scholarly journals Late-season Applications of Various Nitrogen Sources Affect Color and Carbohydrate Content of `Tiflawn' and Arizona Common Bermudagrass

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 692-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Goatley ◽  
V.L. Maddox ◽  
K.L. Hensler
Keyword(s):  
Slow Release ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
Isobutylidene Diurea ◽  
Common Bermudagrass

Bermudagrass turfs in the southern United States often receive late growing season applications of nitrogen (N) in order to sustain turfgrass color prior to dormancy, even though such applications might increase winterkill potential. Yearly research trials were initiated in the last week of Sept. 1989 to 1991 at Mississippi State Univ. to evaluate fall and spring color responses and rhizome levels of total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) of `Tiflawn' and Arizona (AZ) Common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon L. (Pers.)] treated with various N sources delivering N at 98 kg·ha-1 in a single application. The fertilizers were ammonium nitrate (AN), sulfur-coated urea (SCU), a natural organic (`Milorganite', NO), isobutylidene diurea (IBDU), ureaformaldehyde (UF), and methylene urea (MU). Color responses from N fertilization were most prominent in the fall except when there was an early frost event in Oct. 1990. The most rapid greening response and highest color ratings were consistently observed for the water-soluble AN. Of the slow-release sources, SCU, MU, and IBDU provided color responses as long as temperatures remained warm enough to promote bermudagrass growth. The NO source provided an unexpected, significant greening response in Oct. 1989 and 1991 on `Tiflawn', but not on AZ Common. The UF consistently provided the lowest color ratings. There were virtually no differences in TNC levels between N treatments for either grass. At no time was there any indication that N fertilization increased bermudagrass winterkill potential; to the contrary, the predominant responses were better fall and spring color than the nontreated control.

Sulfur-coated urea as a source of nitrogen for cereals in Western Australia

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 913 ◽  
Author(s):  
MG Mason
Keyword(s):  
Dissolution Rate ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Nitrogen Rate ◽  
Leaching Losses ◽  
Fertilizer Nitrogen ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
Glasshouse Experiment

The effects of four grades of sulfurcoated urea (SCU1, 35.1% nitrogen (N) and dissolution rate in water at 38�C of 10.5%; SCU2, 36.3%N and 25.9% dissolution rate; SCU3, 36.2%N and 1 1.2% dissolution rate; SCU4, 36.8%N and 15.4% dissolution rate) were compared with those of uncoated urea as sources of nitrogen for cereals in nine field experiments in two years. In five experiments at five sites in 1978, and in two experiments at two sites in 1979, comparisons were made between fertilizers topdressed either after sowing (1978) or before sowing (1979). In two further experiments in 1979, comparisons were made between fertilizers banded with the seed or topdressed immediately before or after sowing. Supplementary data on the effect of banding were obtained from a glasshouse experiment. There were no differences between sources in three of the five 1978 experiments. At the other two sites urea was superior to SCU when 50 kg N/ha was applied 2 weeks after sowing. Applications of urea 4 or 6 weeks after sowing gave grain yields, at these sites, up to 69 and 57% higher, respectively, than earlier applications. Apparent recovery of fertilizer nitrogen in one experiment in which it was measured was greater for two SCUs (13.1 and 2l.6%, respectively) than for urea (6+9%), but this was true only for applications at sowing. Urea applied 4 and 6 weeks after sowing resulted in much higher recoveries of fertilizer nitrogen (33.9 and 49.3%, respectively) and was more effective in overcoming leaching losses than was the slow-release SCU. There were no effects of time of application before sowing in the two 1979 experiments, indicating little or no loss of ammonia through volatilization, which precluded a comparison of the effects of the three nitrogen sources used. However, uncoated urea outyielded two SCUs in these experiments, by 7.5 and 6.5% in the first experiment and 5 and 2% in the second, respectively. When uncoated urea was banded with the seed at the equivalent of 70 or 140 kg N/ha all plants in the glasshouse experiment died. SCU at the lower nitrogen rate did not affect wheat emergence or survival but a 30% reduction in plant numbers resulted at the higher rate of SCU2. In one field experiment, uncoated urea reduced plant numbers by 96% compared with 20 and 13% for SCU3 and SCU4, respectively, when applied at 75 kg N/ha. Overall, this study showed no reason to use these grades of SCU in preference to uncoated urea, except where there is a need to band urea-containing fertilizer with the seed.

Effects of water stress on photosynthesis in relation to diurnal accumulation of carbohydrates in source leaves

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Bunce
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Light Period ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Photosynthetic Rates ◽  
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Net photosynthetic rates, stomatal and mesophyll conductances to CO2 uptake, water soluble and total nonstructural carbohydrates contents, specific leaf weights of fully expanded source leaves, and elongation rates of rapidly expanding leaves were measured on 2 days during a period of water stress in soybean and sunflower plants in a controlled environment. Compared with control plants, elongation rates of expanding leaves and translocation rates of dry weight from source leaves in the light were more reduced by stress than were net photosynthetic rates of source leaves. Over the 8-h light period, the dry weight increase of source leaves was up to 23 mg dm−2 (1.5 × control) higher in stressed plants, but was not in all cases higher in stressed than control plants. In stressed plants a smaller fraction of the increase in dry weight in source leaves in the light was in nonstructural carbohydrates. At the end of the light period, water soluble and total nonstructural carbohydrates were up to 9 mg dm−2 higher in stressed than control leaves in sunflower, but were not higher in soybean. No differences in carbohydrate contents at the end of the light period were found in sunflower between the 2 days of stress, although stress became more severe in terms of lower rates of photosynthesis, translocation, and leaf elongation. The approximately threefold reductions in net photosynthetic rates in stressed leaves were related to both lower stomatal and lower mesophyll conductances. Mesophyll conductances of stressed leaves were not significantly correlated with water soluble carbohydrate content, total nonstructural carbohydrate content, or specific leaf weight in either species.

Soluble and slow-release nitrogen fertilizer effects on grass forage, as influenced by rate and placement

1971 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Allen ◽  
G. L. Terman ◽  
C. M. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Slow Release ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
High Application

SUMMARYSoluble ammonium nitrate (AN) and urea were compared with slow-release oxamide and sulphur-coated urea (SCU) as N sources for clipped annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) or common bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) in four greenhouse experiments. Mixed and surface applications of a wide range of N rates were evaluated for 9 to 14 cuttings of grass forage. Both granular oxamide and SCU exhibited slow-release N properties, especially when surface-applied. Uptake distribution of N with high application rates of AN and urea tended to resemble that with the slow-release sources. Slow-release properties of oxamide and SCU were accentuated at high application rates. Lower N recovery from surface-applied urea than from AN indicated volatilization loss of urea N. Volatilization loss also occurred with oxamide, but low N recovery from oxamide and SCU resulted largely from incomplete dissolution of the granules during the 18- to 34-week experimental periods. Very low N recovery was obtained from urea formaldehyde having an activity index of 42.

Efficiency of Isobutylidene Diurea, Sulphur-Coated Urea and Urea Plus Nitrapyrin, compared with Divided Dressings of Urea, for Dry Matter Production and Nitrogen Uptake of Ryegrass

1987 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Halevy
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Slow Release Fertilizers ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
Isobutylidene Diurea ◽  
Ryegrass Growth

SummaryTwo slow-release nitrogen fertilizers, isobutylidene diurea (IBDU) and sulphur-coated urea (SCU), and urea plus nitrapyrin were compared with urea alone for their effect on the growth and nitrogen uptake of ryegrass in a greenhouse experiment.The IBDU and the SCU were applied in one dressing before sowing and the urea in five dressings (one after each cut). Dry matter yield and nitrogen uptake of the six cuts at the optimum levels of 3 and 6 g N pot−1 (equivalent to 1120 and 2240 kg N ha−1 on a weight basis) were similar for the slow-release fertilizers and urea, showing that SCU and IBDU can be effective sources of nitrogen for ryegrass at rates far above those regarded as safe for conventional nitrogen fertilizers when applied in a single dose.Nitrapyrin at 20 ppm effectively inhibited nitrification for 12 weeks, then its effect rapidly declined, disappearing after 18 weeks. Ryegrass growth was retarded by nitrapyrin treatment, probably as a result of an accumulation of NH4-N in the soil.

scholarly journals Determining Nitrogen Fertilizer Cost Using Turfgrass Response

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Travis Wayne Shaddox ◽  
Joseph Bryan Unruh
Keyword(s):  
Slow Release ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
N Sources ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
N Source ◽  
Quality Ratings ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
Polymer Coated Urea ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Plot Design

Numerous nitrogen (N) sources are used in turfgrass management and vary from soluble to slow-release. Determining the least expensive N source can be confusing for consumers. Price per ton and price per pound N are common price comparison methods. An improved approach could use longevity of the N source to balance the price. The objective of this study was to determine the longevity of turfgrass response to N sources and to determine the cost to achieve such responses. This study was conducted in Ft. Lauderdale and Jay, FL, from 1 Jan. to 31 Dec. 2018 on ‘Riley’s Super Sport’ (Celebration®) bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon). Treatments included nontreated turfgrass, urea, ammonium sulfate, stabilized urea, methylene urea, ureaformaldehyde, two natural organics, sulfur-coated urea, and two polymer-coated urea fertilizers. Treatments were arranged in a split-plot design with N sources as whole plots and N rate (N applied at 49 and 98 kg·ha−1 every 4 months) as subplots. Turf quality was recorded on a scale of 1 to 9, where 1 = dead/brown turf and quality, 6 = minimal acceptable, and 9 = optimal healthy/green turf. Turf quality ratings were recorded weekly and used to determine response longevity (days quality ≥6.0) and area under the turfgrass response curve (AUTRC). Urea resulted in response longevity greater than or equal to other N sources during each season except when applied at 98 kg·ha−1 of N during the fall fertilizer cycle in Jay. Natural organics were ≈6-fold more expensive than urea in Jay and Ft. Lauderdale using turfgrass response longevity and AUTRC. Urea and sulfur-coated urea were the least expensive soluble and slow-release N source, respectively, using dollars per pound N, dollars per acre per day, and dollars per acre per quality-day during each fertilizer cycle and annual average in Jay and Ft. Lauderdale. No evidence was found supporting the use of turfgrass response as a more effective method of determining fertilizer cost than dollars per pound N.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Recovery from Enhanced Efficiency Fertilizers and Urea in Intensively Managed Black Walnut (Juglans nigra) Plantations

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 352
Author(s):  
Joshua L. Sloan ◽  
Francis K. Salifu ◽  
Douglass F. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Black Walnut ◽  
Juglans Nigra ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Competing Vegetation ◽  
Fertilizer N Recovery ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
Intensively Managed ◽  
Polymer Coated Urea

Intensively managed forest plantations often require fertilization to maintain site fertility and to improve growth and yield over successive rotations. We applied urea-based “enhanced-efficiency fertilizers” (EEF) containing 0.5 atom% 15N at a rate of 224 kg N ha−1 to soils under mid-rotation black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) plantations to track the fate of applied 15N within aboveground ecosystem components during the 12-month period after application. Treatments included Agrotain Ultra (urea coated with a urease inhibitor), Arborite EC (urea coated with water-soluble boron and phosphate), Agrium ESN (polymer-coated urea), uncoated urea, and an unfertilized control. Agrotain Ultra and Arborite EC increased N concentrations of competing vegetation within one month after fertilization, while neither Agrium ESN nor uncoated urea had any effect on competing vegetation N concentrations during the experiment. Agrotain Ultra and Arborite EC increased δ15N values in leaves of crop trees above those of controls at one and two months after fertilization, respectively. By contrast, Agrium ESN and uncoated urea had no effect on δ15N values in leaves of crop trees until three months after fertilization. Fertilizer N recovery (FNR) varied among ecosystem components, with competing vegetation acting as a sink for applied nutrients. There were no significant differences in FNR for all the urea-based EEF products compared to uncoated urea. Agrium ESN was the only EEF that exhibited controlled-release activity in this study, with other fertilizers behaving similarly to uncoated urea.

Transport of soluble organic and inorganic carbon in sandy soils under nitrogen fertilization

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. L. Wang ◽  
A. K. Alva
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Total Carbon Content ◽  
Water Soluble Organic Carbon ◽  
Isobutylidene Diurea ◽  
Leaching Condition

Leaching of water soluble soil carbon plays an important role in downward transport of soil nutrients and pollutants and may be influenced by soil and management factors. We examined the leaching of water soluble carbon from two sandy soils under nitrogen fertilization by adapting an intermittent leaching-incubation technique using packed soil columns (94 × 10 cm). After 30 d, cumulative amounts of water-soluble organic carbon (SOC) leached from the Candler and Wabasso sand for various treatments in mg C column−1 were: 77 and 302 (NH4NO3), 64 and 265 (control), and 45 and 239 (isobutylidene diurea, IBDU), respectively. The IBDU and NH4NO3 treatments increased the leaching of water-soluble inorganic carbon (SIC), which ranged from 2 to 38 mg C column−1 over 30 d. At the end of eight cycles of leaching/incubation, the total carbon content increased at depth (control and NH4NO3 treatment) in the Candler sand, but decreased in the Wabasso sand. In the first leaching event, the average rate of SOC leaching from the Wabasso sand was 26 mg C column−1 d−1 which dropped rapidly to about 5 mg C column−1 d−1 towards the end of the experiment. The rate of SOC leaching from the Candler sand was much lower (<8 mg C column−1 d−1) than the rate of SOC leaching from the Wabasso sand. Compared with the unamended treatments, application of NH4NO3 increased and IBDU decreased the leaching of SOC in both soils. These effects of N application were considerable during the initial two to three leaching events only. Our results suggest that the initial rainfalls that follow a dry period may be critical for transporting SOC from the upper layer of these sandy soils. Key words: C leaching, sandy soil, intermittent leaching condition, isobutylidene

Common Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Interference in Newly Planted Peach (Prunus persica) Trees

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen C. Weller ◽  
Walter A. Skroch ◽  
Thomas J. Monaco
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
First Year ◽  
Allelopathic Effect ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Tree Leaf ◽  
Common Bermudagrass

Field experiments conducted over a 2-yr period demonstrated that common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. # CYNDA] inhibited growth of newly planted peach (Prunus persica L. ‘Norman’) trees. Common bermudagrass densities of 100, 75, 50, and 25% ground cover reduced tree fresh weight by 86, 64, 43, and 19%, respectively, the first year (1978) and 87, 62, 44, and 28%, respectively, the second year (1979) after planting. Tree trunk diameter relative growth rate (RGR) was reduced by 75 and 100% common bermudagrass ground cover densities at all measurement dates only in 1978. Tree leaf N and K were reduced in both years by common bermudagrass; however, only at the 100% common bermudagrass density in 1978 was N at a deficient level. Leaf chlorophyll was reduced in trees grown in all densities of common bermudagrass only in 1978. Reduced tree growth cannot be explained entirely by competition for essential nutrients; thus an allelopathic effect of the bermudagrass on young peach roots is suspected.

Influence of short-term atmospheric CO2 enrichment on growth, allocation patterns, and biochemistry of black spruce seedlings at different stages of development

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 773-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel A. Campagna ◽  
Hank A. Margolis
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates

Black spruce seedlings (Piceamariana Mill.) were exposed to either elevated (1000 ppm) or ambient (340 ppm) atmospheric CO2 levels at different stages of seedling development over a winter greenhouse production cycle. Seedlings germinated in early February and were placed in CO2 chambers for either 3 or 6 weeks during March, April, May, or August. Total seedling biomass increased under high CO2 conditions for the March, April, and May stages of development, but showed no significant response in August. The greater part of the CO2 response occurred during the second 3 weeks of exposure in March and April but during the first 3 weeks of exposure in May. In September, those seedlings exposed to CO2 in April and May had 30 and 14%, respectively, greater biomass than control seedlings, but seedlings from the other stages of development no longer had significant differences remaining from the CO2 treatment. This suggests that it could be very efficient to give a short well-timed CO2 pulse at the beginning of the production cycle in hopes of producing a size difference that is maintained throughout the remainder of the greenhouse production cycle under ambient levels of CO2. Short-term exposure to elevated CO2 also increased the ratio of shoot dry weight to total height for the March, April, and May stages of development. The ratio of total nonstructural carbohydrates to free amino acids was negatively correlated (r2 = 0.98) with the allocation of new growth between shoots and roots as measured by the allocation coefficient, k (milligrams shoot growth per milligrams root growth). As seedlings developed along their seasonal growth cycle, ratios of total nonstructural carbohydrates to free amino acids increased and the values for k decreased. The effect of CO2 enrichment on these two factors is discussed. Monitoring total nonstructural carbohydrate and free amino acid concentrations in foliage could have potential as a method to predict the percentage of carbon allocated to root systems of entire forest stands as well as of individual tree seedlings.

Changes in levels of foliar carbohydrates and myo-inositol before premature leaf senescence of Populus nigra induced by a mixture of O3 and SO2

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 965-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Fialho ◽  
J. Bücker
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Populus Nigra ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Progressive Decline ◽  
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Leaf Yellowing ◽  
Premature Leaf Senescence ◽  
Early Indication

Specimens of Populus nigra L. cv. Loenen exhibit premature leaf senescence when exposed for a few weeks to realistic air pollution. In this study, the changes in levels of foliar carbohydrates and myo-inositol (MI) due to 30 ± 1 nL/L O3 + 12 ± 1 nL/L SO2 from the onset of exposure to the occurrence of premature abscission is presented. Petioles and laminae of the 12 oldest leaves were separately analysed on days 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 22, and 32 of continuous exposure, which was performed in open-top chambers (OTC). On days 8 to 12, clearly prior to yellowing (starting on day 22), total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC; starch + raffinose + sucrose + glucose + fructose + MI) in the fumigated laminae exceeded that in controls by about 30%. This increase was due to higher amounts of different soluble forms, while starch remained unaltered. From day 20 onwards, the level of TNC in the fumigated laminae progressively fell below that in controls. This decrease was due to a progressive decline in starch, which had started on day 16 and was dominating, although glucose and raffinose increased significantly. In the petioles, starch, sucrose, and glucose decreased because of fumigation with the occurrence of leaf yellowing, while raffinose increased. In contrast, MI in the petioles progressively accumulated directly on exposure until leaf yellowing occurred. The results are discussed in terms of the "general adaption syndrome" of H. Selye (1936. Nature (London), 138: 32). The marked MI response in petioles is concluded to be an early indication of phytorelevant O3 + SO2 pollution. Keywords: air pollution, carbohydrates, myo-inositol, pigments, Populus nigra L., senescence, stress.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document