Direct Seeding of Basmati Rice through Improved Drills: Potential and Constraints in Pakistani Farm Settings

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-63
Author(s):  
Muhammad Jehanzeb Masud Cheema ◽  
Muhammad Hafiz Nauman ◽  
Abdul Ghafoor ◽  
Aitazaz Ahsan Farooque ◽  
Zeeshan Haydar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Direct Seeding ◽  
Basmati Rice ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Seed Rate ◽  
Transplanted Rice ◽  
Direct Seeded

Abstract.In Pakistan, rice is an important cash crop and is cultivated over 2.75 mha, generally as traditionally transplanted rice (TTPR). High labor costs and water requirements, time intensiveness, low plant populations, and increased methane emissions are problems associated with TTPR. Alternatively, direct seeded rice (DSR) is now being adopted by rice growers for saving of labor cost (1-2 compared to 50-60 person-days/ha for TTPR), for time and water saving (10% to 30%), and most importantly for achieving the optimal plant population. Technical issues in machine design, and direct seeding, lack of farmers’ awareness about the technology, and social issues are the major hurdles in wide scale adoption of this effective intervention. To identify and address these issues, a testing and calibration activity was conducted during 2017 in the eight major basmati rice producing districts of Punjab, Pakistan. Twenty-one DSR drills (model 2017) being used in the field were tested to determine efficiency and farmers’ perceptions of the technology were noted. Plant germination percentage and vegetation vigor were also measured. The drawbacks in design, manufacturing, and assembling were identified in the DSR drills and modifications were made in the new model to improve efficiency. Fifty-three randomly selected modified DSR drills (model 2018) were calibrated in 2018 before the start of the rice-sowing season. In 2017 the study showed large variability in the row-to-row distance, seed rate and distances of individual drills, and resulting seed germination ranged from 20% to 90% sown at different sites. In 2018, the standard deviation (SD) of seed rate was improved from SD = 19.7 to 6.6 g/40 rev/tine while SD of row-to-row distance was reduced from 0.81 to 0.61 cm as compared to 2017 drill. The plant vigor measured in terms of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) showed a good relationship with the plant population (R2 = 0.66) except at a few locations where weeds dominated. Important social issues identified were farmer’s lack of interest in preparing the land, precision land leveling, seed treatment, timely inputs, and farmer’s traditional thinking. However, farmers were motivated to consider adopting the DSR technology by demonstration plots established in 2017 by the Nuclear Institute for Agriculture & Biology (NIAB) and the Rice Research Institute (RRI), Kala Shah Kaku. Increased DSR machine sales in 2018 indicate the technology is being more widely adopted. Keywords: Direct seeded rice drills, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Plant population, Precision planting, Traditionally transplanted rice.

scholarly journals Feasibility of Direct Seeding for Stand Establishment of Field-grown Basil

HortScience ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 1002-1005
Author(s):  
Brian A. Kahn ◽  
Niels O. Maness ◽  
Donna R. Chrz ◽  
Lynda K. Carrier
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Ocimum Basilicum ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Direct Seeding ◽  
Shallow Depth ◽  
Viable Alternative ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Stand Establishment ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
The Common

Six experiments were conducted on ‘Genovese’ basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in Oklahoma to study the feasibility of establishing basil in the field by direct seeding. Variables examined included use of raw seed or pelleted seed, seeding depth, seeding rate, and comparison with transplanting. Direct seeding was done using a hand-pushed planter (first four experiments), a tractor-drawn planter (fifth experiment), or both types of planter (sixth experiment). Plants were destructively harvested by machine. Stands were established successfully using transplants or using raw or pelleted seed with a hand-pushed planter. Planting at a depth of ≈10 mm resulted in lower yields than planting at a depth where seeds barely were covered with soil (≈5 mm). Seeding rates of ≈80 seeds/m led to higher final stands and higher yields than those obtained with seeding rates of ≈30 seeds/m. These studies were not designed to test effects of plant population on basil yield, but data suggest that final stands above the common recommendation of one plant per 30.5 cm in rows spaced 90 cm apart may result in yield increases. Plots direct-seeded with the tractor-drawn planter failed to establish in the fifth experiment. Plants established using pelleted seed with the hand-pushed planter did not differ from plants established by transplanting in cumulative yields in the sixth experiment, even though the transplanting treatment allowed one additional harvest. The lowest cumulative yields in the sixth experiment came from plants established using pelleted seed with the tractor-drawn planter. Thus, direct seeding of basil was successful only with a hand-pushed planter. While direct seeding is a potentially viable alternative to transplanting for basil stand establishment, there is a need to identify a tractor-drawn seeder that can plant basil at the required shallow depth. In the interim, large-scale producers of basil should continue to use transplants to obtain reliable stand establishment.

scholarly journals Water management effects on irrigation cutback and yield performance of dry direct seeded boro rice

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-14
Author(s):  
Md Moshiur Rahman ◽  
Md Mehedi Masood ◽  
Md Abdur Rahman Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Direct Seeding ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Standing Water ◽  
Transplanted Rice ◽  
Direct Seeded

Dry direct seeding is an alternative rice production method that reduces 50-60% irrigation water required compared to the conventional method. The present study was undertaken with a view to optimize irrigation requirement for dry direct seeded rice. The experiment involved seven water management levels and two rice varieties in a split-plot design allocating water management levels in main plot and rice variety in sub-plot. The treatments were replicated thrice. The water management levels are (i) puddled transplanted rice with full irrigation (PTR-CI), (ii) puddled transplanted rice with alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation (PTR-AWD), (iii) dry direct seeded rice with no standing water at all, (iv) dry direct seeding with AWD irrigation (DDSR-AWD), (v) dry direct seeded rice with 3-5 cm standing water from panicle initiation to heading, (vi) dry direct seeded rice with 3-5 cm standing water from panicle initiation to grain filling, (vii) dry direct seeded rice with 3-5 cm standing water from heading to grain filling. Two rice varieties included in the experiments are BRRI dhan28 and BRRI dhan29. The frequency and amount of irrigation for different plots were recorded. Data on different crop characters, yield and related attributes were collected and were subjected to statistical analysis using a computer package program MSTAT-C. The results reveal that rice gave the highest grain yield in dry direct seeding system where the standing water was maintained from panicle initiation stage to flowering (T5) or grain filling stage (T6) at reproductive phase. The T5 treatment required 7-9 irrigations whereas T6 required 9-12 irrigations. The treatment T5 required 50% less irrigation water than PTR-CI method. Thus, it may be concluded that dry direct seeded rice should be practiced for rice and standing water should be maintained from panicle initiation to heading for obtaining higher grain yield with least irrigation input. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2020, 5 (1), 6-14

scholarly journals Grain quality assessment of direct seeded basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.) under different irrigation regimes in Indian Punjab

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 663-668
Author(s):  
Jagmohan Kaur ◽  
S. S. Mahal ◽  
Amarjeet Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Irrigation Schedule ◽  
Cooking Time ◽  
Direct Seeding ◽  
Basmati Rice ◽  
Elongation Ratio ◽  
Direct Seeded

Irrigation water, being a scarce resource, requires proper management for good quality aerobic basmati rice production. Field experiments were conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana to evaluate the effect of different irrigation schedules on grain quality of direct seeded basmati rice ‘Pusa Basmati 1121’. Ten treatments comprising of conventional puddled transplanting and nine in direct seeding were tested in randomized block design with four replications. Direct seeding treatments comprised of combination of withholding first irrigation for 6, 9 or 12 days after sowing and follow up irrigations at 30, 50 or 70 mm cummulative pan evaporation (CPE). The milling quality characters of rice like brown, milled and head rice recoveries were highest in conventional transplanting (81.4, 70.9 and 52.4 %, respectively) statistically at par with irrigation schedule of withholding first irrigation for 6 days and subsequent irrigations at 30 mm CPE (80.3, 69.9 and 51.1 %,respectively) significantly better than rest of the treatments.The other quality characters like protein content, minimum cooking time, elongation ratio etc. were also significantly affected by different irrigation schedules at 5 % level of significance. The maximum values of protein content (7.26 %) and minimum cooking time (23.5 minutes) were obtained in irrigation schedule of withholding first irrigation for 6 days and subsequent irrigations at 30 mm CPE whereas elongation ratio was maximum in conventional transplanting (1.87). In Indian Punjab, good quality direct seeded basmati rice can be obtained by holding the first irrigation for 6 days and then irrigating at 30 mm CPE with yields comparable to transplanted rice.

Suitability of elite genotypes for wet-direct seeding in rice-rice system in Vertisol

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-42
Author(s):  
Soumya Saha ◽  
Mangal Deep Tuti ◽  
R Mahender Kumar ◽  
Bandeppa ◽  
T Vidhan Singh
Keyword(s):  
Total Duration ◽  
Direct Seeding ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Rabi Season ◽  
Growth Duration ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Transplanted Rice ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Direct Seeded

This study was conducted to evaluate few elite rice genotypes in wet-direct seeded system vis-à-vis conventional transplanting in clayey vertisol of Telangana during two consecutive seasons (rabi and kharif) of 2015-16. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with two methods of crop establishment in main plots viz. conventional transplanting (CT) and direct seeded rice (DSR) in puddled condition with nine rice varieties of different growth duration in sub-plots and replicated thrice. Growth and yield attributing characters were not differed in both the establishment techniques. Grain yields during the rabi season was higher by about 1.5 % under DSR, whereas, during kharif it was about 1 % higher in transplanted rice. Total duration of cultivars was decreased in DSR to the tune of 14 days during two seasons. There was no significant difference in mean grain yield across rice cultivars in two consecutive growing seasons between direct seeding and conventional transplanting. During rabi season DRR Dhan 44, Rasi, DRRH-2, HRI-174, RNR 15048, RP Bio-226 performed well; whereas Rasi, DRR Dhan 44, DRRH-2 and Varadhan found suitable in kharif.

Pemetaan Pulau Kecil Gelasa Kabupaten Bangka Tengah

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-14
Author(s):  
Wahyu Adi
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Image Interpretation ◽  
Vegetation Coverage ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Shallow Waters ◽  
Small Islands ◽  
Seagrass Beds ◽  
Cover Density

Pulau Kecil Gelasa merupakan daerah yang belum banyak diteliti. Pemetaan ekosistem di pulau kecil dilakukan dengan bantuan citra Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS). Penelitian terdahulu diketahui bahwa ALOS memiliki kemampuan memetakan terumbu karang dan padang lamun di perairan dangkal serta mampu memetakan kerapatan penutupan vegetasi. Metode interpretasi citra menggunakan alogaritma indeks vegetasi pada citra ALOS yaitu NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), serta pendekatan Lyzengga untuk mengkoreksi kolom perairan. Hasil penelitian didapatkan luasan Padang Lamun di perairan dangkal 41,99 Ha, luasan Terumbu Karang 125,57 Ha. Hasil NDVI di daratan/ pulau kecil Gelasa untuk Vegetasi Rapat seluas 47,62 Ha; luasan penutupan Vegetasi Sedang 105,86 Ha; dan penutupan Vegetasi Jarang adalah 34,24 Ha.   Small Island Gelasa rarely studied. Mapping ecosystems on small islands with the image of Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS). Previous research has found that ALOS has the ability to map coral reefs and seagrass beds in shallow water, and is able to map vegetation cover density. The method of image interpretation uses the vegetation index algorithm in the ALOS image, NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), and the Lyzengga approach to correct the water column. The results of the study were obtained in the area of Seagrass Padang in the shallow waters of 41.99 ha, the area of coral reefs was 125.57 ha. NDVI results on land / small islands Gelasa for dense vegetation of 47.62 ha; area of Medium Vegetation coverage 105.86 Ha; and the coverage of Rare Vegetation is 34.24 Ha.

HEALTHINESS OF OIL PALM PLANTATION TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY OF ENVIRONMENT

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Faradina Marzukhi ◽  
Nur Nadhirah Rusyda Rosnan ◽  
Md Azlin Md Said
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Satellite Image ◽  
Vegetation Indices ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Oil Palm Plantation ◽  
Sustainable Environment ◽  
Moisture Analysis ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this study is to analyse the relationship between vegetation indices of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and soil nutrient of oil palm plantation at Felcra Nasaruddin Bota in Perak for future sustainable environment. The satellite image was used and processed in the research. By Using NDVI, the vegetation index was obtained which varies from -1 to +1. Then, the soil sample and soil moisture analysis were carried in order to identify the nutrient values of Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K). A total of seven soil samples were acquired within the oil palm plantation area. A regression model was then made between physical condition of the oil palms and soil nutrients for determining the strength of the relationship. It is hoped that the risk map of oil palm healthiness can be produced for various applications which are related to agricultural plantation.

ANALISIS SPEKTRAL CITRA SPOT 7 UNTUK IDENTIFIKASI KAWASAN MANGROVE DI PANTAI TIMUR KABUPATEN LAMPUNG SELATAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 1213
Author(s):  
Nirmawana Simarmata ◽  
Fitralia Elyza ◽  
Rezalian Vatiady
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index

Konversi hutan manggrove merupakan sumber utama emisi CO dengan jumlah sebesar 1,7 ± 0,6 Pg karbon per tahun. Kegiatan konversi hutan mangrove menjadi lahan tambak melepaskan cadangan karbon ke atmosfir dalam jumlah yang cukup berarti. Ekspansi usaha pertambakan udang di kawasan pesisir Provinsi Lampung semakin meluas dari tahun ke tahun yang berdampak serius pada kondisi hutan mangrove. Kebijakan pembukaan tambak baru telah mengubah bentang hutan mangrove dan akan menimbulkan kerugian sosial yang jauh lebih besar. Menanggapi permasalahan tersebut, Indonesia menjadi salah satu negara yang mengikuti program Reduce Emission from Deforestation and Degradation atau REDD+ dalam melakukan inventarisasi karbon hutan. Indonesia memiliki potensi sumberdaya hutan mangrove yang sangat melimpah. Potensi hutan mangrove Indonesia cukup besar, Indonesia memiliki luas hutan mangrove terbesar di dunia. Salah satunya di Kabupaten Lampung Selatan merupakan kawasan dengan tutupan yang relatif luas di Provinsi Lampung. Karakteristik hutan mangrove dianalisis berdasarkan nilai spektral nya dengan menggunakan indeks vegetasi. Jenis data penginderaan jauh yang digunakan untuk penelitian ini adalah citra SPOT 7. Citra SPOT 7 dianalisis menggunakan Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) sehingga diperoleh nilai kehijauan objek mangrove. Nilai indeks vegetasi pada kawasan penelitian mempunyai range antara 0.2 – 0.7. Nilai indeks vegetasi digunakan sebagai parameter untuk memetakan kawasan hutan mangrove di Kabupaten Lampung Selatan.

TEMPERATURA DE SUPERFÍCIE E A RELAÇÃO COM O ÍNDICE DE VEGETAÇÃO POR DIFERENÇA NORMALIZADA (NDVI) NA MICROBACIA DO RIO DA BATATEIRAS, CRATO-CE

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 1310-1320
Author(s):  
Cícera Celiane Januário da Silva ◽  
Vinicius Ferreira Luna ◽  
Joyce Ferreira Gomes ◽  
Juliana Maria Oliveira Silva
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Temperature Measurement ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Difference Map

O objetivo do presente trabalho é fazer uma comparação entre a temperatura de superfície e o Índice de Vegetação por Diferença Normalizada (NDVI) na microbacia do rio da Batateiras/Crato-CE em dois períodos do ano de 2017, um chuvoso (abril) e um seco (setembro) como também analisar o mapa de diferença de temperatura nesses dois referidos períodos. Foram utilizadas imagens de satélite LANDSAT 8 (banda 10) para mensuração de temperatura e a banda 4 e 5 para geração do NDVI. As análises demonstram que no mês de abril a temperatura da superfície variou aproximadamente entre 23.2ºC e 31.06ºC, enquanto no mês correspondente a setembro, os valores variaram de 25°C e 40.5°C, sendo que as maiores temperaturas foram encontradas em locais com baixa densidade de vegetação, de acordo com a carta de NDVI desses dois meses. A maior diferença de temperatura desses dois meses foi de 14.2°C indicando que ocorre um aumento da temperatura proporcionado pelo período que corresponde a um dos mais secos da região, diferentemente de abril que está no período de chuvas e tem uma maior umidade, presença de vegetação e corpos d’água que amenizam a temperatura.Palavras-chave: Sensoriamento Remoto; Vegetação; Microbacia.                                                                                  ABSTRACTThe objective of the present work is to compare the surface temperature and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in the Batateiras / Crato-CE river basin in two periods of 2017, one rainy (April) and one (September) and to analyze the temperature difference map in these two periods. LANDSAT 8 (band 10) satellite images were used for temperature measurement and band 4 and 5 for NDVI generation. The analyzes show that in April the surface temperature varied approximately between 23.2ºC and 31.06ºC, while in the month corresponding to September, the values ranged from 25ºC and 40.5ºC, and the highest temperatures were found in locations with low density of vegetation, according to the NDVI letter of these two months. The highest difference in temperature for these two months was 14.2 ° C, indicating that there is an increase in temperature provided by the period that corresponds to one of the driest in the region, unlike April that is in the rainy season and has a higher humidity, presence of vegetation and water bodies that soften the temperature.Key-words: Remote sensing; Vegetation; Microbasin.RESUMENEl objetivo del presente trabajo es hacer una comparación entre la temperatura de la superficie y el Índice de Vegetación de Diferencia Normalizada (NDVI) en la cuenca Batateiras / Crato-CE en dos períodos de 2017, uno lluvioso (abril) y uno (Septiembre), así como analizar el mapa de diferencia de temperatura en estos dos períodos. Las imágenes de satélite LANDSAT 8 (banda 10) se utilizaron para la medición de temperatura y las bandas 4 y 5 para la generación de NDVI. Los análisis muestran que en abril la temperatura de la superficie varió aproximadamente entre 23.2ºC y 31.06ºC, mientras que en el mes correspondiente a septiembre, los valores oscilaron entre 25 ° C y 40.5 ° C, y las temperaturas más altas se encontraron en lugares con baja densidad de vegetación, según el gráfico NDVI de estos dos meses. La mayor diferencia de temperatura de estos dos meses fue de 14.2 ° C, lo que indica que hay un aumento en la temperatura proporcionada por el período que corresponde a uno de los más secos de la región, a diferencia de abril que está en la temporada de lluvias y tiene una mayor humedad, presencia de vegetación y cuerpos de agua que suavizan la temperatura.Palabras clave: Detección remota; vegetación; Cuenca.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document