scholarly journals Evaluation of Experimental Broccoli Hybrids Developed for Summer Production in the Eastern United States

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 858-863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W. Farnham ◽  
Thomas Björkman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Bead Size ◽  
Head Development

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Italica Group) is a vegetable crop requiring relatively cool conditions (e.g., less than 23 °C) to induce and maintain vernalization and to allow normal floral and head development to proceed. In general, this requirement is a major limiting factor to production of broccoli in eastern states where growing seasons are often interrupted by high temperature spikes. The USDA, ARS, U.S. Vegetable Laboratory (USVL) is conducting a program to breed broccoli varieties adapted to summer conditions of the southeastern United States. The goal of the current study was to compare performance of three experimental broccoli hybrids from that program with some commonly raised commercial hybrids (‘Packman’, ‘Marathon’, ‘Arcadia’, ‘Greenbelt’, ‘Patron’, and ‘Gypsy’) by conducting trials in summer environments as well as in more conventional growing environments (e.g., in fall). All hybrids produced marketable heads with high quality ratings in fall field trials (2006, 2007, and 2008). Under the high temperatures that were characteristic of the summer (2007, 2008, and 2009) trials in South Carolina, the commercial hybrids ‘Marathon’, ‘Greenbelt’, ‘Arcadia’, and ‘Patron’ failed to produce broccoli heads at all. The remaining hybrids produced heads with similar mean head mass, stem diameter, and bead size in South Carolina summer trials. However, the three experimental hybrids produced marketable quality heads, but ‘Gypsy’ and ‘Packman’ did not. The primary flaws in ‘Gypsy’ and ‘Packman’ heads were increased yellow color, flattening of the dome, increased roughness, and non-uniformity of bead size. In New York trials, all tested hybrids developed heads, but ‘Packman’ and ‘Marathon’ produced relatively poor-quality heads when maturing in summer and better quality heads when maturing in the fall. The experimental hybrids exhibited more consistent quality across different maturity times in the New York tests. Results of this research indicate that broccoli response to summer conditions of the eastern United States is dependent on the cultivar grown. Many cultivars are not adapted to extreme summer conditions of the Southeast because they will not be effectively vernalized and will therefore not head. Others such as ‘Gypsy’ and ‘Packman’ will head, but non-uniform bud development results in a rough-appearing curd in which flower buds are at various stages of development. The experimental hybrids that are single crosses of inbreds selected for adaptation to southeastern summer conditions represent a unique class of broccoli hybrids that combine early maturity and the ability to produce heads under summer conditions of South Carolina. Additional tests of these latter hybrids in New York indicate that they may be generally adapted to summer environments of the eastern United States.

Introduction and recent range expansion in the moss Ptychomitrium serratum (Ptychomitriaceae) in the Southern and Eastern United StatesThis paper is one of a selection of papers published as part of the special Schofield Gedenkschrift.

Botany ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 336-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norton G. Miller ◽  
Sean C. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
New York State ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
East Texas ◽  
The Past ◽  
Primary Means ◽  
Selection Of

The moss Ptychomitrium serratum (C. Müll. Hal. ex Schimp.) Besch., is native to Mexico and parts of western Texas and southern New Mexico, and it is a rare adventive in the area from East Texas and Louisiana to Missouri, Tennessee, South Carolina, and northward to locations near the coast in New York State and Massachusetts. In the adventive part of this calcicole’s range, all collections are from the past 50 years. Concrete, mortar, and rarely asphalt shingle are its only known substrata in this region, which contrasts sharply with its common occurrence on limestone in the native portion of its range. These observations indicate recent, perhaps on-going, immigration into the eastern United States and dispersal from established populations in this region. This monoicous moss commonly produces spores, which are its primary means of spread. Given the low density occurrences in the adventive portion of the range of P. serratum, dispersal may be generally northeastward from Mexico – Texas – New Mexico, following northeastward storm tracks in the southern and eastern United States. The apparently recent spread of this moss does not show obvious reliance on any direct human activity.

Three forgotten earthquakes

1963 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 687-692
Author(s):  
Gerald R. MacCarthy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Maximum Intensity ◽  
Atlantic Coastal Plain ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Atlantic Coastal

Abstract For a given maximum intensity, most earthquakes of the Eastern United States are felt over much wider area than their western counterparts. Several of these eastern shocks, have, because of their relatively low maximum intensities, received little or no attention in seismological literature. Three such earthquakes will be described in terms of contemporary accounts: those of March 9, 1828, April 29, 1852, and of August 31, 1861. In no case did the maximum intensity exceed about VI on the Mercalli Scale, yet each was felt over many thousands of square miles. The 1828 shock affected at least 190,000 square miles, and was reported from Pennsylvania to South Carolina. That of 1852 affected about 187,000 square miles, and was reported from New York to North Carolina. That of 1861 affected at least 280,000 square miles, and was reported from Maryland to the Georgia-Alabama border. All three were felt from the Atlantic Coastal Plain westward into Ohio.

The Age of Common Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in the Northeastern United States

1999 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Hart ◽  
C. Margaret Scarry
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Radiocarbon Date ◽  
Common Beans ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Northeastern United States ◽  
Susquehanna River ◽  
Ams Dates

AbstractA radiocarbon date of A.D. 1070 ± 60 was linked to the remains of maize (Zea mays), beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), and squash (Cucñrbita pepo) at the Roundtop site in the Susquehanna River valley of New York by William Ritchie in 1969 and 1973 publications. This date established the presence of beans in the Northeast at an earlier time than in most other areas of the eastern United States, where they are generally rare before A.D. 1300. Subsequently beans have been reported in pre-A.D.1300 contexts from at least eight other sites in the Northeast. Recent calibrated AMS dates on beans from Roundtop are no earlier than A.D. 1300 (Hart 1999a). Given that the original Roundtop date was responsible for the acceptance of early beans in the Northeast, the AMS dates suggested that beans may not become archaeologically visible there until ca. A.D. 1300. AMS dates on beans from four other sites, reported here, substantiate the Roundtop results. Beans and by extension maize-beans-squash intercropping are not evident in the Northeast before ca. A.D. 1300.

scholarly journals Field Evaluation of Biological Control of Fire Blight in the Eastern United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 386-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
George W. Sundin ◽  
Nicole A. Werner ◽  
Keith S. Yoder ◽  
Herb S. Aldwinckle
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Biological Control ◽  
Fire Blight ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Pantoea Agglomerans ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Bacterial Antagonists ◽  
Bacterial Endospores ◽  
Control Options

The bacterial antagonists Pseudomonas fluorescens A506, Pantoea agglomerans C9-1, and Pantoea agglomerans E325 and preparations of Bacillus subtilis QST 713 containing bacterial endospores and lipopeptide metabolites were evaluated for efficacy in controlling fire blight in Michigan, New York, and Virginia. When examined individually, the biological control materials were not consistently effective in reducing blossom infection. The average reduction in blossom infection observed in experiments conducted between 2001 and 2007 was variable and ranged from 9.1 to 36.1%, while control with streptomycin was consistent and ranged from 59.0 to 67.3%. Incidence of blossom colonization by the bacterial antagonists was inconsistent, and <60% of stigmata had the antagonists present in 12 of 25 experiments. Consistent control of blossom infection was observed when the biological control materials were integrated into programs with streptomycin, resulting in a reduction of the number of streptomycin applications needed to yield similar levels of control. Our results indicate that the prospects for biological control of fire blight in the eastern United States are currently not high due to the variability in efficacy of existing biological control options.

THE TEN-STATE NUTRITION SURVEY: A PEDIATRIC PERSPECTIVE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 1095-1099
Author(s):  
Charles U. Lowe ◽  
Gilbert B. Forbes ◽  
Stanley Garn ◽  
George M. Owen ◽  
Nathan J. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
The United States ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Dietary Recall ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
The Individual

In 1967 the 90th Congress of the United States attached an amendment to the Partnership for Health Act requiring the Secretary of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare to undertake a survey of "the incidence and location of serious hunger and malnutrition–in the United States." In response to the legislative mandate the Ten-State Nutrition Survey was conducted during the years 1968 through 1970. The sample was selected from urban and rural families living in the following ten states: New York, Massachusetts, Michigan, California, Washington, Kentucky, West Virginia, Louisiana, Texas, and South Carolina. The families selected were those living in some of the census enumeration districts that made up the lowest economic quartiles of their respective states at the time of the 1960 census. During the eight years after the 1960 census the social and economic characteristics found in some of the individual enumeration districts had changed, so that there was a significant numer of families in the surveys with incomes well above the lowest income quartile. Thus, it was possible in analyzing results to make some comparisons on an economic basis. Thirty thousand families were identified in the selection process; 23,846 of these participated in the survey. Data regarding more than 80,000 individuals were obtained through interviews and 40,847 of these individuals were examined. The survey included the following: extensive demographic information on each of the participating families; information regarding food utilization of the family; a 24-hour dietary recall for infants up to 36 months of age, children 10 to 16 years of age, pregnant and lactating women, and individuals over 60 years of age.

Colonial and Revolutionary United States

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel C. Littlefield
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
African American ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
American Population ◽  
American Institution ◽  
African American Population ◽  
Low Country

This article reviews scholarship on the history and historiography of slavery in colonial and revolutionary United States. Slavery was a southern American institution associated primarily with cotton and a divinely ordained labour force of blacks. Southerners in the Chesapeake might realize that slaves once produced tobacco, and in low-country South Carolina and Georgia that they once grew rice, and in southern Louisiana that they once raised sugar cane, but most people, when they thought about slavery at all, thought about the growing of cotton and reckoned that an African workforce required no explanation. Few knew that at one time slavery lived in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, that it had been vibrant in New York and Pennsylvania, and that slaves still worked in New Jersey in 1860. Even in the South, where the presence of a significant African-American population made the heritage of slavery undeniable and people generally recognized the meaning of that fact, most understood neither slavery's age nor its origins.

Xiphinema rivesi. [Distribution map].

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
Canary Islands ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Xiphinema rivesi Dalmasso. Enoplea: Dorylaimida: Longidoridae. Hosts: polyphagous. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa (Egypt), Asia (Iran, Pakistan), Europe (France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Canary Islands), North America (Canada, Ontario, Quebec, Prince Edward Island, Guadeloupe, United States, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland, Michigan, Montana, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia), Oceania (Australia, Victoria, Western Australia, Samoa, Tonga), South America (Argentina, Chile, Peru).

Shakers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Nicoletta
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
New Hampshire ◽  
New York State ◽  
The United States ◽  
Leadership Roles ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Economic Success ◽  
Linear Arrangement ◽  
State Prisons

Arriving in the colony of New York in 1774 from England, Ann Lee and her eight followers set about creating a model communal society in what would become the United States. Officially known as the United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing, the Shakers believed in Christ’s imminent return. Their support of pacifism, near equality between the sexes that allowed women to take on leadership roles, and perfectionism set them apart from most Americans. Within a decade, they had begun creating a Kingdom of Heaven on Earth through their worship, work ethic, and construction of orderly villages with buildings and furniture meant to reinforce religious belief and shape and control behavior. From humble beginnings, the sect created a total of twenty-two communities beginning in the 1780s, spreading from Maine to Indiana and as far south as Georgia and Florida, though these latter two sites and the one in Indiana were short lived. During periods of religious revivalism in the United States in the late 18th and early19th centuries, the Shakers attracted hundreds of converts who gave up their worldly possessions to live celibate, communal lives. After a peak population of over three thousand in the1840s, the Shakers have dwindled to just three members inhabiting the only surviving living community of Sabbathday Lake, near New Gloucester, Maine. The Shakers’ demographic and economic success over several decades left a legacy of buildings at numerous locations throughout the eastern United States. Some of these villages have become museum sites, most notably Hancock, Massachusetts; Mount Lebanon, New York; Canterbury, New Hampshire; and Pleasant Hill and South Union, both in Kentucky. Other Shaker buildings remain as private residences and parts of retirement communities and state prisons. In many ways, Shaker architecture reflects contemporary regional vernacular building practices, such as the closely spaced anchor bents in the framing of the earliest meetinghouses in Connecticut, New Hampshire, Maine, Massachusetts, and eastern New York State, and the rather grand masonry structures of the dwelling houses and trustees’ offices in Kentucky. The linear arrangement of buildings, their large size, and separate entrances for men and women distinguished Shaker buildings from those of the outside world, though stylistically they appeared much like non-Shaker buildings. The Shakers organized building interiors to use space efficiently with many built-in cabinets and drawers, installed pegboards on walls for storage and to help keep floors clear for cleaning, and included separate staircases to demarcate men’s and women’s areas. The buildings, especially the meetinghouses and dwelling houses, reminded Shakers of their commitment to their faith and to their distinctive way of living and encouraged them to “put their hands to work and their hearts to God,” a saying attributed to Ann Lee. Nevertheless, the Shakers were not immune from influences from the outside world. They needed to interact with outsiders to encourage the economic success of their villages and to attract converts. As their population shrank in the latter half of the 19th century, they turned increasingly to hired help to assist with building construction and other aspects of daily life. The Shakers also embraced stylistic changes in architecture and furniture; their buildings of the late 19th and early 20th centuries reflect these influences with added ornamentation inside and out, as well as embellished furnishings either made by the Shakers or purchased from non-Shaker furniture makers. Rather than undercut any appreciation of the simple style for which the Shakers are best known, these changes show the group as always practical and responsive to changes in mainstream society.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document