open field nursery and olive orchards to prevent the access of P. spumarius adults and to shield the openings of greenhouse nurseries.

scholarly journals Screen Mesh Size for Exclusion of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) in Citrus Production

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (4) ◽  
pp. 2026-2030
Author(s):  
Timothy A Ebert ◽  
Laura Waldo ◽  
Daniel Stanton ◽  
Arnold W Schumann
Keyword(s):  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Mesh Size ◽  
Diaphorina Citri ◽  
Short Side ◽  
Vector Management ◽  
Citrus Production ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter ◽  
Liberibacter Asiaticus ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Individual Trees

Abstract Huanglongbing is a citrus disease that reduces yield, crop quality, and eventually causes tree mortality. The putative causal agent, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Rhizobiales: Rhizobiaceae), is vectored by the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. Disease management is largely through vector control, but the insect is developing pesticide resistance. A nonchemical approach to vector management is to grow citrus under screen cages either as bags over individual trees or enclosures spanning many acres. The enclosing screen reduces wind, alters temperature relative to ambient, and excludes a variety of pests that are too large to pass through the screen. Here we evaluated the potential of six screens to exclude D. citri. We conclude that screens with rectangular openings need to limit the short side to no more than 384.3 µm with a SD of 36.9 µm (40 mesh) to prevent psyllids from passing through the screen. The long side can be at least 833 µm, but the efficacy of screens exceeding this value should be tested before using in the field.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Selected Insecticides for Control of Aphids on Cotton, 1995

1996 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 268-269
Author(s):  
Alton N. Sparks ◽  
John W. Norman
Keyword(s):  
Random Selection ◽  
Small Plot ◽  
Extension Center ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract A small plot test was conducted at the Texas A&M Research and Extension Center in Weslaco to evaluate selected insecticides for efficacy against aphids on cotton. Plots measured 1 row (40 inches) by 30 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a CO2 pressurized (40 psi) backpack sprayer in a total volume of 10 gpa. Nozzle arrangement consisted of three 10X nozzles per row (1 over-top, 2 on drops). Treatments were applied 13 May. Aphids were monitored by random selection of 5 plants per plot and counting all apterous aphids on the first fully expanded leaf below the terminal.

scholarly journals Graphitization of Small Carbonate Samples for Paleoceanographic Research at the Godwin Radiocarbon Laboratory, University of Cambridge

Radiocarbon ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Freeman ◽  
L C Skinner ◽  
R Reimer ◽  
A Scrivner ◽  
S Fallon
Keyword(s):  
Iron Powder ◽  
Hydrogen Reduction ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
University Of Cambridge ◽  
National University ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The University ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractA new radiocarbon preparation facility was set up in 2010 at the Godwin Laboratory for Palaeoclimate Research, at the University of Cambridge. Samples are graphitized via hydrogen reduction on an iron powder catalyst before being sent to the Chrono Centre, Belfast, or the Australian National University for accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) analysis. The experimental setup and procedure have recently been developed to investigate the potential for running small samples of foraminiferal carbonate. By analyzing background values of samples ranging from 0.04 to 0.6 mg C along with similar sized secondary standards, the setup and experimental procedures were optimized for small samples. “Background” modern 14C contamination has been minimized through careful selection of iron powder, and graphitization has been optimized through the use of “small volume” reactors, allowing samples containing as little as 0.08 mg C to be graphitized and accurately dated. Graphitization efficiency/fractionation is found not to be the main limitation on the analysis of samples smaller than 0.07 mg C, which rather depends primarily on AMS ion beam optics, suggesting further improvements in small sample analysis might yet be achieved with our methodology.

scholarly journals Fitting Residual Error Structures for Growth Models in SAS PROC MCMC

2016 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 587-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel McNeish
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Methods ◽  
Variance Components ◽  
Applied Research ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Residual Error ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Covariance Structures ◽  
Biased Estimates ◽  
Selection Of

In behavioral sciences broadly, estimating growth models with Bayesian methods is becoming increasingly common, especially to combat small samples common with longitudinal data. Although M plus is becoming an increasingly common program for applied research employing Bayesian methods, the limited selection of prior distributions for the elements of covariance structures makes more general software more advantages under certain conditions. However, as a disadvantage of general software’s software flexibility, few preprogrammed commands exist for specifying covariance structures. For instance, PROC MIXED has a few dozen such preprogrammed options, but when researchers divert to a Bayesian framework, software offer no such guidance and requires researchers to manually program these different structures, which is no small task. As such the literature has noted that empirical papers tend to simplify their covariance matrices to circumvent this difficulty, which is not desirable because such a simplification will likely lead to biased estimates of variance components and standard errors. To facilitate wider implementation of Bayesian growth models that properly model covariance structures, this article overviews how to generally program a growth model in SAS PROC MCMC and then demonstrates how to program common residual error structures. Full annotated SAS code and an applied example are provided.

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