Challenges of Establishing Native versus Exotic Status of Herbarium Specimens

In cases where invasive species are presumed to be strictly exotic, the discovery that the species is also native can be disconcerting for researchers and land managers responsible for eradicating an exotic invasive. Such is the case with reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea), for which decades of misinformation led to the call for nationwide control of this species in the United States. However, native populations were first reported by LaVoie and then later confirmed by Casler with molecular analyses. This, coupled with the discovery by Anderson that this species has been used in weavings by Native Americans for centuries, also made the native forms of interest for protection. Identifying the native status of historic, herbarium specimens via molecular analyses is of great interest to determine localities of native populations for confirmation with extant specimens. Genetic-based methods describing DNA polymorphism of reed canary grass are not well developed. The goal of the presented research is to assess the utility of genomic DNA obtained from historic (herbaria) and extant (fresh) tissue of reed canarygrass and the application of using Diversity Arrays Technology sequencing low density for genetic population studies.

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Dormancy-breaking Studies on Echinacea angustifolia

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.456f ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 456f-457 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ali O. Sari ◽

Mario R. Morales ◽

James E. Simon

Keyword(s):

Native Americans ◽

Seed Germination ◽

Tap Water ◽

The United States ◽

Market Demand ◽

Dormancy Breaking ◽

Echinacea Angustifolia ◽

Native Populations ◽

Percent Germination ◽

Dry Heating

Echinacea is a medicinal plant native to North America. It was used extensively by native Americans in the treatment of their ailments. It is presently one of the most popular medicinal plants in the United States. Its popularity has created a large market demand for the roots and foliage of the plant. The gathering of echinacea from the wild is leading to the reduction of native populations and the destruction of its genetic diversity. Cultivation of medicinal echinaceas is hindered by a low seed germination. Dormancy breaking studies were done on freshly harvested seeds of Echinacea angustifolia. Seed lots were placed under light at a constant temperature of 25 °C and at alternate temperatures of 25/15 °C for 14/10 h, respectively. Germination was more rapid and uniform and percent germination higher at 25 °C than at 25/15 °C. Seed tap-water soaking, dry heating, and sharp heating alteration did not increase germination. The application of 1.0 mM ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphoric acid) increased seed germination to 94% at 25 °C and 86% at 25/15 °C. Untreated seeds gave 65% germination at 25 °C and 11% at 25/15 °C. The application of 2500 mg·L–1 and 3500 mg·L–1 of GA to dry seeds and 2500 mg·L–1 to seeds that have been soaked under tap water and then dried increased germination to 82%, 83%, and 83% at 25 °C and 64%, 78%, and 64% at 25/15 °C, respectively.

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Clyde Warrior, 1939–1968

Kalfou A Journal of Comparative and Relational Ethnic Studies ◽

10.15367/kf.v2i1.63 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tiffany Hale

Keyword(s):

Native Americans ◽

Older Men ◽

The United States ◽

Men And Women ◽

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ◽

Political Struggles ◽

Poor People's Campaign ◽

Organizational Leader ◽

Martin Luther King ◽

Older Men And Women

To identify Clyde Warrior as an intellectual subverts prevailing notions of intellectualism. We often think of intellectuals as older men and women whose major contributions are revealed late in life, once the passions of youth have been tempered by experience. Warrior was not this. People frequently imagine intellectuals as existing in isolation, insulated from the demands of regular folk. Warrior was not this either. He was a Ponca, born on the reservation and raised with the influence of his grandparents and community. He was also a renowned singer and powwow fancy dancer, as well as a college student, an organizational leader, a husband, and father of two daughters. Warrior’s political consciousness grew out of the deep connections he maintained to his rural Ponca roots, but he took care to educate himself about the problems affecting Native Americans across the United States as well as colonized peoples globally. As an Oklahoman, he was attuned to race relations in the South and empathized with the struggles of Africans and African Americans. His approach to indigenous political struggles was shaped and informed, for example, by his early and active participation with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and Martin Luther King Jr.’s Poor People’s Campaign.

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“I Hope to Hell Nothing Goes Back to The Way It Was Before”: COVID-19, Marginalization, and Native Nations

Perspectives on Politics ◽

10.1017/s1537592721001031 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-18

Author(s):

Raymond Foxworth ◽

Laura E. Evans ◽

Gabriel R. Sanchez ◽

Cheryl Ellenwood ◽

Carmela M. Roybal

Keyword(s):

Native American ◽

Native Americans ◽

Original Data ◽

The United States ◽

Federal Law ◽

Native Languages ◽

Native Communities ◽

Tribal Health ◽

Tribal Lands ◽

Health Regulations

We draw on new and original data to examine both partisan and systemic inequities that have fueled the spread of COVID-19 in Native America. We show how continued political marginalization of Native Americans has compounded longstanding inequalities and endangered the lives of Native peoples. Native nations have experienced disproportionate effects from prior health epidemics and pandemics, and in 2020, Native communities have seen greater rates of infection, hospitalization, and death from COVID-19. We find that Native nations have more COVID-19 cases if they are located in states with a higher ratio of Trump supporters and reside in states with Republican governors. Where there is longstanding marginalization, measured by lack of clean water on tribal lands and health information in Native languages, we find more COVID-19 cases. Federal law enables non-members to flout tribal health regulations while on tribal lands, and correspondingly, we find that COVID-19 cases rise when non-members travel onto tribal lands. Our findings engage the literatures on Native American politics, health policy within U.S. federalism, and structural health inequalities, and should be of interest to both scholars and practitioners interested in understanding COVID-19 outcomes across Tribes in the United States.

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Sociocultural Influences on Gambling and Alcohol Use Among Native Americans in the United States

Journal of Gambling Studies ◽

10.1007/s10899-014-9512-z ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 1387-1404 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

David A. Patterson—Silver Wolf ◽

John W. Welte ◽

Grace M. Barnes ◽

Marie-Cecile O. Tidwell ◽

Paul Spicer

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Native Americans ◽

Alcohol Use ◽

The United States ◽

Sociocultural Influences

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Uranium and Vanadium Resources of Utah: An Update in the Era of Critical Minerals and Carbon Neutrality

10.34191/ofr-735 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Stephanie E. Mills ◽

Bear Jordan

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Native Americans ◽

Colorado Plateau ◽

The United States ◽

Mining District ◽

Paradox Basin ◽

Carbon Neutrality ◽

Uranium Exploration ◽

San Juan County ◽

Critical Minerals

Utah is the second largest vanadium producing state and the third largest uranium producing state in the United States. Carnotite, a primary ore mineral for both vanadium and uranium, was first discovered and used by Native Americans as a source of pigment in the Colorado Plateau hysiographic province of eastern Utah. Radioactive deposits have been ommercially mined in Utah since about 1900, starting with radium, followed by vanadium, and thenuranium. In 1952, the discovery of the Mi Vida mine in Utah’s Lisbon Valley mining district in San Juan County kicked off a uranium exploration rush across the Colorado Plateau. As a result, the United States dominated the global uranium market from the early 1950s to late 1970s. In the modern mining era, Utah is an important contributor to the domestic uranium and vanadium markets with the only operating conventional uranium-vanadium mill in the country, multiple uranium-vanadium mines on standby, and active uranium-vanadium exploration. Overall, Utah has produced an estimated 122 million lbs U3O8 and 136 million lbs V2O5 since 1904. Most of this production has been from the sandstone-hosted deposits of the Paradox Basin, with minor production from volcanogenic deposits and as byproducts from other operations across the state

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Andrew Jackson, Black American Slavery, and the Trail of Tears

Dialogue and Universalism ◽

10.5840/du20213118 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 119-138

Author(s):

Earnest N. Bracey ◽

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Native Americans ◽

Life Time ◽

The United States ◽

Executive Power ◽

American People ◽

Andrew Jackson ◽

Common Humanity ◽

American Slavery ◽

The People

Many revisionist historians today try to make the late President Andrew Jackson out to be something that he was not—that is, a man of all the people. In our uninhibited, polarized culture, the truth should mean something. Therefore, studying the character of someone like Andrew Jackson should be fully investigated, and researched, as this work attempts to do. Indeed, this article tells us that we should not accept lies and conspiracy theories as the truth. Such revisionist history comes into sharp focus in Bradley J. Birzer’s latest book, In Defense of Andrew Jackson. Indeed, his (selective) efforts are surprisingly wrong, as he tries to give alternative explanations for Jackson’s corrupt life and political malfeasance. Hence, the lawlessness of Andrew Jackson cannot be ignored or “white washed” from American history. More important, discrediting the objective truth about Andrew Jackson, and his blatant misuse of executive power as the U.S. President should never be dismissed, like his awful treatment of Blacks and other minorities in the United States. It should have been important to Birzer to get his story right about Andrew Jackson, with a more balanced approach in regards to the man. Finally, Jackson should have tried to eliminate Black slavery in his life time, not embrace it, based on the ideas of human dignity and our common humanity. To be brutally honest, it is one thing to disagree with Andrew Jackson; but it is quite another to feel that he, as President of the United States, was on the side of all the American people during his time, because it was not true. Perhaps the biggest question is: Could Andrew Jackson have made a positive difference for every American, even Black slaves and Native Americans?

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Begonia balangcodiae sp. nov. from northern Luzon, the Philippines and its natural hybrid with B. crispipila, B. × kapangan nothosp. nov.

Phytotaxa ◽

10.11646/phytotaxa.407.1.3 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 407 (1) ◽

pp. 5-21 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

SHIH-HUI LIU ◽

YU-HSIN TSENG ◽

DIAITI ZURE ◽

ROSARIO RIVERA RUBITE ◽

TEODORA D. BALANGCOD ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

Field Survey ◽

The Philippines ◽

Southeast Asian ◽

Herbarium Specimens ◽

Natural Hybrid ◽

Paternal Genome ◽

Molecular Analyses ◽

Maternal Genome

The pantropically distributed Begonia (Begoniaceae) is one of the most species-rich genera. Philippines is one of the diversity centers of Southeast Asian Begonia. In our 2012 field survey, three species of Begonia section Petermannia were collected in Barangay Sagubo, Municipality of Kapangan, Province of Benguet in the northern Luzon Island, Philippines. Our study on literatures and herbarium specimens suggests that these collections consist of B. crispipila, an unknown new species hereby we named B. balangcodiae, and the natural hybrid between them. Molecular analyses confirm that the former contributed the maternal genome while the latter provided the paternal genome. We name the natural hybrid B. × kapangan, which is the first natural hybrid reported in sect. Petermannia.

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Epidemiology and Factors Affecting Mortality of Hospitalized Patients with Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in the United States

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood-2019-132071 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 134 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 2404-2404

Author(s):

Arya Mariam Roy ◽

Manojna Konda ◽

Akshay Goel ◽

Appalanaidu Sasapu

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

African Americans ◽

Native Americans ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Length Of Stay ◽

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation ◽

The United States ◽

Hospitalized Patients ◽

Northeast Region ◽

Intravascular Coagulation

Introduction Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is a systemic coagulopathy which leads to widespread thrombosis and hemorrhage and ultimately results in multiorgan dysfunction. DIC usually occurs as a complication of illnesses like severe sepsis, malignancies, trauma, acute pancreatitis, burns, and obstetrical complications. The prognosis and mortality of DIC depend on the etiology, however, the mortality of DIC is known to be on the higher side. The aim of the study is to analyze if gender, race, regional differences have any association with the mortality of hospitalized patients with DIC. Method The National Inpatient Sample database from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) for the year 2016 was queried for data. We identified hospital admissions for DIC with the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis code D65. The data was analyzed with STATA 16.0 version and univariate and multivariate analysis were performed. We studied the characteristics of all such hospitalizations for the year 2016 and the factors associated with the in-hospital mortality rate (MR) of DIC. We used length of stay, cost of stay as an outcome to determine if gender, race, and location play a role in the mortality. Results A total of 8704 admissions were identified with a diagnosis of DIC during the year 2016. The mean age for admission was found to be 56.48± 0.22. The percentage of admissions in females and males did not have a notable difference (50.57% vs 49.43%). The disease specific MR for DIC was 47.7%. Admission during weekend vs weekdays did not carry a statistically significant difference in terms of MR. Females with DIC were less likely to die in the hospital when compared to males with DIC (OR= 0.906, CI 0.82 - 0.99, p= 0.031). Interestingly, African Americans (AA) with DIC admissions were found to have 24% more risk of dying when compared to Caucasians admitted with DIC (OR= 1.24, CI 1.10 - 1.39, P= 0.00), Native Americans (NA) has 67% more risk of dying when compared to Caucasians (OR= 1.67, CI 1.03 - 2.69, p= 0.035). The mortality rate of NA, AA, Caucasians with DIC was found to be 57%, 52%, 47% respectively. The MR was found to be highest in hospitals of the northeast region (52%), then hospitals in the south (47%), followed by west and mid-west (46%), p= 0.000. Patients admitted to west and mid-west were 24% less likely to die when compared to patients admitted to northeast region hospitals (OR= 0.76, p= 0.001). The average length of stay and cost of stay were also less in west and mid-west regions when compared to north east. The difference in outcomes persisted after adjusting for age, gender, race, hospital division, co-morbid conditions. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that African Americans and Native Americans with DIC have high risk of dying in the hospital. Also, there exists a difference between the mortality rate, length and cost of stay among different regions in the United States. More research is needed to elucidate the factors that might be impacting the location-based variation in mortality. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Black Choke Disease Caused by an Ephelis sp. on Purple Fountain Grass in Maryland

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pd-90-0112a ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 90 (1) ◽

pp. 112-112

Author(s):

E. Lewis Roberts ◽

J. F. White

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

North America ◽

The United States ◽

Maximum Parsimony Analysis ◽

Bootstrap Support ◽

Herbarium Specimens ◽

Dense Layer ◽

Causal Organism ◽

Plant Nursery ◽

Choke Disease

Purple fountain grass (Pennisetum alopecuroides) is indigenous to Asia, prized for its foxtail-like purple flowers, and widely used as an ornamental. During October 1999, black choke disease was found on P. alopecuroides cv. Hameln (L.) Spreng at a plant nursery in Maryland. Disease symptoms include mummification of inflorescences by black conidial stromata, distorted leaf tissue, and a dense layer of white epiphytic mycelium on the adaxial leaves and culms. Stromata were initially white but became black with age. Microscopic analysis of the isolated fungus indicated that the causal organism was an Ephelis sp., American Type Culture Collection No. MYA-3317. The ephelidial conidia developed in sporodochia on stromata and were hyaline, filiform to acicular, and 18 to 21 × 1 μm. Cultures on potato dextrose agar were off-white and 50 mm in diameter after 14 days at 23°C. Analysis of herbarium specimens of several Balansia spp. revealed that the Ephelis sp. isolate bears morphological resemblance to Asian and not American Balansieae. In fact, the infection observed on Pennisetum sp. forms similarly to Ephelis sp. infection on Oryza sativa L. (Asian) that also results in development of stromata on panicles and a mycelial network enclosing the panicles, preventing maturation and expansion. On both plants, the infected inflorescence becomes black with age and appears mummified as pseudosclerotia form. Furthermore, flag leaves and tillers of both plants appear slightly distorted and silver due to the epibiotic mycelia. The causal agent of black choke disease on rice is Ephelis oryzae Syd. (teleomorph = Balansia oryzae-sativae Hashioka). The mature stroma of E. oryzae forms on the inflorescence and is embedded with a layer of ovate perithecia. Immature stromata bear conidiomata that are cupulate to cushion shaped and black, producing hyaline, branched conidiophores that terminate in phialides. Conidia are ephelidial, filiform to acicular, hyaline, and 18 to 22 × 1.5 μm (2). To determine the phylogenetic relationship between other balansioid fungi and the Ephelis sp. isolate, the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) region was amplified with primers ITS4 and ITS5 (3). Maximum parsimony analysis of the ITS1 sequences showed that the Ephelis sp. infecting P. alopecuroides cv. Hameln grouped (100% bootstrap support) in a clade with Ephelis oryzae, Balansia sclerotica, Balansia andropogonis, and Balansia sp.; all endemic to Asia and tightly groups with the Asian rice pathogen Ephelis oryzae (100% bootstrap support). Further phylogenetic analysis using topological constraints indicated that Ephelis sp. is not appropriately grouped with American balansioid species. Since P. alopecuroides is often imported to North America from Asia (1), it is likely that Ephelis sp. on P. alopecuroides is endemic to Asia and perhaps was transported along with its host to North America. The disease ontogeny, morphology, and sequence similarities between the Ephelis sp. isolated from Pennisetum sp. and E. oryzae suggests that these fungi are evolutionarily close, sibling species, or conspecific. To our knowledge, this is the first report of choke disease on P. alopecuroides in the United States. References: (1) A. S. Hitchcock. Manual of the Grasses of the United States. A. Chase, ed. U.S. Government Print Office, Washington DC, 1951 (2) F. N. Lee and P. S. Gunnell. Udbatta. Page 29 in: Compendium of Rice Diseases. R. K. Webster and P. S. Gunnell, eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul. MN, 1992. (3) J. F. White Jr. et al. Mycologia 89:408, 1997.

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The use of cultural risk assessment within the 1994 Tribal land-grant colleges and universities

10.54026/esecr/1005 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 1-3

Author(s):

Alvin L Young

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Risk Assessment ◽

Native Americans ◽

Natural Resources ◽

Waste Treatment ◽

The United States ◽

Decision Makers ◽

Land Grant ◽

United States Department ◽

Cultural Issues

In 1994, the United States Congress established 35 Colleges or Universities on Reservation Lands of the Native Americans throughout the Midwest and Western United States. These new institutions were provided annual funds from the United States Department of Agriculture for education, research and extension, components of the Land-Grant system. Today, issues related to risk assessment and risk management confront tribal decision-makers as they cope with risks, both real and perceived, that include the transportation of hazardous materials through the reservation, the clean-up of contaminated sites within the reservation, the environmental restoration of Federal facilities, the siting of waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities, the development of tribal mineral and other natural resources, and the construction and operation of industrial and commercial facilities within the reservation. Tribal decision-makers lack Indian-specific epidemiologic, genetic, and cultural information that impact current risk assessment models needed to incorporate tribal cultural issues. There is a need to enhance the science skills of tribal college faculty in assisting tribal councils and tribal colleges in the long-term planning and stewardship of natural resources on their reservations.

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