scholarly journals Genetic Variation of Spring Frost Damage in 3-year-old Fraser Fir Christmas Tree Plantations

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 1531-1536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Emerson ◽  
John Frampton ◽  
Steven E. McKeand
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Lateral Branch ◽  
Tree Plantations ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Lateral Bud ◽  
Lateral Branches

A series of open-pollinated progeny tests of Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] was analyzed to determine genetic variation of spring frost damage to the terminal leader and lateral branches after a late season frost in May of the third year in the field. The level of spring frost damage was also compared with bud flush dates that had been measured in the nursery before field planting. Seed sources differed significantly for lateral branch frost damage, and families within source differed significantly for both terminal leader and lateral branch frost damage. Greater terminal and lateral frost damage were significantly associated with greater height for all years. As expected, parent elevation was negatively associated with progeny height. Less lateral frost damage was also associated with later terminal and lateral bud flush dates in the nursery. In addition, higher parent elevation was associated with later lateral bud flush dates of progeny in the nursery. Terminal and lateral bud flush dates in the nursery showed high individual tree within-population heritability values of 0.85 and 0.73, respectively. Similar heritability values for the frost damage measurements were low, 0.045 for terminal leader damage and 0.14 for lateral branch damage. Many of the fast-growing families quickly made up for any loss of height from frost damage so that frost damage should not greatly affect the rotation length.

Genetic Variation in Chamaecyparis nootkatensis from Coastal British Columbia1

1992 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Cherry ◽  
D. T. Lester
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Chamaecyparis Nootkatensis ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
Port Orford Cedar

Abstract Genetic variation in several traits of Alaska-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) was measured in progeny from seven coastal B.C. provenances, each represented by three open-pollinated families. The common-garden nursery trial also included one provenance of Port-Orford cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana). Growth traits and frost hardiness were measured at the end of the first growing season, and morphological traits after the second year. Provenances varied in percentage germination, shoot dry weight, shoot to root dry weight ratio, number of lateral branches per stem, and cold injury to a minimum temperature of -20°C in December. Families differed in height, root collar diameter, and in the number of nodes of primary foliage. Port-Orford cedar exhibited much greater height, stem caliper, and dry weight than any Alaska-cedar provenance, but was more susceptible to frost damage. West. J. Appl. For. 7(1):25-29.

Natural variation and genetic parameters in Fraser fir for growth and Christmas tree traits

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 1480-1486 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Arnold ◽  
J.B. Jett ◽  
S.E. McKeand
Keyword(s):  
Growth Traits ◽  
Genetic Parameter ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Christmas Tree ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Height Class

Open-pollinated progeny trials of Fraser fir (Abiesfraseri (Pursh) Poir.) assessed at 8 years provided genetic parameter estimates for growth, Christmas tree quality traits, and wholesale value at harvest age. Significant variation was found between and within nine different seed sources. Estimated individual tree heritabilities of important traits ranged from a low of 0.13 for USDA Christmas tree grade to a moderate value of 0.33 for crown diameter. Heritabilities within the better performing seed sources tended to be higher. Of the two traits that determine wholesale value, USDA grade and height class, the latter proved to have the greater influence, both phenotypically and genetically. Genetic correlations of early age height growth with 8-year total height, height class, USDA Christmas tree grade, and individual tree wholesale value proved favorable and strong (range of 0.57–0.96). In combination with moderate heritabilities for early growth traits, such correlations provide potential for effective early age selections in Fraser fir Christmas trees.

scholarly journals Genetic Variation in Early Growth and Bud Production among Natural Populations of Fraser Fir

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 661-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Emerson ◽  
John Frampton ◽  
Steven E. McKeand
Keyword(s):  
Natural Populations ◽  
Christmas Tree ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Great Smoky Mountains ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Tree Quality ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Source Site ◽  
Tree Production

A series of open-pollinated progeny tests of Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] was analyzed to determine natural variation among six geographic seed sources and to estimate genetic parameters for traits important in Christmas tree production. Highly significant differences were found among seed sources and families within sources (P ≤ 0.0001) for height after 4 years in the field. The individual-tree within-population heritability values for the traits measured in Year 4 ranged from 0 to 0.44, with height having the highest heritability, overall tree quality having a heritability of 0.14, and bud and branching traits having varying heritabilities. Heritability values for height at age 4 varied greatly among the six sources, from 0.15 for the Black Mountains to 0.67 for the Great Smoky Mountains. Highly significant seed source × site interactions as well as family within source × site interactions existed for height. Stability variance analysis, after removing the environmental heterogeneity, showed significant instability across the test sites for two of the six seed sources for height after 4 years, and some rank changes occurred. The high heritability values for height indicate that economically important genetic gains can be made in Fraser fir for Christmas tree production because of the importance of height in determining Christmas tree value.

Effects of artificial warming during quiescence on budbreak and growth of white spruce, Picea glauca

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 1538-1545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn C. Pike ◽  
James C. Warren ◽  
Rebecca A. Montgomery
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Range Edge ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Infrared Lamps ◽  
Intermittent Warming

Climate change is expected to increase winter temperatures in boreal climates. White spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) is vulnerable to spring frost damage due to its habit of early budbreak, which may be exacerbated or lessened with increasingly warm winters at its southern range edge. We tested the effects of episodic warming during the quiescent stage on budbreak time and growth of seven seed sources grown in a common garden setting in Minnesota, USA. Treatment plots were warmed with infrared lamps for 4 days each in February, March, or February and March to simulate a midwinter thaw. Control plots for each treatment and an overall control were included for comparison. Trees warmed in February experienced a slight delay in spring budbreak, but differences in budbreak time were generally not significant. Terminal growth was significantly and negatively correlated with time of budbreak but not with time to growth cessation. Our results suggest that white spruce is relatively resilient to the effects of intermittent warming but that warming early in the season may delay budbreak time, which is expected to reduce terminal growth.

Genetic Variation in Frost Tolerance, Uromycladium acaciae Rust Resistance, and Growth in an Acacia mearnsii Population

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Moreno Chan ◽  
Fikret Isik
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Acacia Mearnsii ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Current Population ◽  
Black Wattle ◽  
Cold Hardy

Abstract Genetic variation in frost tolerance, resistance to the rust fungus Uromycladium acaciae, growth, stem form, and gummosis were evaluated in 110 open-pollinated families of black wattle (Acacia mearnsii De Wild). Families were tested at six frost-prone sites in northern KwaZulu-Natal and southeastern Mpumalanga, South Africa. Frost-hardy provenances were susceptible to rust disease and had poor growth. Locally grown F1 seed sources that originated from cold-hardy Australian seed sources had better growth and were tolerant to rust, but at a cost of lower frost tolerance. Considerable genetic variation was observed between families within seed sources for frost damage (hfm2 = 0.77), rust incidence (hfm2 = 0.89), and height (hfm2 = 0.80). The corresponding narrow-sense heritabilities (hi2) were 0.30, 0.80, and 0.32. Genotype-by-environment interaction levels were low for most traits. Except for a strong genetic correlation between tree height and diameter (0.90), all the pairs of traits had weak to moderate genetic correlations. Recurrent selection will be successful in improving frost tolerance and rust incidence. However, the current population comprises limited germplasm that is both tolerant to frost and resistant to rust. Thus, we recommend infusing germplasm from known cold-hardy Australian provenances into the current population to increase genetic variation for frost tolerance, rust, and growth. Study Implications Black wattle (Acacia mearnsii De Wild) is widely planted in South Africa for bark extract and woodchip exports. The species is prone to frost damage and susceptible to rust fungus Uromycladium acaciae, two major limitations to its cultivation. In this study, 110 open-pollinated families of black wattle originated from its native range in Australia and local South African seed sources were studied for frost and disease tolerance. The results from this study suggest that there is considerable variation within species for frost tolerance and fungal disease. We suggest a tandem selection strategy for black wattle farming in South Africa to increase resistance to frost damage and fungal diseases.

scholarly journals Survival, Frost Susceptibility, Growth, and Disease Resistance of Corkbark and Subalpine Fir Grown for Landscape and Christmas Trees

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danny L. Barney ◽  
Michael Bauer ◽  
Jennifer Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Frost Damage ◽  
Abies Lasiocarpa ◽  
Subalpine Fir ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Spring Frosts ◽  
The University ◽  
Extension Center

Trees from six corkbark fir (Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica) and 10 subalpine fir (A. lasiocarpa var. lasiocarpa) seed sources were grown at the University of Idaho Sandpoint Research and Extension Center (SREC), Sandpoint, ID, and two commercial nurseries in Idaho and Oregon. Posttransplant mortality was highest during the first two years. After six growing seasons, survival averaged 76% and 80% for corkbark and subalpine fir, respectively. In SREC irrigated plots, survival averaged 96% and 99% for corkbark and subalpine fir, respectively. Spring frost damage occurred annually on 66% to 100% of trees during 2002–06. In SREC plots, damage was minor and did not adversely affect appearance. Tree heights and growth rates varied significantly between seed sources. In general, corkbark fir grew faster than subalpine fir. After nine years in the field, mean heights of SREC-grown corkbark trees ranged from 2.1 to 2.9 m and that of subalpine trees ranged from 1.3 to 2.3 m, depending on seed source. Corkbark fir proved moderately resistant to resistant to a phoma-type fungal blight. Three corkbark seed sources appeared suitable for Christmas tree production. Subalpine trees were more susceptible to the blight. Some trees within both botanical varieties proved resistant to or highly tolerant of the blight, but the use of seedlings for landscapes may be unacceptably risky because of disease potential. Two fungicide programs (three applications of pyraclostrobin plus boscalid or one application of pyraclostrobin plus boscalid followed by one application of chlorothalonil) controlled the blight. Eight subalpine fir and 23 corkbark fir at SREC were selected for further testing as possible cultivars. Neither crop is recommended for sites with frequent or severe spring frosts.

scholarly journals Spring Frost Damage to Tea Plants Can Be Identified with Daily Minimum Air Temperatures Estimated by MODIS Land Surface Temperature Products

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1177
Author(s):  
Peijuan Wang ◽  
Yuping Ma ◽  
Junxian Tang ◽  
Dingrong Wu ◽  
Hui Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Land Surface Temperature ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Estimation Model ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Tea Plants ◽  
Elevation Model ◽  
Minimum Air Temperature

Tea (Camellia sinensis) is one of the most dominant economic plants in China and plays an important role in agricultural economic benefits. Spring tea is the most popular drink due to Chinese drinking habits. Although the global temperature is generally warming, spring frost damage (SFD) to tea plants still occurs from time to time, and severely restricts the production and quality of spring tea. Therefore, monitoring and evaluating the impact of SFD to tea plants in a timely and precise manner is a significant and urgent task for scientists and tea producers in China. The region designated as the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River (MLRYR) in China is a major tea plantation area producing small tea leaves and low shrubs. This region was selected to study SFD to tea plants using meteorological observations and remotely sensed products. Comparative analysis between minimum air temperature (Tmin) and two MODIS nighttime land surface temperature (LST) products at six pixel-window scales was used to determine the best suitable product and spatial scale. Results showed that the LST nighttime product derived from MYD11A1 data at the 3 × 3 pixel window resolution was the best proxy for daily minimum air temperature. A Tmin estimation model was established using this dataset and digital elevation model (DEM) data, employing the standard lapse rate of air temperature with elevation. Model validation with 145,210 ground-based Tmin observations showed that the accuracy of estimated Tmin was acceptable with a relatively high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.841), low root mean square error (RMSE = 2.15 °C) and mean absolute error (MAE = 1.66 °C), and reasonable normalized RMSE (NRMSE = 25.4%) and Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency (EF = 0.12), with significantly improved consistency of LST and Tmin estimation. Based on the Tmin estimation model, three major cooling episodes recorded in the "Yearbook of Meteorological Disasters in China" in spring 2006 were accurately identified, and several highlighted regions in the first two cooling episodes were also precisely captured. This study confirmed that estimating Tmin based on MYD11A1 nighttime products and DEM is a useful method for monitoring and evaluating SFD to tea plants in the MLRYR. Furthermore, this method precisely identified the spatial characteristics and distribution of SFD and will therefore be helpful for taking effective preventative measures to mitigate the economic losses resulting from frost damage.

Bionomics of the pine needle scale (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), an emerging pest in Christmas tree (Pinaceae) plantations in southern Québec, Canada

2018 ◽  
Vol 150 (5) ◽  
pp. 632-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Frdéric Guay ◽  
Amy Bernier-Desmarais ◽  
Jean-François Doherty ◽  
Conrad Cloutier
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Tree Plantations ◽  
Christmas Tree ◽  
Pine Needle ◽  
Abies Fraseri ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
The Status

AbstractThe pine needle scale, Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), has the status of an emerging pest in Christmas tree (Pinaceae) plantations in Québec, Canada. The scale is not known to cause any significant damage yet and is not generally monitored by growers. However, it can be an obstacle for exportation to Christmas tree markets where scale insects are strictly regulated. In this study, we describe its life cycle in Christmas tree plantations in southern Québec. We confirm the presence of both parthenogenetic and sexual forms of the scale on Fraser fir Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poiret (Pinaceae) grown as Christmas trees, and of parasitoid and Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) specialists that could contribute to its control.

scholarly journals Spring frost effects on 30 sweet cherries varieties grown in North Italy

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Roversi ◽  
E. Pattori ◽  
G. L. Malvicini ◽  
S. Sbaruffati
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Absolute Minimum ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Sweet Cherries ◽  
Fruit Harvest

After a spring frost occurred in second half of March 2008, with temperatures below 0°C for 8 days consecutively and an absolute minimum of -5.5°C, a lot of observations have been made on the sweet cherry flowers damages. In three different orchards “Italian palmetta” trained on grassing ground soil, the percentage of the flowers killed by frost, was detected and recorded considering the different genotypes and flowers height from the ground. Furthermore, in one orchard only it was possible to find relationship between flowering stage and frost damage. The results clearly confirm our previous works about the highest mortality of the flower in the upper part ( > 1.50 m) of the canopy and in the full bloom open flowers. So, in this area, the easiness of agronomic operations, like pruning and, especially, fruit harvest, due to the crown proximity to the ground, is cancelled by the frequency of spring frost.

scholarly journals The effect of spring frosts on the nectar production and the bee visitation of fruit trees

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Benedek ◽  
J. Nyéki ◽  
I. Amtmann ◽  
F. Bakcsa ◽  
J. Iváncsics ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Fruit Orchards ◽  
Spring Frosts

Fruit tree species suffered very strong spring frosts in 1997 in Hungary. This caused partial or total damages at buds and flowers depending on site and time of blooming. It was demonstrated at a number of experiments that frost and cold weather also strongly affected the nectar production of surviving flowers. No or very little amount of nectar was measured in flowers first of all of early blooming fruit tree species (apricot) but also of pear and apple in some places. In spite of this fact intensive honeybee visitation was detected in the flowers of fruit trees that suffered partial frost damage only at those sites where honeybee colonies were placed in or at the experimental plantations and the lack of sufficient amount of nectar did not affected bee behaviour seriously on fruit flowers. This means that bad nectar production failed to affect bee visitation of fruit trees definitely. The reason for this was the fact that not only fruit trees but another early bee plants (wild plants, too) suffered frost damage. Accordingly, in lack of forage bees intensively searched for food at blooming fruit trees with some living flowers. Consequently, there was an acceptable yield at those plantations where bud and flower damage was not complete. Accordingly, intensive bee visitation (that is moving additional bee colonies to overpopulate fruit orchards with honeybees) can be an effective tool to decrease or eliminate the detrimental effect of spring frost on the yield of fruit trees where bud or fruit damage is not too high.  

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