How Sticky Wages in Existing Jobs Can Affect Hiring

We consider a matching model of employment with flexible wages for new hires but sticky wages within matches. Unlike most models of sticky wages, we allow effort to respond if wages are too high or too low. In the Mortensen-Pissarides model, employment is not affected by wage stickiness in existing matches. But it is in our model. If wages of matched workers are stuck too high, firms require more effort, lowering the value of additional labor and reducing hiring. We find that effort’s response can greatly increase wage inertia. (JEL E24, J23, J31, J41, M51)

MIGRATION AND CORONACRISIS: CONSEQUENCES, PROSPECTS, DIRECTIONS OF RESPONSE

Labor migration abroad has a significant impact on the socio-economic and demographic development of Ukraine. Therefore, awareness of the consequences of the pandemic for migration processes, taking into account the migration component in developing a strategy for overcoming the crisis is extremely important. The article focuses on finding the key answers to adequately respond to migration challenges. The question is: ‘How does the crisis affect the situation of migrants? How does the crisis affect the intensity and direction of migration flows? How will these changes affect the development of the Ukrainian economy and society?’ There is not enough data on the dynamics of modern international migration. Therefore, the review of the hypothetical migration situation, as well as the development of recommendations for possible policy solutions, are based not only on their analysis, but also on generalizing the effects of previous economic crises on migration processes, identification and extrapolation to modern realities of their essential characteristics. During the crisis, the demand for additional labor from abroad is declining, but this leads not so much to the return of migrants to their homeland, as to a decrease in emigration, but rather to its postponement. Not all countries and not all sectors of the economy are experiencing the crisis in the same way, so there is a flow of migrants from one area of employment to another, from the most affected by the crisis countries to more prosperous. It is not so much the power of migration flows that changes, but their direction and characteristics. The return of migrants to Ukraine has not become widespread, it is only temporary, moreover, if the economic situation in the country will deteriorate, and in the countries of destination economic recovery will be successful, labor migration may intensify. Given the continuing labor migration from Ukraine, the state should significantly intensify its efforts to protect the rights and interests of Ukrainian citizens abroad. It is necessary to ensure access of migrants to medical services, social assistance, unemployment benefits, etc., to intensify the negotiation process with the countries of residence of migrant workers. Particular attention needs to be paid to supporting the repatriation flow, which can help reduce the shortage of workers needed by the economy, to serve a faster way out of the crisis.

Performance Testing and Evaluation of Drum-Type Stem-Separation Device for Pepper Harvester

The chili pepper harvester has shown potential problems of low pepper stem separation and a high pepper damage rate. The low pepper stem separation has required additional labor, which consists of separating the pepper and stem after pepper harvesting. To improve the stem separation and sorting function of pepper harvesters, three-shaft and four-shaft drum-type stem-separation devices were manufactured, and performance tests were conducted to assess these devices. In an attempt to reduce the damage rate, a brush was used as the teeth in the drum-type stem-separation device. In the factor test, the rotational speeds of shaft 1(A), shaft 2(B), shaft 3(C), and the conveyor for the three-shaft drum were 0.9, 2.7, 1.3, and 0.5 m/s, respectively. The rotational speed of the four-shaft drum was the same as that of the three-shaft drum except for shaft 4(D), and the rotational speed of this additional D was set to 1.3 m/s, which was the same as that of C. In the non-moving status during the non-picking operation of the pepper harvester, the average stem-separation efficiency (SSE) of the four-shaft drum increased by 1.2%, the average pepper with twig rate (PTR) decreased by 5.9%, and the average damage rate (DR) increased by 3.7% compared to the three-shaft drum. In the moving status during the picking operation of the pepper harvester, the SSE of the four-shaft drum increased by 3.6%, the PTR decreased by 9.1%, and the DR increased by 3.8% compared to the three-shaft drum, so an improvement in the pepper stem-separation capacity was observed.

CHALLENGES BEFORE THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN AGRICULTURE

According its position in the supply chain, agrarian producers could contemplate higher or lower possibilities for the realization of its production. Not all types of cultures allow reaching final clients directly, because those products are aimed for intermediate consumption or are used as a source for Food processing Industry. Reaching final clients producers could be benefited by higher prices of realization of their products, but a "vertical integration forward" is required to be done successfully. Additional labor and capital resources need to be invested in that activity. Information of the market and acquisition of knowledge both commercial and assessment of experts are also required in order to be accomplish the realization of products both in national and external markets. The aim of this research is to identify and asses different ways that are available to Bulgarian agricultural producers for the realization of their production. For that reason precisely the position of the supply chain could determine broadly the depth and the horizon of market possibilities available.

EXPORT OF HIGHER EDUCATION AS THE TOOL FOR COMPETITIVENESS IMPROVEMENT OF ECONOMIES IN THE WORLD

The research paper covers the impact of higher education export on the competitiveness level of key world economies in terms of international division of labor and global value chains, including USA, Germany and China. At the same time, the comparison in the field of higher education export in Russia has been implemented. There have been revealed main factors in the attraction of foreign students in universities of analyzed countries: the economic factor (the profit from higher educational services for foreign citizens), the consumer factor (the profit from living costs of foreign citizens during the educational period), factor of additional labor force (the employment of foreign graduates in the international companies), factor of “soft power” (the loyal attitude to the country, where higher education has been received) and factor of innovation development (the participation of foreign citizens in the development and implementation of research ideas in startups). Additionally, indicators of selected countries were compared in terms of its competitiveness level, including the complexity of economies and its innovation development. The result of this research is identification of interaction between export of higher education and competitiveness level of a country: USA, Germany and China have high indicators in this field in comparison with Russia. Based on the results main directions of higher education export development have been described with a target of competitiveness level increase in the national economy globally.

US Agriculture in the Past 30 Years: Structural Changes

Over the past 30 years, a series of inter-related changes in land-use pattern, business arrangements, farm structure, and production practices combined to expand output without increasing the use of total inputs. Moreover, by allowing farmers to increase U.S. agricultural production through increased productivity instead of expanded land and chemical use, many of these innovations helped to limit the impact of agricultural production on the environment. Meanwhile, new technologies (such as precision agriculture) have required additional labor use, a differentiated approach to the specialization of production, and stimulated the concentration of resources, capital and efforts on the production of certain products, which allowed some farmers to increase the size of their operations. As a result, the number of large farms increased 8 times, and their share in the country's agricultural production increased to 62%. Although production has shifted dramatically to larger farms, 97 percent of all farms remain family farms, generating 82 percent of the total value of U.S. agricultural production.

The development of German business in Russia in 2020-2021: top-managers’ opinion

The article presents the results of the survey of the heads of structural divisions of German companies operating in Russia – on the outcome of their activity in 2020 and expectations for 2021. Top-managers indicate the deterioration of business climate in 2020 and express the pessimism in relation to the situation in 2021. Most of them define their current business position in Russia as satisfactory. The majority of them do not plan to attract additional labor force and to implement new investment projects in 2021. Respondents highlight three most acute current problems of the Russian market (ruble’s exchange rate, anti-pandemic measures, low economic activity), point to the deterioration of German-Russian relations in 2020. They consider Nord Stream 2 as an important contribution to ensuring energy supply to Europe and at the same time expect a decrease in the importance of Russia as an energy partner of the EU by 2050, assess the measures of the Russian government to support the economy during the coronacrisis period as insufficient and indicate the most promising business sectors and regions of the country.

Features of the legal regulation of seasonal workers employed in agriculture

The production of agricultural products is a complex, specific and labor-intensive process. Agricultural production depends on a number of climatic and natural factors. The influence of the seasons on the growth of crops determines the nature of work in the agro-industrial complex. In certain seasons, agriculture needs additional labor. These provisions provide for the appearance in the labor legislation of Russia, foreign states and international legal acts of a special category of workers - seasonal workers. The work of seasonal workers has a number of features, one hundred requires special legal regulation. This article analyses the legal regulation of employers' employment relations with seasonal workers in Russian, foreign and international legislation.

Outreach librarian to black students : A de facto role

While some predominantly white institutions can offer unique and laudable educational experiences to Black college students, they can also lack resources that provide these same students with a culturally affirming milieu. Black faculty and staff can organize their time, energy and resources to offer culturally enriching experiences for Black students. However, this additional labor is not systematically seen, cataloged or recognized as a core or essential duty. The author describes some effective forms of outreach from her personal experience and simultaneously asks whose job it is to meet the cultural needs of this population.

Influence of landing depth on morphological and biological signs of widely applicable in the greening flower-decorative cultures (Antirrhinum majus L., Petunia hybrida Vilm., Salvia splendens Sello ex Nees, Zinnia elegans Jacq.)

Information on the characteristics of the growth and development of plants of large snapdragon, hybrid petunia, sparkling sage, elegant zinnia, depending on the depth of planting is provided. Characteristics of the main morphological signs are given, data on the height of plants, the number of lateral axes, buds, flowers, fruits, leaves, weight and number of roots of deeply planted and control plants are presented; provides information on vegetation periods; ways to improve the agricultural technology of transplants of indicated plants are identified. It is shown that deep planting is an economically viable rational agricultural method that helps to increase the decorativeness of plants, their earlier, long and plentiful flowering, and to improve the aesthetic expressiveness of flower beds without additional labor and material costs.