scholarly journals Determining Nitrogen Fertilizer Cost Using Turfgrass Response

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Travis Wayne Shaddox ◽  
Joseph Bryan Unruh
Keyword(s):  
Slow Release ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
N Sources ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
N Source ◽  
Quality Ratings ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
Polymer Coated Urea ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Plot Design

Numerous nitrogen (N) sources are used in turfgrass management and vary from soluble to slow-release. Determining the least expensive N source can be confusing for consumers. Price per ton and price per pound N are common price comparison methods. An improved approach could use longevity of the N source to balance the price. The objective of this study was to determine the longevity of turfgrass response to N sources and to determine the cost to achieve such responses. This study was conducted in Ft. Lauderdale and Jay, FL, from 1 Jan. to 31 Dec. 2018 on ‘Riley’s Super Sport’ (Celebration®) bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon). Treatments included nontreated turfgrass, urea, ammonium sulfate, stabilized urea, methylene urea, ureaformaldehyde, two natural organics, sulfur-coated urea, and two polymer-coated urea fertilizers. Treatments were arranged in a split-plot design with N sources as whole plots and N rate (N applied at 49 and 98 kg·ha−1 every 4 months) as subplots. Turf quality was recorded on a scale of 1 to 9, where 1 = dead/brown turf and quality, 6 = minimal acceptable, and 9 = optimal healthy/green turf. Turf quality ratings were recorded weekly and used to determine response longevity (days quality ≥6.0) and area under the turfgrass response curve (AUTRC). Urea resulted in response longevity greater than or equal to other N sources during each season except when applied at 98 kg·ha−1 of N during the fall fertilizer cycle in Jay. Natural organics were ≈6-fold more expensive than urea in Jay and Ft. Lauderdale using turfgrass response longevity and AUTRC. Urea and sulfur-coated urea were the least expensive soluble and slow-release N source, respectively, using dollars per pound N, dollars per acre per day, and dollars per acre per quality-day during each fertilizer cycle and annual average in Jay and Ft. Lauderdale. No evidence was found supporting the use of turfgrass response as a more effective method of determining fertilizer cost than dollars per pound N.

scholarly journals Evaluation of ‘Miniverde’ Bermudagrass and ‘Diamond’ Zoysiagrass Putting Green Establishment using Granular Fertilizer Applications

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 943-947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Briscoe ◽  
Grady Miller ◽  
Scott Brinton ◽  
Dan Bowman ◽  
Charles Peacock
Keyword(s):  
Transition Zone ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Sources ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
Polymer Coated Urea ◽  
Coverage Rates

‘Miniverde’ bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis (Burtt-Davy)] and ‘Diamond’ zoysiagrass [Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr.] are becoming more widely used on putting greens in the transition zone. Field studies were conducted from June through Aug. 2008 and 2009 in Raleigh, NC, and in Jackson Springs, NC, respectively. The objective was to determine the influence of granular fertilizer programs consisting of various nitrogen (N) sources and rates on the establishment of ‘Miniverde’ and ‘Diamond’ from sprigs. In 2008, the experimental area consisted of a putting green built to U.S. Golf Association (USGA) recommendations [85 sand:15 peat (v/v)]. A native sandy-soil putting green was used in 2009. Fertilizer programs consisting of stabilized urea, polymer-coated urea, and a combination of stabilized urea and activated sewage sludge were initiated 1 week after planting (WAP). Nitrogen rates ranged from 12 to 48 kg·ha−1/week. Nitrogen source and rate differentially influenced turf color and establishment. The combination program increased color of both grasses to an acceptable level earlier than other programs. Coverage rates of both grasses under the combination program were significantly higher than other programs across both years. Despite having the most total N applied, the polymer-coated urea program did not significantly enhance bermudagrass and zoysiagrass color or establishment compared with other programs. Increasing the N rate of stabilized urea from 12 to 24 kg·ha−1/week did not increase establishment for either grass. This research indicates that ‘Miniverde’ bermudagrass and ‘Diamond’ zoysiagrass planted in the summer can be completely established from sprigs in the transition zone using granular fertilizer. However, turfgrass color and coverage may vary depending on N sources and rates within the fertilizer program.

Yield and chlorophyll index in cabbage in function of enhanced-efficiency nitrogen fertilizers and urea

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
J. J. Frazão ◽  
A. R. Silva ◽  
F. H. M. Salgado ◽  
R. A. Flores ◽  
E. P. F. Brasil
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
N Losses ◽  
N Sources ◽  
Promising Strategy ◽  
Applied Dose ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
Chlorophyll Index ◽  
Polymer Coated Urea ◽  
N Rates ◽  
And Control

The increase of the efficiency of the nitrogen fertilization promotes reduction of the applied dose and decreases the losses of nitrogen (N) to the environment. The objective of this work was to evaluate the yield and the relative chlorophyll index (IRC) in cabbage crop under cover fertilization, using enhanced-efficiency nitrogen fertilizers, compared to urea, in variable doses. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a 3x4+1 factorial scheme (three sources, four rates and control), with four replications. The N sources used were: common urea (U), urea treated with urease inhibitor NBPT® (UN) and Kimcoat® polymer coated urea (UK). The N rates used were 0, 40, 80, 160 and 320 kg ha-1, divided in two fertilizations at 20 and 40 days after transplantation. Up to 160 kg ha-1 of N, there was no difference between N sources and N rates for both yield and RCI. The enhanced-efficiency N sources (UN and UK) promoted higher averages compared to common urea, possibly due to the higher N losses from common urea. Thus, the use of urease inhibitors or polymers associated with urea is a promising strategy to improve cabbage yield, as well as reducing N losses to the environment.

scholarly journals Nutritional status and fruit production of Carica papaya as a function of coated and conventional urea

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 322-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel B. da Silva Júnior ◽  
Eduardo M. dos Santos ◽  
Roberto L. Silva ◽  
Ítalo H. L. Cavalcante
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Production ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Soil Mineral ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Sources ◽  
N Release ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
Polymer Coated Urea

ABSTRACT As a strategy to minimize N losses in the soil, mineral N sources, such as polymer-coated urea, have been studied as possibility to increase the synchronization of N release by the fertilizer and its absorption by plants. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the contents of macronutrients and the production of Formosa papaya as a function of sources and doses of N fertilizer applied as top-dressing in the region of Bom Jesus-PI, Brazil. The treatments were arranged in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme corresponding to N sources (coated urea and conventional urea) and N doses (350, 440, 530 and 620 g plant-1 of N), with four replicates and four plants per plot. The contents of macronutrients in the leaf dry matter and fruit production were evaluated. The sources and doses of top-dressing N fertilization incremented the leaf contents of macronutrients and the production of Formosa papaya hybrid Caliman 01. Under the experimental conditions and based on the macronutrient contents considered as adequate for crop nutrition, associated with maximum fruit production (8.08 kg plant-1), the supply of 525 g of N plant-1 is recommended in the form of coated urea.

Soluble and slow-release nitrogen fertilizer effects on grass forage, as influenced by rate and placement

1971 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Allen ◽  
G. L. Terman ◽  
C. M. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Slow Release ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
High Application

SUMMARYSoluble ammonium nitrate (AN) and urea were compared with slow-release oxamide and sulphur-coated urea (SCU) as N sources for clipped annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) or common bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) in four greenhouse experiments. Mixed and surface applications of a wide range of N rates were evaluated for 9 to 14 cuttings of grass forage. Both granular oxamide and SCU exhibited slow-release N properties, especially when surface-applied. Uptake distribution of N with high application rates of AN and urea tended to resemble that with the slow-release sources. Slow-release properties of oxamide and SCU were accentuated at high application rates. Lower N recovery from surface-applied urea than from AN indicated volatilization loss of urea N. Volatilization loss also occurred with oxamide, but low N recovery from oxamide and SCU resulted largely from incomplete dissolution of the granules during the 18- to 34-week experimental periods. Very low N recovery was obtained from urea formaldehyde having an activity index of 42.

scholarly journals Late-season Applications of Various Nitrogen Sources Affect Color and Carbohydrate Content of `Tiflawn' and Arizona Common Bermudagrass

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 692-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Goatley ◽  
V.L. Maddox ◽  
K.L. Hensler
Keyword(s):  
Slow Release ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
Isobutylidene Diurea ◽  
Common Bermudagrass

Bermudagrass turfs in the southern United States often receive late growing season applications of nitrogen (N) in order to sustain turfgrass color prior to dormancy, even though such applications might increase winterkill potential. Yearly research trials were initiated in the last week of Sept. 1989 to 1991 at Mississippi State Univ. to evaluate fall and spring color responses and rhizome levels of total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) of `Tiflawn' and Arizona (AZ) Common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon L. (Pers.)] treated with various N sources delivering N at 98 kg·ha-1 in a single application. The fertilizers were ammonium nitrate (AN), sulfur-coated urea (SCU), a natural organic (`Milorganite', NO), isobutylidene diurea (IBDU), ureaformaldehyde (UF), and methylene urea (MU). Color responses from N fertilization were most prominent in the fall except when there was an early frost event in Oct. 1990. The most rapid greening response and highest color ratings were consistently observed for the water-soluble AN. Of the slow-release sources, SCU, MU, and IBDU provided color responses as long as temperatures remained warm enough to promote bermudagrass growth. The NO source provided an unexpected, significant greening response in Oct. 1989 and 1991 on `Tiflawn', but not on AZ Common. The UF consistently provided the lowest color ratings. There were virtually no differences in TNC levels between N treatments for either grass. At no time was there any indication that N fertilization increased bermudagrass winterkill potential; to the contrary, the predominant responses were better fall and spring color than the nontreated control.

Effect of polymer-coated urea on nitrous oxide emission in zero-till and conventionally tilled silage corn

2016 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek E. Hunt ◽  
Shabtai Bittman ◽  
Hongjie Zhang ◽  
Rita Bhandral ◽  
Cynthia A. Grant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
N Fertilizers ◽  
N Sources ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Silty Loam ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Polymer Coated Urea

Little is known about nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from silage corn (Zea mays L.). Studies have shown that controlled-release N fertilizers have the potential to reduce N2O emissions, compared with conventional N fertilizers. This 2-year field study compared N2O emissions from urea fertilizer and a slow-release polymer-coated urea (CRU) applied to silage corn on soils managed with conventional tillage (CT) and zero tillage (ZT). The study was conducted on a silty loam soil in the cool, moist climate of south coastal British Columbia, Canada, taking year-around measurements from static chambers. Over 2 study years there was a significant interaction between N sources and tillage methods; under CT there was no significant difference between CRU and urea (557 vs. 447 g N2O-N ha−1 year−1, respectively), but under ZT, emissions from CRU were significantly higher than from urea (968 vs. 381 g N2O-N ha−1 year−1, respectively). Annual emissions of N2O-N ranged from 0.09 to 0.65% of applied N fertilizer. The CRU also had significantly greater emissions than urea per unit N uptake and plant yield under ZT, while there was no significant difference between N sources under CT. The results do not indicate that NO3− release from broadcast CRU matches corn growth or reduces emission of N2O.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional dynamics of nitrogen from banded enhanced efficiency fertilizers

2020 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-247
Author(s):  
Chelsea K. Janke ◽  
Philip Moody ◽  
Michael J. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Slow Release ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitors ◽  
Effective Utilization ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Chemical Conditions ◽  
Polymer Coated Urea ◽  
Controlled Release Polymer ◽  
N Use

AbstractA range of enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEFs) have been developed in response to widespread recognition of poor nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE) in agriculture; however, their effective utilization is not properly understood when applied in sub-surface bands. This study quantified soil chemical changes and the distribution of N species that arose from sub-surface banding of urea, a controlled release polymer-coated urea (PCU) and urea coated with either nitrification inhibitors (NIs) or a urease inhibitor (UI), over 71 days in a field trial. Banding NIs extended the duration of nitrification inhibition for up to 50 days longer than banded urea, although the duration of NI-conferred inhibition was dependant on the rate of NI-urea application. The UI preserved urea-N at a concentration which was 16-fold higher cf. standard urea over 7 days, but no urea-N was detected after 21 days. This suggests that the NUE benefits of UIs are transient when applied in sub-surface bands. Slow release of urea-N from banded PCU resulted in lower concentrations of N in the soil solution. This reduced N dispersal by ca. 50 mm cf. urea, resulting in a N-enriched zone which was considerably smaller. Relatively benign chemical conditions around PCU bands enabled rates of nitrification (NH4–N:NO3–N ratio of 46%) which were similar to urea. Collectively, these results demonstrate the relative efficacy and risks of the different EEF technologies, when applied in fertilizer bands. This knowledge supports the effective utilization of band-applied EEFs for improved NUE in agricultural systems.

scholarly journals Volatilization of ammonia in tropical soil with different moisture after application of polymer-coated urea

2020 ◽  
pp. 712-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mário Miyazawa ◽  
Luciano Grillo Gil ◽  
Antonio Costa ◽  
Roberto dos Anjos Reis Júnior ◽  
Íris Tiski
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Ammonia Volatilization ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Tropical Soil ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
Polymer Coated Urea ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Nitrogen Contents

Nitrogen fertilizer has a significant participation in the cost of agricultural production. It is less efficient agronomically and requires more studies to find strategies to be absorbed by crop. Polymer-coated urea is an alternative for the production of increased efficiency fertilizers. Validation of this technology should be performed for safe adoption in agriculture. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the nitrogen losses by volatilization of ammonia and the nitrogen contents in the nitric (N-NO3-) and ammoniacal (N-NH4+) forms in the tropical soil after application of urea sources. Three greenhouse experiments with different soil moisture conditions were carried out after application of urea, urea treated with NBPT and urea coated with Policote polymer as treatments. Then volatilization of ammonia, N-NO3- and N-NH4+ contents in the soil was evaluated. The volatilization of ammonia was observed after using Policote-coated urea, which was similar to urea treated with NBPT. However, both of which were lower than that observed under urea application. In dry or very humid soil, the ammonia volatilization rate was low. The reduction of the volatilization of ammonia in the soil with Policote-coated urea was related on the humidity, whereas more effective when the conditions were more propitious to the volatilization of ammonia. The Policote-coated urea increased the content of N-NH4+ in the tropical soil compared to urea. The content of N-NH4+ in the soil was higher than N-NO3- after application of fertilizers due to the low organic matter content.

scholarly journals 422 PB 127 PERFORMANCE OF NITRATE -N FERTILIZERS ON BERMUDA GRASS IN HUMID TROPICAL CONDITIONS

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 491e-491
Author(s):  
Mark D. Hamilton ◽  
Frank J. Cruz ◽  
James McConnell
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Leaching ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Bermuda Grass ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Silica Sand ◽  
Leaching Behavior ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
Coated Urea

The performance and leaching behavior of six nitrogen fertilizers on bermuda grass were studied under humid tropical conditions. The grass was established in 20 × 36 cm pots filled with 8 cm pea gravel and 28 cm of silica sand. Ammonium nitrate was applied to the turf at monthly rates between 0.25 and 6 lb/1000ft2. Performance was gauged by clipping dry weights, image analysis for greeness, and visual ratings. Leachates were checked for nitrate levels. A rate of 2 lbs/1000ft2 produced quality turf while yielding a minimum of nitrate leaching. Rates of 6 and 4 lb./1000ft2/mo. resulted in the highest readings without an increase in quality. Rates less than 2lb/1000ft2 had leachate nitrate less than 9 ppm but produced turf of unacceptable quality. Nutralene, Nitroform, sulfur coated urea, IBDU, and AN were applied at a rate of 2 lb./1000ft/mo. The slow-release forms were applied as a 3 month dose. Performance was determined as above and nitrate leaching was monitored by weekly collections. Nutralene, SCU and Nitroform had peak nitrate levels 2 weeks after application, IBDU had peak nitrate levels after 4 weeks. Turf quality diminished at 6 weeks.

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