Risk Factors, Etiology and Treatment Modalities for Localized Alveolar Ischemia (The So-called Alveolar Osteitis): A Comprehensive Critical

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the commonest among liver cancers, is one of the leading causes of mortality among malignancies worldwide. Several reports demonstrate autoimmune liver diseases (AILDs), including autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) to confer increased risk of hepatobiliary malignancies, albeit at lower frequencies compared to other liver diseases. Several parameters have been recognized as risk factors for HCC development in AIH and PBC, including demographics such as older age and male sex, clinical features, the most decisive being cirrhosis and other co-existing factors, such as alcohol consumption. Moreover, biochemical activity and treatment response have been increasingly recognized as prognostic factors for HCC development in AIH and PBC. As available treatment modalities are effective only when HCC diagnosis is established early, surveillance has been proven essential for HCC prognosis. Considering that the risk for HCC is not uniform between and within disease groups, refinement of screening strategies according to prevailing demographic, clinical, and molecular risk factors is mandated in AILDs patients, as personalized HCC risk prediction will offer significant advantage in patients at high and/or medium risk. Furthermore, future investigations should draw attention to whether modification of immunosuppression could benefit AIH patients after HCC diagnosis.

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Pegfilgrastim-Induced Bone Pain: A Review on Incidence, Risk Factors, and Evidence-Based Management

Annals of Pharmacotherapy ◽

10.1177/1060028017706373 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 51 (9) ◽

pp. 797-803 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Donald C. Moore ◽

Annie E. Pellegrino

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Bone Pain ◽

English Language ◽

Data Extraction ◽

Treatment Modalities ◽

Management Options ◽

Data Synthesis ◽

Pharmacological Management ◽

Study Selection ◽

Incidence Risk

Objective: To review the incidence, risk factors, and management of pegfilgrastim-induced bone pain (PIBP). Data Sources: PubMed was searched from 1980 to March 31, 2017, using the terms pegfilgrastim and bone pain. Study Selection and Data Extraction: English-language, human studies and reviews assessing the incidence, risk factors, and management of PIBP were incorporated. Data Synthesis: A total of 3 randomized, prospective studies and 2 retrospective studies evaluated pharmacological management of PIBP. Naproxen compared with placebo demonstrated a reduction in the degree, incidence, and duration of bone pain secondary to pegfilgrastim. Loratadine was not effective in reducing the incidence of bone pain prophylactically, but a retrospective study evaluating dual antihistamine blockade with loratadine and famotidine demonstrated a decreased incidence in bone pain when administered before pegfilgrastim. Conclusion: Naproxen is effective at managing PIBP. Although commonly used, antihistamines have a paucity of data supporting their use. Dose reductions of pegfilgrastim and opioids may also be potential management options; however, data supporting these treatment modalities are scarce.

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Longterm cognitive dysfunction in paediatric brain tumour survivors - the need for multifactorial risk screening

BJPsych Open ◽

10.1192/bjo.2021.174 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (S1) ◽

pp. S47-S47

Author(s):

Ashy Rengit

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cancer Treatment ◽

Brain Tumour ◽

Cognitive Dysfunction ◽

Treatment Modalities ◽

Inclusion Criteria ◽

Treatment Comparison ◽

Study Results ◽

Paediatric Brain Tumour ◽

Common Risk Factors

AimsIdentify common risk factors for longterm cognitive dysfunction in PBTS (paediatric brain tumour survivors) Examine how various paediatric cancer treatment modalities affect cognitive outcomes Consider baseline features which may increase the risk of cognitive dysfunction in PBTSMethodCurrent research into the neuropsychiatric sequelae of childhood brain tumours is limited, therefore review of the literature was conducted to identify research within this field.DatabasesGoogle Scholar - papers accessed via the University of Brighton or Sussex online libraryNICE HDAS - HMIC, AMED, MEDLINE, BNI, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Pubmed, EMBASE & EMCAREMendeley reference manager - papers for background readingSearch termsPICO(T) method - Population (Cancer Survivors), Intervention (Cancer Treatment), Comparison (Brain tumour), Outcome (Cognitive dysfunction) & Time (Childhood & adolescence) Boolean operators (AND/OR), truncation and wildcard search functions were also utilised.Inclusion criteria; no limits on date, study type or gender, however, study results were limited by age - as the research focus was restricted to children and adolescents.Excluded results; papers which did not meet inclusion criteria, duplicate studies, studies measuring non-cognitive cancer outcomes or investigating non-cortical tumours, non-English language studies with no available English translations.ResultCommon risk factors - certain tumour types (glioneuronal tumours or gliomas) or inner cortical tumour sites e.g. were more vulnerable to epileptogenesis. In particular, seizures which were prolonged and treatment-resistant were associated with a greater degree of cognitive dysfunction.Impact of various cancer treatment modalities - overall results understandably suggested that patients are more likely to develop cognitive deficits following brain tumour treatment. In particular, partial tumour resection (especially if epileptogenic), whole-brain irradiation, cranial radiotherapy and chemotherapy were more likely to impact cognitive function.Baseline features that may increase likelihood of cognitive dysfunction e.g. intellectual disability or education level were not noted in the reviewed literature.ConclusionCancer is one of the leading causes of global child mortality, and younger populations often present to paediatric oncology services with brain tumour involvement. Current childhood brain tumour research has begun to recognise that many young survivors develop into adulthood with cognitive sequelae impacting quality of life measures. However, existing evidence is also limited and requires further research to produce a standardised clinical tool for screening various risk factors which may increase longterm risk of cognitive dysfunction and subsequent difficulties with daily life.

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Iatrogenic fracture of right angle and left sub condyle in a 50 year old male: A case report

International Journal of Oral Health Dentistry ◽

10.18231/j.ijohd.2021.044 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 219-222

Author(s):

Richa Wadhawan ◽

Sushma Mishra ◽

Niharika Kumari ◽

Suneel Kumar Gupta ◽

Sabanaz Mansuri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Case Report ◽

Surgical Treatment ◽

Postoperative Period ◽

Postoperative Infection ◽

Mandibular Fracture ◽

Treatment Modalities ◽

Alveolar Osteitis

Iatrogenic errors during exodontias includes trismus, alveolar osteitis, postoperative infection, hemorrhage, oro-antral communication, damage to adjacent teeth, displaced teeth, and fractures.While doing extraction chances of occurrence of fracture of mandible is fortuitously rare, but is under-reported. These fractures could occur in the intra-operative or postoperative period and can cause significant distress to the patient and the practitioner. This case report addresses the incidence of mandibular fracture in a 50-year-old male and various surgical treatment modalities and ways of prevention are discussed.

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Ectopic pregnancy: an observational study in a tertiary care centre of Southern Rajasthan, India

International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20200062 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 516

Author(s):

Shrusti Parmar ◽

Nalini Sharma ◽

Vimla Dhakar

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Ectopic Pregnancy ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

First Trimester ◽

Treatment Modalities ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Care Centre ◽

Tertiary Care Centre ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Early Presentation

Background: One among the three chief obstetric causes of bleeding in first trimester, ectopic pregnancy is the first thing to rule out as a gestation is suspected. The present study observes and analyses sociodemographic distribution, risk factors, presentation, diagnosis and treatment modalities in a tertiary care centre.Methods: An observational cross-sectional study, conducted among patients who were diagnosed and managed in department of obstetrics and gynaecology of a tertiary care centre. Data analyzed and explained as frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation.Results: Age group between 21 to 30 years (69.9%) and multigravida (68.5%) are high risk for ectopic pregnancy (EP). Menstrual history was regular in 86.3%. Risk factors identified were previous abortion (30%) and history of pelvic inflammatory disease (30%). In 80.9% pain in abdomen was presenting complaints followed by bleeding per vaginum (60%), amenorrhoea (60%) and nausea and vomiting (32.9%). Right salpingectomy was most common in 43.8%, followed by left salpingectomy in 28.8%, methotrexate in 15.1%, left salpingo-ophorectomy in 5.5%, right salpingo-opherectomy in 5.5% and removal of tubal abortion in 1.3% patients. Laparoscopy was chosen route in majority 64.4% patients.Conclusions: Ectopic pregnancy - a gynecological catastrophe as well as a major challenge to the reproductive performance of women worldwide, should be considered a relevant public health issue. By providing adequate materials, manpower, well-equipped health facilities as well as a prompt and efficient referral system, good access roads and efficient transportation, will ensure early presentation in hospitals and prompt management of cases.

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Histologic Findings of Uterine Niches

American Journal of Clinical Pathology ◽

10.1093/ajcp/aqaa080 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 154 (5) ◽

pp. 645-655

Author(s):

Georgia Karpathiou ◽

Celine Chauleur ◽

Maroa Dridi ◽

Pauline Baillard ◽

Thomas Corsini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cesarean Section ◽

Prospective Studies ◽

Treatment Modalities ◽

Granulomatous Reaction ◽

Stromal Reaction ◽

Niche Formation ◽

Uterine Scar ◽

Fibroblastic Stroma ◽

Epithelial Atypia

Abstract Objectives The disruption or defect of the myometrium in the uterine scar of a cesarean section (CS) has been known by various names, such as uterine niche, isthmocele, deficient uterine scar, scar pouch, or diverticulum. Symptomatology, risk factors for niche development, and available treatment modalities have been recently studied. However, the histologic features of this disease remain unknown. Methods The histologic features of eight uterine niches are thoroughly described and a summary of the most important aspects of the uterine niche literature is provided. Five cases of CS scars without niche formation are comparatively examined. Results Most uterine niches harbor endocervical mucosa, often cystically dilated and/or an atrophic or disorganized endometrial mucosa of lower uterine segment origin. Regenerative epithelial atypia and fibroblastic stromal reaction are frequent features. No granulomatous reaction, important inflammation, or hemorrhage is seen. CS scars without niche formation do not harbor endocervical mucosa or inclusion cysts, fibroblastic stroma, or regenerative atypia. Conclusions As more prospective studies of uterine niche development and treatment will be conducted, a detailed pathologic report with the criteria proposed herein can be designed.

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Pattern of fungal isolates in cases of corneal ulcer in the western periphery of Nepal

Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.3126/nepjoph.v3i2.5262 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 118-122 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

S Ganguly ◽

KC Salma ◽

M Sharma ◽

P Bastola ◽

R Pradhan

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Corneal Ulcer ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Fungal Keratitis ◽

Treatment Modalities ◽

Topical Steroids ◽

Dematiaceous Fungus ◽

Keywords Cornea ◽

Corneal Trauma

Purpose: To find out the epidemiologic features in 686 consecutive cases of fungal keratitis presenting in a tertiary eye hospital in the western region of Nepal. Materials and methods: A prospective hospital - based study was carried out on 1880 consecutive patients presenting with corneal ulcer in the outpatient department and cornea clinic of Lumbini Eye Institute, Bhairawa, Nepal. The socio-demographic data, predisposing risk factors, prior treatment modalities, laboratory results and the distribution pattern of fungus species were analyzed. Results: Diagnosis of fungus keratitis was established in 686 (36 %) out of the total study group of 1880 cases. The spectrum of fungi isolated were Fusarium species (Fusarium spp.) in 219 (31.9 %), followed by unidentified dematiaceous 151 (22 %), curvularia 122 (17.7 %) and unidentified hyaline in 111 cases (16.1 %). Men (59.3 %) were more commonly affected than women (40.6 %). The young adults age group of 31-40 years was most commonly involved (26.6 %). Corneal trauma (58 %) and topical steroids (12 %) were the most common predisposing risk factors noted. Conclusion: In contrast to the other studies done in Nepal, we found Fusarium to be the most common fungal isolate causing corneal ulcer followed by unidentified dematiaceous, unidentified hyaline and curvularia. Corneal trauma was the commonest predisposing risk factor in causing fungal keratitis. Keywords: cornea, fungal ulcer, fusarium, unidentified dematiaceous fungus DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v3i2.5262 Nepal J Ophthalmol 2011; 3(2): 118-122

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Use of a Multitheoretic Model to Understand and Classify Juvenile Computer Hacking Behavior

Criminal Justice and Behavior ◽

10.1177/0093854820969754 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 009385482096975

Author(s):

Bryanna Fox ◽

Thomas J. Holt

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Latent Class ◽

National Sample ◽

Treatment Modalities ◽

Structural Level ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Computer Hacking ◽

Criminological Inquiry ◽

Insight Into ◽

Cross National

Criminological inquiry has identified a range of risk factors associated with juvenile delinquency. However, little research has assessed juvenile computer hacking, despite the substantial harm and opportunities for delinquent behavior online. Therefore, understanding the applicability of criminological risk factors among a cross-national sample of juvenile hackers is important from a theoretical and applied standpoint. This study aimed to address this gap using a logistic regression and latent class analysis (LCA) of risk factors associated with self-reported hacking behavior in a sample of more than 60,000 juveniles from around the globe. Results demonstrated support for individual- and structural-level predictors of delinquency, although distinct risk factors for hacking among three subtypes are identified in the LCA. This study examines criminological risk factors for juvenile hacking in a cross-national sample and provides insight into the distinct risk factors of hacking, so more tailored prevention and treatment modalities can be developed.

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Forgotten but not gone: new developments in the understanding and treatment of tardive dyskinesia

CNS Spectrums ◽

10.1017/s1092852916000730 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 21 (S1) ◽

pp. 13-24 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Jonathan M. Meyer

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Tardive Dyskinesia ◽

Ginkgo Biloba Extract ◽

Treatment Modalities ◽

Dopamine Antagonist ◽

Active Metabolites ◽

Double Blind ◽

New Developments ◽

Patients At Risk ◽

Important Challenge

The broad use of atypical antipsychotics was expected to dramatically reduce the prevalence and incidence of tardive dyskinesia (TD), but data show that TD remains an important challenge due the persistent nature of its symptoms and resistance to numerous treatment modalities, including antipsychotic discontinuation. Recent insights on genetic risk factors and new concepts surrounding pathophysiology have spurred interest in the possibility of targeted treatment for TD. As will be reviewed in this article, the number of evidence-based strategies for TD treatment is small: only clonazepam, amantadine, ginkgo biloba extract, and the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) inhibitor tetrabenazine have compelling data. Using new insights into the metabolism of tetrabenazine and the properties of its active metabolites, 2 modifications of tetrabenazine have been synthesized to improve the kinetic profile, and are currently involved in double-blind placebo controlled studies aimed at U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulatory approval. The possible availability of these new agents, deuterated tetrabenazine and valbenazine, significantly widens the range of treatment choices for patients with TD. For clinicians with patients at risk for TD due to dopamine antagonist exposure, experience has shown that the problem of TD will be an ongoing issue in modern psychiatry, and that an appreciation of new developments in the pathophysiology of, risk factors for, and treatment of TD is crucial to managing this condition.

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