Effect of Ethephon Spray Treatments on Mechanical Harvesting and Oil Composition of `Arbequina' Olives

Ethephon was applied at 0, 625, 1250, 1875, and 2500 m·gliter-1 in 2 consecutive years to `Arbequina' olive trees to determine its effect on fruit removal with mechanical harvesting and on fruit oil composition. Ethephon increased the mechanical harvesting efficiency by 20%. Ethephon at 1250 and 1875 mg·liter-1 were the optimum treatments, resulting in 63% and 66% of the olives being mechanically harvested, respectively, with a preharvest olive drop of 10% and 11%. Leaf drop (4.6 and 4.8 kg/tree fresh weight, respectively) at these concentrations did not reduce flowering the following year. Oil acidity, peroxide value, and fatty acid composition were affected little by ethephon and the values observed were within the range of normal annual variation. These results suggest that ethephon did not modify oil quality and that its use on traditionally pruned `Arbequina' trees is not economically justifiable. Chemical name used: (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon).

Download Full-text

Inheritance of Fatty Acid Content in Peanut Oil1

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/i0095-3679-17-1-7 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 17-21 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

L. C. Mercer ◽

J. C. Wynne ◽

C. T. Young

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Combining Ability ◽

Acid Content ◽

Fatty Acid Content ◽

Oil Quality ◽

Oil Composition ◽

The Stability

Abstract The stability or shelf-life of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) oil is related to the fatty acid content of the oil, with the major factor being the ratio of oleic (C18:1) to linoleic (C18:2) acid (O/L ratio). To obtain information needed for development of cultivars with improved oil quality, eight parents representing a range in oleic and linoleic content were crossed in diallel. Individual F1 seeds (F1 embryos) from the greenhouse and F2 bulk seed from the 56 crosses grown in the field were analyzed to determine levels of the eight major fatty acids. General combining ability (GCA) was consistently more important than specific combining ability (SCA) in both generations, suggesting that additive effects are important in the inheritance of fatty acid composition. Maternal effects were significant in the F1 but dissipated in the F2; thus the differences in the environment provided by the maternal parent was more critical to oil composition than heritable extranuclear factors. Reciprocal effects were significant in both generations suggesting an interaction between nuclear and extranuclear factors. Correlations between GCA effects and self means for O/L ratio were nonsignificant. Since no significant correlations were found between percent oil and any of the fatty acids or related variables, selection for improved fatty acid composition should not affect the oil content of seed. Of the lines studied, NC 7, NC-Fla 14, and 73–30 should be used as parents in a breeding program for oil quality.

Download Full-text

ESSENTIAL OILS FROM SPICES GROWN IN ALBERTA. FENNEL OIL (FOENICULUM VULGARE VAR. DULCE)

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps77-120 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 57 (3) ◽

pp. 829-837 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

M. B. EMBONG ◽

D. HADZIYEV ◽

S. MOLNAR

Keyword(s):

Food Industry ◽

Oil Quality ◽

Growth Period ◽

Feasibility Studies ◽

Oil Composition ◽

Foeniculum Vulgare ◽

Mass Spectral ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Fruit Oil ◽

Total Oil

Annual sweet fennel (Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce Mill.), raised by direct field seeding, was evaluated for its horticultural performance and its oil quality over three consecutive growing seasons. Plant vigor and growth under irrigation and fertilizer treatments were rated only as medium. At harvest the majority of umbels were green, and by the first killing frost at least 50% of the plants were still in bloom. Oil yields for herb and fruit were 1.22 and 1.50%, respectively. Oil quality, as reflected by its major and minor constituents, was determined by combined TL- and GL-chromatography and by mass spectral and infrared analyses. Nineteen constituents were identified in the herb oil and 14 in the fruit oil. This corresponded to 96 and 98% of the total oil content. Trans-anethole, fenchone, estragole and limonene represented 79.2% of the herb and 93.1% of the fruit oil. Oil composition appeared to be constant over the 3 yr. Though the oil quality would be acceptable to the food industry, the low yield obtained suggested that a variety with a shorter growth period would be required before carrying out further feasibility studies on commercial production of fennel on the Prairies.

Download Full-text

Effect of Loosening Agent Sprays on the Efficiency of the Mechanical Harvesting of ‘Arbequina’ Olives

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.47.10.1419 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 47 (10) ◽

pp. 1419-1423

Author(s):

Antònia Ninot ◽

Agustí Romero ◽

Joan Tous ◽

Ignasi Batlle

Keyword(s):

Oil Content ◽

Block Design ◽

Large Degree ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Phosphorus Compounds ◽

Fruit Removal ◽

Leaf Drop ◽

Monopotassium Phosphate ◽

Olive Trees ◽

Ripeness Index

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of ethephon (2-chloroethylphosponic acid), applied either alone or in combination with phosphorus compounds, on olive trees (Olea europaea L.) to improve the efficiency of mechanical harvesting. The trial was carried out in mature ‘Arbequina’ olive trees located in northeast Spain during the 2007 and 2008 olive crop seasons. In 2007, the olive trees were sprayed with 300 or 500 mg·L−1 of ethephon combined with two phosphoric formulations: monopotassium phosphate (MKP), at 15 g·L−1 or 30 g·L−1 and monoammonium phosphate at 15 g·L−1. In 2008 olive trees were sprayed with two ethephon concentrations (150 or 300 mg·L−1) in combination with 15 g·L−1 or 30 g·L−1 MKP or alone. Harvesting was performed with a commercial trunk shaker. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with eight replications. Fruit removal force (FRF), ripeness index, fruit weight, natural drop, shaking efficiency (SE), leaf drop (LD), oil content, and bloom intensity of the next year’s bloom were measured. The trial treatments did not significantly affect ripeness index or oil content. Ethephon reduced FRF and increased shaking efficiency with significant differences. P compounds did not seem to affect FRF and LD. Small amounts of ethephon (150 mg·L−1) caused a large degree of fruit loosening (a 77% reduction in FRF at 11 days), which was sufficient to improve the efficiency of mechanical harvesting with minimal leaf drop.

Download Full-text

Pomological Descriptors, Phenolic Compounds, and Chemical Monitoring in Olive Fruits Irrigated with Dairy Treated Wastewater

Chemosensors ◽

10.3390/chemosensors9060130 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 130

Author(s):

Wiem Sdiri ◽

Samia Dabbou ◽

Vincenzo Nava ◽

Giuseppa Di Bella ◽

Hedi Ben Mansour

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Value ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Rainfed Condition ◽

Chemical Monitoring ◽

Positive Feature ◽

Olive Trees ◽

Fruit Oil ◽

Irrigation Levels ◽

Chemical Contents

In this work, the pomological characteristics, phenolic composition, and chemical contents modification in response to treated wastewater (TWW) irrigation was studied on olive fruits. The experiment was carried out during two successive years (2016/2017) on olive trees (cv. Chemlali). Three irrigation treatments were adopted and two TWW irrigation levels were applied (T1: 20% ETc; T2: 40% ETc; CT: Control Treatment (rainfed condition)). Results show that TWW irrigation leads to increased fruit fresh weight and water content, whatever the level applied. In addition, fruit oil content remained unaffected by TWW irrigation. Moreover, this agronomic practice preserves some phenolic compound contents like verbascoside, therefore fruits nutritional value. A positive feature was then observed following TWW irrigation. In fact, oleuropein, tyrosol, luteolin-7-glucoside, and pinoresinol amounts were enhanced in treated olive fruits. On the other hand, TWW irrigated trees with a level of 40% ETc (T2) produced olive fruits richer in Mg and K than those cultivated in rainfed conditions (CT). Fruits Zn, Mn, and Pb contents decreased as a result of olive trees TWW irrigation.

Download Full-text

Fruit Ripening, Antioxidants and Oil Composition in Koroneiki Olives (Olea europea L.) at Different Maturity Indices

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11010122 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 122

Author(s):

Mina Kafkaletou ◽

Georgia Ouzounidou ◽

Eleni Tsantili

Keyword(s):

Oil Quality ◽

Tocopherol Content ◽

Oil Composition ◽

High Quality ◽

Maturity Indices ◽

Peel Color ◽

Harvest Timing ◽

Full Production ◽

Total Antioxidant ◽

Positive Correlations

Harvest timing of oil olives is important for oil quality. Concerning the specific features of each cultivar, physiological and quality characteristics during ripening of Koroneiki olives were investigated in two successive years, A and B, from trees on full production. In A, olives were harvested at maturity indices (MIs) 0.9, 1.4, 2.1 and 4, while in B at MIs 1.1, 3.8 and 6.9. MIs ~1, ~4 and ~7 corresponded to green, red and dark purple peel in olives, respectively. Peel color parameters (L*, h° and C*), respiration and ethylene production rates were evaluated along with phenolic compounds and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in olives of both crop years. Additionally, oil composition and a-tocopherol content were examined in olives harvested in years A and B, respectively. During fruit development, respiration and ethylene productions rates, hydroxytyrosol concentration and linoleic acid increased, while TAC, oleuropein, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, linolenic acid and α-tocopherol values decreased. Positive correlations were found among the attributes determined in both crop years that had a similar course of change during ripening, and vice versa, which could be also related to harvest timing and to quality traits of olive products. At MI ~4, at least all determined variables corresponded to oil of high quality. Practically, an early harvest might result in an olive fruit rich in antioxidants and therefore in oil production of high quality, high stability during storage and long self-life.

Download Full-text

The Effect of Three Digging Dates on Oil Quality, Yield, and Grade of Five Peanut Genotypes Grown Without Leafspot Control1

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/i0095-3679-13-2-11 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 82-86 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

D. A. Knauft ◽

A. J. Norden ◽

D. W. Gorbet

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Oil Content ◽

Management Practice ◽

Oil Quality ◽

Minimal Effect ◽

Pod Yield ◽

Arachis Hypogaea L ◽

Peanut Production ◽

Early Harvest ◽

Resistant Genotypes

Abstract Five peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes, Southern Runner, Dixie Runner, Florunner, UF82206, and UF714021, were grown for three years, 1982–1984, near Gainesville, Florida without fungicide applications. Three digging dates, averaging 105 days after planting (DAP), 118 DAP, and 132 DAP, were used each year to determine the effects of early harvest as a management practice for peanut production under leafspot pressure. The different digging dates had no effect on fatty acid composition of the five genotypes, and had only minimal effect on the oil content and iodine value. The largest oil quality differences in this study were due to differences among genotypes and year-to-year variation. The earliest digging date tended to reduce market grade characters, but major pod yield differences were the result of genotype × digging date interactions. Genotypes with little or no resistance to leafspot diseases, such as Florunner and UF 714021, produced nearly 3000 kg/ha without leafspot control up to 118 DAP and then had sharp yield decreases, while resistant genotypes such as Southern Runner and UF 82206 continued to produce pod yields of 3000 kg/ha or higher up to 132 DAP.

Download Full-text

DETERMINATION OF CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, COMPOSITION OF FATTY ACID, CAROTENOIDS AND TOCOPHEROLS OF DEGUMMED AND NEUTRALIZED RED FRUIT (Pandanus conoideus) OIL

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v82.14820 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 82 (6) ◽

pp. 71-78

Author(s):

Zita Letviany Sarungallo ◽

Budi Santoso ◽

Risma Uli Situngkir ◽

Mathelda Kurniaty Roreng ◽

Meike Meilan Lisangan

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Water Content ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Carotenoid Content ◽

Fruit Oil ◽

Β Carotene

Refining of crude red fruit oil (CRFO) through the degumming and neutralization steps intended to produce oil free of impurities (non triglycerides) such as phospholipids, proteins, residues and carbohydrates, and also reducing the amount of free fatty acids (FFA). This study aims to determine the effect of red fruit oil purification through degumming and neutralization stages on chemical properties, fatty acid composition, carotenoid content and tocopherol of red fruit oil (RFO). The results showed that degumming of CRFO did not affect the decrease in water content, FFA levels, peroxide numbers, iodine values, carotenoids and tocopherols content; but decrease in levels of phosphorus, β-carotene and α-tocopherol. Neutralization of degummed-RFO (DRFO) did not affect the decrease in water content, iodine value, carotenoid, tocopherol and α-tocopherol; but the FFA levels, peroxide number, phosphorus and β-carotene levels decreased significantly. The fatty acid composition of RFO was dominated by unsaturated fatty acids (± 75%), which increases through degumming and neutralization stages. β-carotene is more sensitive than α-tocopherol during refining process of crude oil, but in general, this process can improve the RFO quality.

Download Full-text

Cold-pressed cactus pear seed oil: Quality and stability

Grasas y Aceites ◽

10.3989/gya.0329201 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 72 (3) ◽

pp. e415 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

M. De Wit ◽

V.K. Motsamai ◽

A. Hugo

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Physicochemical Properties ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Oil Content ◽

Seed Oil ◽

Oil Quality ◽

Cactus Pear ◽

Cold Pressed

Cold-pressed seed oil from twelve commercially produced cactus pear cultivars was assessed for oil yield, fatty acid composition, physicochemical properties, quality and stability. Large differences in oil content, fatty acid composition and physicochemical properties (IV, PV, RI, tocopherols, ORAC, % FFA, OSI and induction time) were observed. Oil content ranged between 2.51% and 5.96% (Meyers and American Giant). The important fatty acids detected were C16:0, C18:0, C18:1c9 and C18:2c9,12, with C18:2c9,12, the dominating fatty acid, ranging from 58.56-65.73%, followed by C18:1c9, ranging between 13.18-16.07%, C16:0, which ranged between 10.97 - 15.07% and C18:0, which ranged between 2.62-3.18%. Other fatty acids such as C14:0, C16:1c9, C17:0, C17:1c10, C20:0, C18:3c9,12,15 and C20:3c8,11,14 were detected in small amounts. The quality parameters of the oils were strongly influenced by oil content, fatty acid composition and physicochemical properties. Oil content, PV, % FFA, RI, IV, tocopherols, ORAC and ρ-anisidine value were negatively correlated with OSI. C18:0; C18:1c9; C18:2c9,12; MUFA; PUFA; n-6 and PUFA/SFA were also negatively correlated with OSI. Among all the cultivars, American Giant was identified as the paramount cultivar with good quality traits (oil content and oxidative stability).

Download Full-text

Investigation on the Extraction and Conjugate of Linoleic Acid of Purple Medic Seed

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.3337 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 347-353 ◽

pp. 3337-3340

Author(s):

Shu Ting Qi ◽

Yu Xin Shi ◽

Ming Dong ◽

Hong Qing Wu ◽

Di Mu

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Solvent Extraction ◽

Seed Oil ◽

Extraction Efficiency ◽

Oil Quality ◽

Total Lipids ◽

Solvent Type ◽

Effects Of Temperature

Methods currently used for the quantitative determination of total lipids and fatty acid composition in plant require solvent extraction. This study examined the solvent extraction of purple medic seed oil. Results varied with different extraction conditions. The effects of temperature, extraction time, sample size and solvent type on the extraction efficiency and oil quality were studied. The amount of extract collected was highest when ether absolute was used as a solvent for solvent extraction.

Download Full-text