scholarly journals Feasibility of Direct Seeding for Stand Establishment of Field-grown Basil

HortScience ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 1002-1005
Author(s):  
Brian A. Kahn ◽  
Niels O. Maness ◽  
Donna R. Chrz ◽  
Lynda K. Carrier
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Ocimum Basilicum ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Direct Seeding ◽  
Shallow Depth ◽  
Viable Alternative ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Stand Establishment ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
The Common

Six experiments were conducted on ‘Genovese’ basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in Oklahoma to study the feasibility of establishing basil in the field by direct seeding. Variables examined included use of raw seed or pelleted seed, seeding depth, seeding rate, and comparison with transplanting. Direct seeding was done using a hand-pushed planter (first four experiments), a tractor-drawn planter (fifth experiment), or both types of planter (sixth experiment). Plants were destructively harvested by machine. Stands were established successfully using transplants or using raw or pelleted seed with a hand-pushed planter. Planting at a depth of ≈10 mm resulted in lower yields than planting at a depth where seeds barely were covered with soil (≈5 mm). Seeding rates of ≈80 seeds/m led to higher final stands and higher yields than those obtained with seeding rates of ≈30 seeds/m. These studies were not designed to test effects of plant population on basil yield, but data suggest that final stands above the common recommendation of one plant per 30.5 cm in rows spaced 90 cm apart may result in yield increases. Plots direct-seeded with the tractor-drawn planter failed to establish in the fifth experiment. Plants established using pelleted seed with the hand-pushed planter did not differ from plants established by transplanting in cumulative yields in the sixth experiment, even though the transplanting treatment allowed one additional harvest. The lowest cumulative yields in the sixth experiment came from plants established using pelleted seed with the tractor-drawn planter. Thus, direct seeding of basil was successful only with a hand-pushed planter. While direct seeding is a potentially viable alternative to transplanting for basil stand establishment, there is a need to identify a tractor-drawn seeder that can plant basil at the required shallow depth. In the interim, large-scale producers of basil should continue to use transplants to obtain reliable stand establishment.

Direct Seeding of Basmati Rice through Improved Drills: Potential and Constraints in Pakistani Farm Settings

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-63
Author(s):  
Muhammad Jehanzeb Masud Cheema ◽  
Muhammad Hafiz Nauman ◽  
Abdul Ghafoor ◽  
Aitazaz Ahsan Farooque ◽  
Zeeshan Haydar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Direct Seeding ◽  
Basmati Rice ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Seed Rate ◽  
Transplanted Rice ◽  
Direct Seeded

Abstract.In Pakistan, rice is an important cash crop and is cultivated over 2.75 mha, generally as traditionally transplanted rice (TTPR). High labor costs and water requirements, time intensiveness, low plant populations, and increased methane emissions are problems associated with TTPR. Alternatively, direct seeded rice (DSR) is now being adopted by rice growers for saving of labor cost (1-2 compared to 50-60 person-days/ha for TTPR), for time and water saving (10% to 30%), and most importantly for achieving the optimal plant population. Technical issues in machine design, and direct seeding, lack of farmers’ awareness about the technology, and social issues are the major hurdles in wide scale adoption of this effective intervention. To identify and address these issues, a testing and calibration activity was conducted during 2017 in the eight major basmati rice producing districts of Punjab, Pakistan. Twenty-one DSR drills (model 2017) being used in the field were tested to determine efficiency and farmers’ perceptions of the technology were noted. Plant germination percentage and vegetation vigor were also measured. The drawbacks in design, manufacturing, and assembling were identified in the DSR drills and modifications were made in the new model to improve efficiency. Fifty-three randomly selected modified DSR drills (model 2018) were calibrated in 2018 before the start of the rice-sowing season. In 2017 the study showed large variability in the row-to-row distance, seed rate and distances of individual drills, and resulting seed germination ranged from 20% to 90% sown at different sites. In 2018, the standard deviation (SD) of seed rate was improved from SD = 19.7 to 6.6 g/40 rev/tine while SD of row-to-row distance was reduced from 0.81 to 0.61 cm as compared to 2017 drill. The plant vigor measured in terms of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) showed a good relationship with the plant population (R2 = 0.66) except at a few locations where weeds dominated. Important social issues identified were farmer’s lack of interest in preparing the land, precision land leveling, seed treatment, timely inputs, and farmer’s traditional thinking. However, farmers were motivated to consider adopting the DSR technology by demonstration plots established in 2017 by the Nuclear Institute for Agriculture & Biology (NIAB) and the Rice Research Institute (RRI), Kala Shah Kaku. Increased DSR machine sales in 2018 indicate the technology is being more widely adopted. Keywords: Direct seeded rice drills, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Plant population, Precision planting, Traditionally transplanted rice.

scholarly journals DIRECT SEEDING VIDALIA ONIONS

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 885d-885
Author(s):  
George E. Boyhan ◽  
Juan Carlos Diaz-Perez ◽  
Reid L. Torrance ◽  
Ronald H. Blackley ◽  
C. Randell Hill
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Direct Seeding ◽  
Stand Establishment ◽  
Overhead Irrigation ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Center Pivot ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Final Spacing

The majority of Vidalia onions are produced as a transplanted crop. Seeding in high density plantings in September is followed 8 to 10 weeks later by transplanting to final spacing. This practice is labor intensive and expensive. Direct seeding would save on labor, cost, and time. Traditionally, transplanting has been done because of better winter survival, more uniform stands, and better irrigation management during seedling emergence. Beginning 5 years ago, we began evaluating direct seeding onions. Initially, seedstems (bolting) and lack of uniform stand establishment were the main problems. Sowing in September resulted in almost 100% seedstems and using a belt planter with raw seed resulted in poor singulation for uniform stand establishment. Mid-October ultimately proved to be the best time for sowing Vidalia onion seed. Earlier sowing resulted in more seedstems and later planting did not give the plants sufficient time to grow resulting in later stand loss during cold winter temperatures. Using polymer coated seed and a precision vacuum planter resulted in uniform, even stand establishment. Fertilizer requirements are almost half with direct seeded onions compared to transplanted onions with a reduction in the need for fungicides and herbicides. We have established direct seeded onions both with drip irrigation and overhead irrigation. There was concern that center-pivot irrigation would not be able to sufficiently irrigate fields during seedling establishment with the frequent hot fall days we experience. Since this work was initiated several growers have successfully produced direct seeded onions under center-pivot systems. Direct seeding Vidalia onions requires attention to detail because there is only one opportunity to get it right. Timing is also critical particularly with planting date and herbicide application.

Student Perceptions of Community: A Different Perspective

NASPA Journal ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jackie Clark ◽  
Joan Hirt
Keyword(s):  
Student Perceptions ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Research University ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Common Assumption ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Public Research University ◽  
The Common ◽  
Using Data

The creation of small communities has been proposed as a way of enhancing the educational experience of students at large institutions. Using data from a survey of students living in large and small residences at a public research university, this study does not support the common assumption that small-scale social environments are more conducive to positive community life than large-scale social environments.

scholarly journals A High-Content Screening Assay for Small Molecules That Stabilize Mutant Triose Phosphate Isomerase (TPI) as Treatments for TPI Deficiency

2021 ◽  
pp. 247255522110181
Author(s):  
Andreas Vogt ◽  
Samantha L. Eicher ◽  
Tracey D. Myers ◽  
Stacy L. Hrizo ◽  
Laura L. Vollmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput Screening ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Triose Phosphate Isomerase ◽  
Pharmacological Intervention ◽  
Screening Assay ◽  
Triose Phosphate ◽  
The Common ◽  
Green Fluorescent

Triose phosphate isomerase deficiency (TPI Df) is an untreatable, childhood-onset glycolytic enzymopathy. Patients typically present with frequent infections, anemia, and muscle weakness that quickly progresses with severe neuromusclar dysfunction requiring aided mobility and often respiratory support. Life expectancy after diagnosis is typically ~5 years. There are several described pathogenic mutations that encode functional proteins; however, these proteins, which include the protein resulting from the “common” TPIE105D mutation, are unstable due to active degradation by protein quality control (PQC) pathways. Previous work has shown that elevating mutant TPI levels by genetic or pharmacological intervention can ameliorate symptoms of TPI Df in fruit flies. To identify compounds that increase levels of mutant TPI, we have developed a human embryonic kidney (HEK) stable knock-in model expressing the common TPI Df protein fused with green fluorescent protein (HEK TPIE105D-GFP). To directly address the need for lead TPI Df therapeutics, these cells were developed into an optical drug discovery platform that was implemented for high-throughput screening (HTS) and validated in 3-day variability tests, meeting HTS standards. We initially used this assay to screen the 446-member National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Collection and validated two of the hits in dose–response, by limited structure–activity relationship studies with a small number of analogs, and in an orthogonal, non-optical assay in patient fibroblasts. The data form the basis for a large-scale phenotypic screening effort to discover compounds that stabilize TPI as treatments for this devastating childhood disease.

Direct-Seeding Techniques for Guayule Stand Establishment in West Texas

jpa ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Foster ◽  
J. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Direct Seeding ◽  
Stand Establishment ◽  
West Texas

scholarly journals A NOTE ON PHASING LONG GENOMIC REGIONS USING LOCAL HAPLOTYPE PREDICTIONS

2006 ◽  
Vol 04 (03) ◽  
pp. 639-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELEAZAR ESKIN ◽  
RODED SHARAN ◽  
ERAN HALPERIN
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Criterion ◽  
The Common ◽  
Genomic Regions ◽  
High Computational Cost ◽  
Combining Information

The common approaches for haplotype inference from genotype data are targeted toward phasing short genomic regions. Longer regions are often tackled in a heuristic manner, due to the high computational cost. Here, we describe a novel approach for phasing genotypes over long regions, which is based on combining information from local predictions on short, overlapping regions. The phasing is done in a way, which maximizes a natural maximum likelihood criterion. Among other things, this criterion takes into account the physical length between neighboring single nucleotide polymorphisms. The approach is very efficient and is applied to several large scale datasets and is shown to be successful in two recent benchmarking studies (Zaitlen et al., in press; Marchini et al., in preparation). Our method is publicly available via a webserver at .

scholarly journals Impacts of bracteole removal and seeding rate on seedling emergence of halophyte shrubs: implications for rangeland rehabilitation in arid environments

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Mounir Louhaichi ◽  
Sawsan Hassan ◽  
Ali Mekki Missaoui ◽  
Serkan Ates ◽  
Steven L. Petersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Direct Seeding ◽  
Arid Environments ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Seed Processing ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
Positive Effect

Direct seeding techniques often result in unsatisfactory outcomes in rangeland rehabilitation, primarily because of low seedling emergence and poor establishment. Seed processing techniques aimed at improving seedling emergence have gained interest by pasture managers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the combined effects of bracteole removal and seeding rate on seedling emergence in seven halophytic species: Atriplex halimus, A. canescens, A. leucoclada, A. nummularia, A. lentiformis, Salsola vermiculata and Haloxylon aphyllum under semi-arid conditions in Tel Hadya (Syria). Each of these species was evaluated for seedling emergence under two seed treatments (bracteoles removed and non-removed bracteoles) with three seeding rates (10, 30 and 60 seeds per pot), in a completely randomised block design. The results showed a positive effect of seed treatment on seedling emergence for all studied species. The native A. halimus had the highest emergence percentages whereas the introduced A. mummularia, had the lowest. However, there were no significant effects of seeding rates on seedling emergence. These results showed that bracteole removal could improve germination and seedling emergence, and potentially increase the rate of establishment of the species studied. Therefore, when implementing rangeland rehabilitation projects, bracteole removal needs to be considered. The native S. vermiculata should be recommended for direct seeding in the West Asia and North Africa region given its high seedling emergence, known high palatability, nutritive value, and high auto-regeneration performance.

Opener, packer wheel and packing force effects on crop emergence and yield of direct seeded wheat, canola and field peas

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Johnston ◽  
G. P. Lafond ◽  
W. E. May ◽  
G. L. Hnatowich ◽  
G. E. Hultgreen
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Direct Seeding ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Pea Seedlings ◽  
Field Peas ◽  
Furrow Opener ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Moisture Conditions

An understanding of the effects of different opener designs and on-row packing force would help producers in their selection of appropriate direct seeding implement options for their soil conditions. A field trial was conducted at three locations (Indian Head, Sylvania and Watrous) in Saskatchewan from 1997 to 1999 to evaluate the effect of opener-packer design (spoon-steel V packer; spoon-flat rubber packer; paired row-steel V packer; paired row-flat rubber packer; sweep-pneumatic tire) in combination with a range of on-row packing forces [0, 333, 549, 746, and 1000 Newton (N) per press wheel] on crop emergence and grain yield with direct seeding. The differences observed between opener-packer combinations in this study varied by less than 10% for grain yield, and were almost always associated with the opener design and not the packer type. Despite the variable results, there was a tendency for higher pea and wheat emergence with the sweep + tire compared with other opener types at those locations that tended to be drier in the spring. Also, grain yield tended to be greater for the sweep + tire in 1999 at Indian Head, when the heavy-textured soil at this site had high soil moisture conditions at seeding. The responses to packing force varied with different years and among the crops. Generally, 333 N per press wheel provided adequate emergence and grain yield across the environmental conditions encountered in this study, regardless of the opener-packer combination. In 1997, 5% more pea seedlings emerged with some amount of packing compared with no packing. Relative to the check, some packing resulted in wheat grain yield that was 13% greater at three of the location-by-year combinations, and wheat emergence that was 9% greater in 1998. However, with canola excessive packing force (i.e., the two highest vs. lower packing forces) resulted in 11 fewer seedlings m-2 in 1999. A packing pressure of 333 N per press wheel provided adequate emergence and grain yield across varied environmental conditions, with higher packing force only negatively influencing emergence in canola, and not yield. Key words: Furrow opener, packing force, emergence, direct seeding, zero till

Plant population and hybrid considerations for dryland corn production on drought-susceptible soils

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. Miller ◽  
B. L. Vasilas ◽  
R. W. Taylor ◽  
T. A. Evans ◽  
C. M. Gempesaw
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Seasonal Precipitation ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Corn Production ◽  
Difficult Decision ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Key Words Maize ◽  
Short Season

Selection of a target population for dryland corn (Zea mays) production on drought-susceptible soils is a difficult decision, as a stand appropriate for drought conditions may not fully utilize the environment during a non-stress year. One possible management strategy is to use a low seeding rate and hybrids with ear characteristics that promote yield stability over a range of environments and plant populations. To evaluate this strategy, a 2-yr field study was conducted on a Rumford loamy sand. The performance of four hybrids — 1) full season, flexible ear; 2) short season, flexible ear; 3) full season, prolific; and 4) short season, prolific — was evaluated at four populations — 29 600, 39 500, 49 400, and 59 300 plants ha−1 — in two different growing seasons. Seasonal precipitation in 1988 was 14 cm below the average of 50 cm; 1989 seasonal precipitation was 37 cm above average. Average grain yields were 40% lower in 1988 than in 1989, and the yield loss was due primarily to a decrease in ear size. All hybrids demonstrated the ability to compensate for changes in population in 1988. Averaged across years, highest yields were produced with the two highest populations. The full-season, prolific hybrid was the most productive at every population. Key words: Maize, Zea mays, genotype × environment interactions, plant population, prolificacy, ear size

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