Application of CaCl2 Sprays Earlier in the Season May Reduce Bitter Pit Incidence in 'Braeburn' Apple

Calcium application trials were undertaken in a 'Braeburn' apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) orchard with a history of bitter pit development at harvest. In 2000, an early season calcium chloride application strategy was compared with the unsprayed control and a late season application strategy. From 2001–03, the assessment of timing of calcium chloride sprays was extended by comparing effects of five weekly sprays applied during the growing season either early, middle, or late season. Other Ca application strategies tested included sprays of acidified calcium carbonate suspensions and soil application of calcium thiosulphate. In the first experiment, early application of calcium chloride reduced the occurrence of bitter pit at harvest and after 3 months cold air storage, despite having low harvest fruit Ca concentrations. Late sprayed fruit had a higher incidence of bitter pit. In the second experiment, the later calcium chloride was sprayed in the growing season, the higher the fruit Ca concentration at harvest. Despite this, no bitter pit was measured at harvest for 2 years for early and midseason calcium chloride spray regimes. In 2003, when Ca disorders were severe and fruit large, bitter pit was observed despite early season calcium chloride sprays. Soil calcium thiosulphate application and foliar sprays of acidified calcium carbonate suspensions failed to meaningfully augment harvest fruit Ca concentrations and affect bitter pit incidence.

Download Full-text

Effect of the number of calcium chloride sprays on 'Jonagold' apple quality

Acta Agrobotanica ◽

10.5586/aa.1999.009 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 52 (1-2) ◽

pp. 85-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Paweł Wójcik

Keyword(s):

Calcium Chloride ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Growing Season ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Available Phosphorus ◽

Full Bloom ◽

Bitter Pit ◽

One Year ◽

Experimental Treatments

The aim of this study was to examine effect of frequency of calcium chloride (CaCl2) sprays on 'Jonagold' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) quality. The experiment was carried out in 1996-1998 in the Experimental Orchard of the Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture in Skierniewice. Apple trees were grafied on M.26 rootstock and planted in 1992 at a distance of 4 x 2 m on a sandy loam soil with high available phosphorus, potassium and magnesium contents. Four experimental treatments were applied: (i) three sprays with CaCl2 solutions at 2, 10 and 18 weeks after full bloom, (ii) six sprays with CaCl2 at 2, 6, 10, 14, 16 and 18 weeks after full bloom, (iii) nine sprays with CaCl2 at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 weeks after full bloom and (iv) control plot - trees unsprayed with CaCl2. The results showed that fruit Ca concentration increased with the number of CaCl2 sprays during the growing season. Apples nine-times sprayed with CaCl2 solutions were smaller, less mature at harvest and after storage, had lower titratable acidity and soluble solids contents after storage and were less sensitive to bitter pit, internal breakdown and Gloeosporium-rot compared to other treatments; however these effects were influenced by the growing season. Six CaCl2 sprays only in one year of the study increased fruit firmness after storage, fruit resistance to bitter pit and internal breakdown. Three CaCl2 sprays decreased bitter pit incidence; however this effect was found only in one investigated year.

Download Full-text

Anatomical Differences of Axillary Bud Development in Blind Nodes and Normal Nodes in Peach

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.31.5.798 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 31 (5) ◽

pp. 798-801 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Unaroj Boonprakob ◽

David H. Byrne ◽

Dale M.J. Mueller

Keyword(s):

Prunus Persica ◽

Growing Season ◽

Axillary Bud ◽

Early Season ◽

Bud Development ◽

Late Season ◽

Bud Initiation ◽

Node Formation

Actively growing shoots of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] were collected every 2 weeks throughout the 1989 growing season. The samples were sectioned longitudinally and transversely to observe axillary bud initiation, which occurred in all samples collected. Differentiation of axillary bud meristems from early season samples (mostly normal nodes) included apical and prophyll formation, with procambium connected to the stem procambium. Little to no differentiation of such structures occurred in the late-season samples (mostly blind nodes). Other results suggest that blind node formation is a consequence of a lack of bud differentiation rather than a failure of bud initiation.

Download Full-text

Full-Season Weed Control in Sugarbeets

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500037383 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 330-335 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

J. H. Dawson

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Beta Vulgaris ◽

Growing Season ◽

Early Season ◽

Late Season ◽

Total Labor ◽

Significant Injury ◽

Additional Labor

Sequential application of cycloate (S-ethyl N-ethylthiocyclohexanecarbamate) at 3.4 kg/ha, phenmedipham (methylm-hydroxycarbanilatem-methylcarbanilate) at 1.1 kg/ha, and trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) at 0.6 or 0.8 kg/ha, plus certain mechanical measures, controlled weeds during all periods of the growing season without significant injury to sugarbeets (Beta vulgarisL.). Early-season weed control was complete enough that the new selective mechanical thinners could have replaced labor for thinning. The additional labor required to bring the crop to harvest free of weeds was limited to one late-season hoeing, which required less than 10% of the total labor required in traditional weed control schedules without herbicides.

Download Full-text

Black Polyethylene Tunnel Covers Affect Plant Production and Quality of Sweetpotato Transplants

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.35.2.202 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 202-204

Author(s):

D.R. La Bonte ◽

A.Q. Villordon ◽

J.R. Schultheis ◽

D.W. Monks

Keyword(s):

North Carolina ◽

Ipomoea Batatas ◽

Growing Season ◽

Plant Production ◽

Ground Control ◽

Bare Ground ◽

Storage Roots ◽

Early Season ◽

Late Season

The influence of a black polyethylene tunnel cover (BTC) was evaluated for its effect on quantity and quality of sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] transplants in plant beds in Louisiana and North Carolina. Use of BTC increased production of `Beauregard' transplants from 63% to 553% in comparison with the bare ground control. `Jewel' was less responsive; BTC treatments increased transplant production by at least 48% in Louisiana over the bare ground control, but no increase was observed in North Carolina. Individual transplant weight was at least 34% less in BTC treatments than in the control. The first harvest of cuttings in BTC beds was at least 14 days prior to that in control beds. Transplant quality was assessed as yield of storage roots in repeated trials that extended throughout the normal growing season. Yield of storage roots was not affected by BTC in early season plantings, but was frequently lower for BTC treatment transplants in middle and late season plantings. We therefore do not recommend this method as a means of increasing sweetpotato plant production from bedded roots.

Download Full-text

Weed Management in Cotton

EDIS ◽

10.32473/edis-wg003-2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 (3) ◽

Author(s):

J. A. Ferrell ◽

G. E. MacDonald ◽

Pratap Devkota

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Weed Management ◽

Growing Season ◽

Cotton Production ◽

Early Season ◽

Late Season

A successful weed control is essential for economical cotton production. Weeds compete with cotton for moisture, nutrients, and light. The greatest competition usually occurs early in the growing season up to 8 weeks after emergence. Late-season weeds, while not as competitive as early-season weeds, may interfere with insecticide applications, may cause harvesting difficulties, and add seed in the soil seedbank.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/wg003

Download Full-text

Itchgrass (Rottboellia cochinchinensis) Interference in Sugarcane (Saccharumsp.)

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x0002830x ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 396-399 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Reed J. Lencse ◽

James L. Griffin

Keyword(s):

Growing Season ◽

Field Studies ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Early Season ◽

Late Season ◽

Sugarcane Stalk ◽

Rottboellia Cochinchinensis

Field studies were conducted in the northern and southern cane belt areas of Louisiana to determine the effect of itchgrass on sugarcane growth and yield. Itchgrass was allowed to interfere with sugarcane season-long, early-season from emergence in the spring until layby (last cultivation) in mid-June, and late-season from layby until harvest. Itchgrass germination occurred throughout the growing season. Populations of millable sugarcane stalks and yields of cane and sugar were similar for no interference, early-, and late-season interference. Season-long itchgrass interference reduced sugarcane stalk populations and cane and sugar yields an average of 34, 42, and 43%, respectively, compared with no interference.

Download Full-text

Preharvest Application of Methyl Jasmonate to 'Fuji' Apples Enhances Red Coloration and Affects Fruit Size, Splitting, and Bitter Pit Incidence

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.40.6.1760 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 40 (6) ◽

pp. 1760-1762 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

David R. Rudell ◽

John K. Fellman ◽

James P. Mattheis

Keyword(s):

Methyl Jasmonate ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Early Season ◽

Late Season ◽

Initial Application ◽

Color Development ◽

Peel Color ◽

Acetate Methyl ◽

Red Color ◽

Bitter Pit

Repeated preharvest applications of methyl jasmonate (MJ) to 'Fuji' apple [Malus sylvestris var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] fruit were evaluated for impacts on peel color, size, fruit finish, and maturation. MJ treatments at 2 week intervals began 48 days after full bloom (DAFB) (early season) or 119 DAFB (late season) and fruit were harvested 172 DAFB. MJ treatment stimulated significant increases in peel red color following the initial application and thereafter. Early season MJ treatment reduced fruit diameter and length to diameter ratio but slowed softening and starch hydrolysis. Fruit receiving late season MJ treatments had increased incidence of bitter pit and splitting, shorter green life, and slower softening. Results suggest preharvest application of MJ impacts apple color development and other aspects of fruit quality. Chemical name used: methyl 3-oxo-2-(2-pentenyl)cyclopentane-1-acetate (methyl jasmonate).

Download Full-text

Influence of Training Systems on Tree Size, Yield, and Fruit Quality of 15 Peach Cultivars

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.31.4.666e ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 666e-666

Author(s):

R.M. Crassweller ◽

D.E. Smith

Keyword(s):

Growing Season ◽

Fruit Color ◽

Training System ◽

Training Methods ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Individual Tree ◽

Early Season ◽

Late Season ◽

Training Systems ◽

And Training

A peach and nectarine cultivar and training trial was planted in 1989. Training methods were open center (OC) and central leader (CL). The orchard was divided into three sections for early, mid-, and late season peaches with 10 individual-tree replications. The following characteristics were measured from 1989 to 1994: trunk cross sectional area, fruit yield, number of fruit, and fruit color. Early season peaches, those ripening with and before `Salem' in the OC system had significantly greater TCSA at the end of the fifth growing season. At the end of the sixth growing season, however, there was a significant training cultivar interaction. There were no differences between the mid- or late season cultivars. Measurable yields were obtained in 1991 through 1993. In all years, greater yields per tree were observed from trees in the CL system, although not significantly different for the late season cultivars. `Redhaven' and `Newhaven' had the highest yields for the early season cultivars, `Glohaven' for the mid-season cultivars, and `Cresthaven' and Biscoe for the late season cultivars. Trees in the CL system tended to have higher tree efficiency than trees in the OC system. Fruit color at harvest varied by year and training system.

Download Full-text

Relationship between Relative Maturity and Grain Yield of Maize (Zea mays L.) Hybrids in Northwest New Mexico for the 2003–2019 Period

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture10070290 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 290

Author(s):

Koffi Djaman ◽

Curtis Owen ◽

Margaret M. West ◽

Samuel Allen ◽

Komlan Koudahe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New Mexico ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Sprinkler Irrigation ◽

Growing Season ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Agricultural Science ◽

Production Optimization ◽

Science Center ◽

Early Season ◽

Climate Conditions

The highly variable weather under changing climate conditions affects the establishment and the cutoff of crop growing season and exposes crops to failure if producers choose non-adapted relative maturity that matches the characteristics of the crop growing season. This study aimed to determine the relationship between maize hybrid relative maturity and the grain yield and determine the relative maturity range that will sustain maize production in northwest New Mexico (NM). Different relative maturity maize hybrids were grown at the Agricultural Science Center at Farmington ((Latitude 36.69° North, Longitude 108.31° West, elevation 1720 m) from 2003 to 2019 under sprinkler irrigation. A total of 343 hybrids were grouped as early and full season hybrids according to their relative maturity that ranged from 93 to 119 and 64 hybrids with unknown relative maturity. The crops were grown under optimal management condition with no stress of any kind. The results showed non-significant increase in grain yield in early season hybrids and non-significant decrease in grain yield with relative maturity in full season hybrids. The relative maturity range of 100–110 obtained reasonable high grain yields and could be considered under the northwestern New Mexico climatic conditions. However, more research should target the evaluation of different planting date coupled with plant population density to determine the planting window for the early season and full season hybrids for the production optimization and sustainability.

Download Full-text

The role of bacterial urease activity on the uniformity of carbonate precipitation profiles of bio-treated coarse sand specimens

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-85712-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Charalampos Konstantinou ◽

Yuze Wang ◽

Giovanna Biscontin ◽

Kenichi Soga

Keyword(s):

Calcium Carbonate ◽

Calcium Chloride ◽

Urease Activity ◽

Coarse Sand ◽

Carbonate Precipitation ◽

Population Densities ◽

Carbonate Cements ◽

Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation

AbstractProtocols for microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) have been extensively studied in the literature to optimise the process with regard to the amount of injected chemicals, the ratio of urea to calcium chloride, the method of injection and injection intervals, and the population of the bacteria, usually using fine- to medium-grained poorly graded sands. This study assesses the effect of varying urease activities, which have not been studied systematically, and population densities of the bacteria on the uniformity of cementation in very coarse sands (considered poor candidates for treatment). A procedure for producing bacteria with the desired urease activities was developed and qPCR tests were conducted to measure the counts of the RNA of the Ure-C genes. Sand biocementaton experiments followed, showing that slower rates of MICP reactions promote more effective and uniform cementation. Lowering urease activity, in particular, results in progressively more uniformly cemented samples and it is proven to be effective enough when its value is less than 10 mmol/L/h. The work presented highlights the importance of urease activity in controlling the quality and quantity of calcium carbonate cements.

Download Full-text