scholarly journals Horticultural and Economic Impact of Rootstocks on Fresh-market ‘Marsh’ Grapefruit

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1007-1013 ◽  
Author(s):  
William S. Castle
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Juice Quality ◽  
Trifoliate Orange ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
River Region ◽  
Whole Tree

A rootstock trial with a ‘Marsh’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) scion was established in the flatwoods of the Florida east coast Indian River region in 1990. The trees were planted in an Alfisol of the Pineda series. The trial consisted of trees on 16 rootstocks, primarily citranges [C. sinensis (L.) Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], citrumelos (C. paradisi × P. trifoliata), mandarins (C. reticulata Blanco) and various hybrids, in three or six replicates of three-tree plots in a randomized complete block design. Tree growth and survival, yield, and juice quality were measured annually or periodically for 10 years. In three seasons, whole-tree crops were sized in the field. Using the fruit size distribution data, crop value or income/tree was estimated. Tree height after 10 years ranged from 1.7 to 4.1 m and survival was greater than 90% with a few exceptions. Mean cumulative yield was 1202 kg/tree and ranged from 649 (Hamlin + Flying Dragon trifoliate orange) to 1615 kg/tree for a hybrid of trifoliate orange × Milam. At tree age 9 years, mean soluble solids production was 3594 kg·ha−1 with a 240% difference between the lowest and highest value. There were differences in the distribution of four commercial-sized categories based on analysis of individual sizes and using PROC FREQ to examine and compare whole-tree distributions. When the yield and fruit size data were combined for 3 years and converted to income/tree using commercial Florida Freight On Board prices in November and March, the trees on a trifoliate orange × Milam hybrid (1584) had the highest estimated income ($354 U.S., March data) followed by Calamandarin ($321) and Norton citrange ($292). The lowest income/tree was $112 (Hamlin + Flying Dragon trifoliate orange). When all data were considered, the best matches to current grower interest in smaller sized trees, and high yield and fruit quality, were the hybrid 1584 and C-35 citrange rootstocks.

scholarly journals Rootstocks and the Performance and Economic Returns of ‘Hamlin’ Sweet Orange Trees

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 875-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
William S. Castle ◽  
James C. Baldwin ◽  
Ronald P. Muraro
Keyword(s):  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Juice Quality ◽  
Volkamer Lemon ◽  
C 32 ◽  
Orange Trees

‘Hamlin’ is a principal sweet orange grown in Florida for processing. It is productive but produces juice with low soluble solids content and poor color. A long-term trial was conducted in central Florida to determine rootstock effects on yield and juice quality and the effect of economic analysis on the interpretation of the horticultural results. The trees were a commonly used commercial selection of ‘Hamlin’ sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] propagated on 19 rootstocks planted in a randomized complete block design of three-tree plots with six replicates in a Spodosol soil at a density of 350 trees/ha. Routine horticultural data were collected from the original trial (H1) for 10 years. Trees on some rootstocks that grew and yielded poorly were removed within a few years and replaced with a second trial (H2) with 13 rootstocks from which data were collected for 5 years. The H1 data were financially analyzed to compare the relative usefulness of horticultural and economic data in interpreting results and making rootstock decisions. In H1 after 10 years, tree height ranged from greater than 5 m [Volkamer lemon (C. volkameriana Ten. & Pasq.)] and Cleopatra mandarin (C. reshni Hort. ex Tan.) to 2.4 m {Flying Dragon trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. ]}. In H2, the trees on somatic hybrid rootstocks were ≈2 m tall after 8 years and 4.4 m among those on mandarins and C-32 citrange (C. sinensis × P. trifoliata). Tree losses from citrus blight were generally low except for the trees on Carrizo and Troyer citranges (greater than 50%). Horticulturally, the highest performing trees in H1, measured by cumulative yield and soluble solids production over 10 years, were those on Carrizo, Troyer, and Benton citranges; poor performers were those on Smooth Flat Seville and Kinkoji (putative sour orange hybrids). Fruit yield and soluble solids production were directly related to tree height regardless of the difference among rootstocks in juice quality. The same relationship existed among the trees in H2 in which the best rootstocks were C-32 and Morton citranges. Trees on Swingle citrumelo (C. paradisi Macf. × P. trifoliata) ranked no. 12 of 19 rootstocks and 9 of 13 rootstocks in H1 and H2, respectively. Financial interpretation of the outcomes to include tree replacement resulting from blight losses did not substantially change the horticultural interpretations. Additional financial analyses demonstrated that the performance of trees on rootstocks with relatively low productivity/tree, like those on C-35 citrange and Kinkoji, would equal those on more vigorous rootstocks when tree vigor was properly matched with spacing. Yield determined the economic outcomes and financial analysis aided the interpretation of rootstock horticultural effects but did not greatly alter the relationship among rootstock results. Highly significant correlations between annual and cumulative data indicated that relative rootstock performance among ‘Hamlin’ orange trees in Florida could be reliably determined based on the first 4 cropping years.

scholarly journals Rootstocks Affect Tree Growth, Yield, and Juice Quality of ‘Marsh’ Grapefruit

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 841-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
William S. Castle ◽  
Kim D. Bowman ◽  
James C. Baldwin ◽  
Jude W. Grosser ◽  
Frederick G. Gmitter
Keyword(s):  
Growth Yield ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Juice Quality ◽  
Sour Orange ◽  
Citrus Paradisi ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
River Region

Two adjacent rootstock trials were conducted in the east coast Indian River region of Florida with ‘Marsh’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) scion. The objective was to find rootstocks to replace sour orange (C. aurantium L.) because of losses to citrus tristeza virus, and to replace Swingle citrumelo [C. paradisi × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] because of its limited usefulness in certain poorly drained coastal sites. The trials were conducted in randomized complete blocks with 12 single-tree replicates spaced 4.6 × 6.9 m. The soils were of the Wabasso and Riviera series. The first trial consisted largely of trees on citrange [C. sinensis (L.) Osb. × P. trifoliata] and citrumelo rootstocks, ‘Cipo’ sweet orange (C. sinensis), and various hybrid rootstocks. The second trial involved mandarin rootstocks (C. reticulata Blanco) and sour orange and related rootstocks. Trees were grown for 7 years and yield and juice quality data were collected for the last 4 years of that period. Those rootstocks identified as the most promising, based on combinations of smaller tree size and high productivity and juice quality, were two Sunki mandarin × Swingle trifoliate orange (TF) hybrids (C-54, C-146), a Sunki mandarin × Flying Dragon TF hybrid, C-35 citrange, and a Cleopatra mandarin × Rubidoux TF hybrid (×639). The trees on these five rootstocks cropped well leading to soluble solids (SS) values of 3000 to 4000 kg/ha when they were 7-years old. The trees on C-54 and C-146 were relatively large, somewhat taller than trees on sour orange, whereas those on C-35 and the Sunki × Flying Dragon hybrid were smaller and similar to sour orange in tree height. Fruit quality among the trees on C-35 and the Sunki × Flying Dragon hybrid had relatively high SS concentration (better than sour orange), and the other three rootstocks had relatively lower solids concentration (poorer than sour orange). The trees on C-35 and the Sunki × Flying Dragon hybrid would be good candidates for higher density orchards.

scholarly journals Soluble Solids Accumulation in `Valencia' Sweet Orange as Related to Rootstock Selection and Fruit Size

2004 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 594-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham H. Barry ◽  
William S. Castle ◽  
Frederick S. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Juice Quality ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Size Category ◽  
Carrizo Citrange ◽  
Rough Lemon

Juice quality of `Valencia' sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] trees on Carrizo citrange [C. sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] or rough lemon (C. jambhiri Lush.) rootstocks was determined for fruit harvested by canopy quadrant and separated into size categories to ascertain the direct role of rootstock selection on juice soluble solids concentration (SSC) and soluble solids (SS) production per tree of citrus fruit. SS production per fruit and per tree for each size category was calculated. Juice quality was dependent on rootstock selection and fruit size, but independent of canopy quadrant. Fruit from trees on Carrizo citrange had >20% higher SSCs than fruit from trees on rough lemon, even for fruit of the same size. Large fruit accumulated more SS per fruit than smaller fruit, despite lower juice content and SSC. Within rootstocks, SS content per fruit decreased with decreasing fruit size, even though SSC increased. Rootstock effect on juice quality was a direct rather than an indirect one mediated through differences in fruit size. The conventional interpretation of juice quality data that differences in SSC among treatments, e.g., rootstocks or irrigation levels, or fruit size, are due to “dilution” of SS as a result of differences in fruit size and, hence, juice volume, is only partly supported by these data. Rather, accumulation of SS was greater for fruit from trees on Carrizo citrange than rough lemon by 25% to 30%.

scholarly journals Juice Quality of `Valencia' Sweet Oranges Borne on Different Inflorescence Types

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham H. Barry ◽  
William S. Castle ◽  
Frederick S. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Juice Quality ◽  
Canopy Position ◽  
Inflorescence Type

The objectives of this study were to determine whether juice quality of `Valencia' sweet orange [C. sinensis (L.) Osb.] is affected by the type of inflorescence on which fruit are borne, and to determine the contribution of inflorescence type to within-tree variation in juice quality. During the 1998-99 and 1999-2000 seasons, fruit size and juice quality [soluble solids concentration (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA)] of fruit from `Valencia' sweet orange trees on Carrizo citrange rootstock [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. × C. sinensis (L.) Osb.] planted in 1987 at Howey-in-the-Hills, Fla., were measured. A 2×2 factorial design (inflorescence type × canopy position) with leafy and leafless inflorescence types, and southwest top and northeast bottom canopy positions was used. The type of inflorescence on which fruit were borne had a minor effect on juice quality, and inflorescence type and juice quality were not directly associated. Rather, juice SSC was associated with the effect of inflorescence type on fruit size, as small fruit tended to have higher SSC than large fruit, regardless of the type of inflorescence on which fruit were borne. The relatively small difference in SSC between fruit borne on leafy and leafless inflorescences (≈3% of mean SSC) was an indirect result of fruit size. Therefore, fruit borne on leafy inflorescences, which tend to be of larger size compared with fruit borne on leafless inflorescences, tended to have marginally lower SSC. Acid content and ratio of SSC: TA were not related to inflorescence type. In addition, the type of inflorescence on which fruit were borne made only a nominal contribution to variability in juice SSC, in contrast to the major contribution of canopy position to within-tree variation in juice SSC. Factors other than inflorescence type are important components of within-tree variation in juice SSC.

scholarly journals Salinity Effects on Florida Grapefruit in the Indian River Region

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian J. Boman
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Juice Quality ◽  
Carrizo Citrange ◽  
River Region ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Indian River ◽  
Swingle Citrumelo

A study was initiated in the 1997-98 production season to evaluate the effects of salinity on grapefruit yield and fruit quality in the Indian River area of Florida. The experiment was conducted on `Ray Ruby' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) planted in 1990 on `Carrizo' citrange (C. sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata) and `Swingle' citrumelo (C. paradisi × P. trifoliata) rootstocks. Trees were planted on 15.2-m-wide (50 ft) double-row beds at a spacing of 4.6 m (15 ft) in-row × 7.3 m (24 ft) across-row [286.6 trees/ha (116 trees/acre)]. The control treatment was irrigated via microsprinkler emitters with water from a surficial aquifer well with an electrical conductivity (EC) of 0.7 dS·m-1. Higher irrigation water salinity levels were achieved by injecting a sea water brine mixture into the supply water to achieve ECs of 2.3, 3.9, and 5.5 dS·m-1. A wide range of rainfall and irrigation conditions occurred during the years encompassed by these studies, with rain totaling 1262, 1294, 1462, and 964 mm (49.7, 50.9, 57.6, and 38.0 inches) for 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2000, respectively. Salinity level had little effect on internal juice quality parameters [total soluble solids (TSS), acid, or juice content] at time of harvest. One of the most visible effects of irrigation with high salinity water was the damage to leaves, with leaf chloride (Cl) levels increasing about 0.14% for each 1.0 dS·m-1 increase in EC of the irrigation water for trees on `Carrizo' citrange and 0.02% for trees on `Swingle' citrumelo. For both rootstocks, the number of fruit and the size of the fruit decreased with increasing salinity in the irrigation water. The non-salinized trees had significantly larger fruit compared to the rest of the treatments. In the very dry 2000-01 season, trees on `Carrizo' irrigated with 0.7 dS·m-1 water had about 50% more fruit size 36 [fruit count per 0.028-m3 (4/5 bu) carton] or larger than trees watered with 3.9 or 5.5 dS·m-1 water. For trees on `Swingle' rootstock, trees irrigated with 0.7 dS·m-1 water had 150% to 200% more size 36 and larger fruit than trees watered with 2.3 dS·m-1 water. Over the four seasons, average yields for `Carrizo' were reduced 3200.0 kg·ha-1 (2855 lb/acre) per year for each 1.0 dS·m-1 increase in EC of the irrigation water. For `Swingle' rootstock, the reduction was 2600.3 kg·ha-1 (2320 lb/acre) per year for each 1.0 dS·m-1 increase in EC of the irrigation water. These reductions averaged 7% (`Swingle') and 6% (`Carrizo') for each 1.0 dS·m-1 increase in salinity of the irrigation water.

scholarly journals Diallel cross among fresh market tomato inbreeding lines

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 246-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lívia M de Souza ◽  
Maria Elisa AGZ Paterniani ◽  
Paulo César T de Melo ◽  
Arlete MT de Melo
Keyword(s):  
Combining Ability ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Diallel Cross ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Parental Line ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Fruit Number

The general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA), and heterosis were studied in a complete diallel cross among fresh market tomato breeding lines with reciprocal excluded. Fifteen genotypes (five parents and ten hybrids) were tested using a randomized complete block design, with three replications, and the experiments were conducted in Itatiba, São Paulo state, Brazil, in 2005/06. The yield components evaluated were fruit yield per plant (FP), fruit number per plant (FN), average fruit weight (FW); cluster number per plant (CN); fruit number per cluster (FC), fruit wall thickness (FT) and number of locules per fruit (NL). Fruit quality components evaluated were total soluble solids (SS); total titratable acidity (TA); SS/TA ratio, fruit length (FL); fruit width (WI); length to width ratio (FL/WI). The data for each trait was first subjected to analysis of variance. Griffing's method 2, model 1 was employed to estimate the general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining abilities. Parental and hybrid data for each trait were used to estimate of mid-parent heterosis. For plant fruit yield, IAC-2 was the best parental line with the highest GCA followed by IAC-4 and IAC-1 lines. The hybrids IAC-1 x IAC-2, IAC-1 x IAC-4 and IAC-2 x IAC-4 showed the highest effects of SCA. High heterotic responses were found for fruit yield and plant fruit number with values up to 49.72% and 47.19%, respectively. The best hybrids for fruit yield and plant fruit number were IAC-1 x IAC-2, IAC-1 x IAC-4 and IAC-2 x IAC-5, for fruit yield and plant fruit number, the main yield components.

Midseason oranges for juice production

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 1141 ◽  
Author(s):  
RA Sarooshi ◽  
RJ Hutton
Keyword(s):  
Orange Juice ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Juice Quality ◽  
Rough Lemon ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
Troyer Citrange

Juice quality, yield performance, and cropping efficiency of 6 midseason orange varieties (Hamlin, Parramatta, Pineapple, Joppa, White Siletta, and Mediterranean Sweet), together with Seedless Valencia on 4 rootstocks [Troyer citrange, Poncirus trifoliata, rough lemon, and either Benton citrange (coastal) or sweet orange (inland)], were studied for their suitability for both processed and fresh orange juice production. Promising midseason varieties for processed orange juice were Parramatta and Hamlin on Troyer citrange, and Parramatta on P. trifoliata, when grown in coastal districts. Debittered juice of Joppa on Troyer citrange could also be used for processing by early September on the coast. Preferred inland varieties for production of processed orange juice were Mediterranean Sweet and Harnlin on Troyer citrange. Midseason oranges grown inland had higher citric acid levels than the same variety grown on the coast. This resulted in inland fruit having lower ratios of total soluble solids (TSS) to acid, and later maturities, than fruit grown on the coast. Acceptable fresh orange juice was produced from fruit of Parramatta, Hamlin, White Siletta, and Mediterranean Sweet varieties grown on Troyer citrange rootstock in coastal districts; inland, fruit of Mediterranean Sweet, Joppa, Parramatta, and White Siletta varieties on Troyer citrange rootstock produced good quality, fresh orange juice. Hamlin can also be marketed as fresh fruit. In coastal production areas, harvesting can commence from mid July for Hamlin, from mid to late August for Parramata, and from early September for White Siletta and Mediterranean Sweet. Harvest in inland districts for processed juice should commence in mid July for Hamlin and in early September for Mediterranean Sweet, whilst harvest for fresh juice and/or fruit should proceed in early September for Mediterranean Sweet, and in late September for Parramatta, White Siletta, and Joppa. Highest fruit yields and large trees were produced by Parramatta and Joppa on Troyer citrange and rough lemon rootstocks. Most quality characteristics were better for fruit produced on Troyer citrange than on rough lemon. Both Benton citrange and sweet orange performed poorly and are not recommended as rootstocks for midseason oranges. All varieties on Troyer citrange had better yield and TSS/ha than those on P. trifoliata rootstock, which produced smaller but highly cropping efficient trees.

scholarly journals Partial Defoliation Can Decrease Average Leaf Size but Has Little Effect on Orange Tree Growth, Fruit Yield and Juice Quality

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 2011-2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongcai Yuan ◽  
Fernando Alferez ◽  
Igor Kostenyuk ◽  
Shila Singh ◽  
James P. Syvertsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Juice Quality ◽  
Fruit Number ◽  
Acid Ratio ◽  
Orange Trees

The effects of 2 consecutive years of annual defoliation during the harvest season on fruit size, yield, juice quality, leaf size and number were examined in trees of the midseason cultivar `Hamlin' and the late-season cultivar `Valencia' orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.]. In `Hamlin', removal of up to 50% of the leaves in late November had no effect on fruit yield, fruit number, fruit size, soluble solids yield, juice °Brix, and °Brix to acid ratio of juice the following year. In `Valencia', removal of 50% of the leaves in late March decreased fruit yield and soluble solids yield but did not affect Brix or the Brix to acid ratio of the juice. Leaf size of new flush was reduced by removal of 50% of the leaves in both cultivars but there was little effect on total canopy size. There were no measured effects of removing 25% of leaves from tree canopies. Thus, canopy growth, fruit yield, fruit quality, and leaf size were not negatively impacted when annual defoliations did not exceed 25% of the total canopy leaf area in `Valencia' and `Hamlin' orange trees for two consecutive years. Overall, fruit weight increased linearly with increasing ratio of leaf area to fruit number, suggesting that fruit enlargement can be limited by leaf area.

scholarly journals Performance of ‘Valencia’ Sweet Orange Trees on 12 Rootstocks at Two Locations and an Economic Interpretation as a Basis for Rootstock Selection

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
William S. Castle ◽  
James C. Baldwin ◽  
Ronald P. Muraro ◽  
Ramon Littell
Keyword(s):  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Juice Quality ◽  
Sour Orange ◽  
Central Florida ◽  
Carrizo Citrange ◽  
Acid Ratio ◽  
Fruit Samples

Two field experiments with ‘Valencia’ sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] trees propagated on 12 rootstocks were conducted in commercial orchards. The objectives were to compare rootstock horticultural performance between two locations with soils representative of the Central Florida Ridge (AP) and coastal flatwoods (I), the major citrus-growing regions in Florida, and to see if financial analysis would provide an improved basis for interpreting rootstock performance. The randomized complete-block trials involved six-tree plots replicated eight or 10 times at planting densities of 358 trees (AP) or 252 trees (I)/ha, respectively. Tree growth and survival, yield, and juice quality were measured for 15 years. When losses occurred, trees were replaced annually with another one on the same rootstock. The data of seven rootstocks were subjected to a financial interpretation of three scenarios: tree loss and tree loss with or without tree replacement using the discounted cash flow and internal rate of return methods at a 15% rate. At the flatwoods location, when differences among replications became apparent on several rootstocks, soil data were collected to study its possible association to tree performance; also in this trial, 400-kg fruit samples were differentially harvested in 2 successive years from mature trees on each of five commercial rootstocks when the juice soluble solids/acid ratio was near 15. The juice was extracted, pasteurized, and evaluated for flavor by an experienced taste panel. The horticultural data obtained for trees on specific well-studied rootstocks [Volkamer (C. volkameriana Ten. & Pasq.)] and rough (C. jambhiri Lush.) lemons, Carrizo citrange [C. sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata (L.)], sour orange [C. aurantium (L.)], Cleopatra mandarin (C. reshni Hort. ex Tan.), trifoliate orange (P. trifoliata), a selection of sweet orange (C. sinensis), and Swingle citrumelo (C. paradisi Macf. × P. trifoliata) at both locations were typical of their well-documented performance in Florida and elsewhere. Tree losses were virtually only from citrus blight and ranged from none (sour orange) to greater than 50% (Volkamer and rough lemons) at both locations, although tree loss began later at the Central Florida location. ‘Valencia’ cuttings (only at the flatwoods site) were long-lived and cropped well for their smaller size compared with the budded trees. Taste panelists were not able to distinguish differences over two seasons among pasteurized ‘Valencia’ juices produced from trees on different rootstocks and normalized by soluble solids/acid ratio. Yield and planting density were the main factors affecting financial outcome; also, in the highly variable soils of the coastal flatwoods, trees growing in sites with greater depth to an argillic layer had 30% to 200% higher yields. Trees on Volkamer lemon had only ≈50% survival at both locations but had the highest ($7,338/ha I) or one of the highest cash flows ($13,464/ha AP) as compared with one of the commercial standards, Carrizo citrange ($6,928 I; $16,826 AP), which had only ≈25% tree loss. Inclusion of financial analysis, with certain limitations, was concluded to considerably improve rootstock selection decisions compared with selection based only on horticultural data.

scholarly journals Early Performance of Jujube Drying and Multipurpose Cultivars in the Southwestern United States

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (11) ◽  
pp. 1804-1810
Author(s):  
Shengrui Yao ◽  
Robert Heyduck ◽  
Steven Guldan ◽  
Govinda Sapkota
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
New Mexico State University ◽  
Random Block Design ◽  
Early Performance ◽  
Dry Fruit

Jujube cultivars have been imported into the United States for more than 100 years, but cultivar trials have been limited. To accurately recommend cultivars for each region, trials have to be conducted. We have set up jujube cultivar trials at the New Mexico State University (NMSU) Alcalde (2015, USDA hardiness zone 6a), Los Lunas (2015, 7a), and Leyendecker (2017, 8a) Centers with over 35 cultivars at each site with two replicates and a complete random block design. We reported the early performance of fresh-eating cultivars in 2019. Here we report the performance of 19 drying and multipurpose jujube cultivars. Between 40% and 100% of jujube trees produced a few fruit to more than 100 fruit in the planting year, depending on cultivar and location. Trees were more upright at Los Lunas than at Alcalde. ‘Kongfucui’ (KFC) was the most productive cultivar at Alcalde with 13.3 kg/tree in 2019, followed by ‘Chaoyang’, ‘Jinkuiwang’ (JKW), ‘Pitless’, and ‘Lang’. The yield at Los Lunas was lower than Alcalde for the first 3 years after planting; however, ‘Jinsi 2’, ‘Jinsi 4’, ‘Jixin’, ‘Sherwood’, ‘Sihong’, and ‘Xiangzao’ produced higher yields at Los Lunas than Alcalde in 2019. All cultivars produced higher yields and contained higher soluble solids at Leyendecker than Alcalde and Los Lunas at similar ages. ‘JKW’ was the most vigorous and productive cultivar at Leyendecker. ‘JKW’, ‘Xiangzao’, and ‘Lang’ produced more than 3.0 kg/tree in their second year after planting. ‘JKW’ yielded 12.3 kg/tree in its third year after planting. Among the three locations, drying cultivars are not recommended for commercial production at Alcalde. However, home gardeners can plant multipurpose and early-drying cultivars at Alcalde. Leyendecker produced the best dry fruit with larger fruit size, rich color, and meaty fruit; dry fruit quality was acceptable in most years at Los Lunas except 2019. We preliminarily recommend some drying and multipurpose cultivars for each location. As trees mature and produce more fruit, we will fine-tune the cultivar recommendations. We also discuss the jujube cultivar zoning information in New Mexico and fruit uses.

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