TUBERCULOSIS IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS OF VARIOUS AGE GROUPS IN SARATOV REGION

A preliminary inquiry of the Institut National d'Hygiéne (France), based on the follow-up of 5,526 cases of primary tuberculosis in children and adolescents, is reported; 1,425 cases were seen before 1955 and included in the statistical survey concluded in June, 1956. The spontaneous course of 895 patients who received no treatment is analyzed; special emphasis is placed on complications and their relative incidence in the different age groups and forms of primary tuberculosis. Comparative studies of treated and untreated cases were possible only in patients under 15 years of age and in clinically manifest forms of tuberculosis (Types II, III, and IV). These cases represent a total of 1,061 cases; 564 patients received treatment, 497 received no treatment. Findings in the different age groups are analyzed. A bacteriologic inquiry was also made on the problem of contamination with streptomycin- and isoniazid-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis and on secondarily acquired resistance to isoniazid in treated patients. A decrease of more than 80% in the incidence of complications led to the conclusion that routine chemotherapy should be resorted to in clinically manifest primary tuberculosis in children and adolescents. In the case of completely latent primary tuberculosis, however, a definite answer cannot be given as yet. It is the purpose of the future development of the trial to try to answer that question.

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Analysis of the main epidemiological parameters of morbidity with tuberculosis of children and adolescents of the Ryazan region in 2010–2019

I P Pavlov Russian Medical Biological Herald ◽

10.17816/pavlovj46505 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 355-362

Author(s):

Elena L. Senkina ◽

Inna V. Seregina

Keyword(s):

Children And Adolescents ◽

Active Form ◽

Age Groups ◽

Mathematical Methods ◽

Clinical Form ◽

The Status ◽

General Improvement ◽

Tuberculosis In Children ◽

The Given ◽

Epidemiological Parameters

AIM: This study aimed to identify the main trends of the epidemiology of tuberculosis in children and adolescents in the Ryazan Region (RR) by analyzing the main epidemiological parameters of morbidity in 20102019. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The morbidity of children and adolescents with tuberculosis in the RR was subjected to retrospective epidemiological analysis. The data of the official and reporting documentation of the Ryazan Regional Clinical Antituberculosis Dispensary and the materials of the state reports of Territorial Administration of Rospotrebnadzor (On the Condition of SanitaryEpidemiological WellBeing of Population) in 20102019 were used. The main epidemiological parameters of morbidity due to tuberculosis were calculated using mathematical methods. RESULTS: The proportion of children and adolescents in the structure of morbidity due to tuberculosis in the RR in 20102019 decreased by 3.9 times and reached 6.09% in 2019. The morbidity caused by the active form of tuberculosis in children (014 years) and adolescents (1517 years) evidently declined by -20.7% and -11.5%, respectively. In children, respiratory tuberculosis predominated (55%100%), and the leading clinical form was tuberculosis in intrathoracic lymph nodes (77%). In adolescents, only pulmonary tuberculosis was identified, and focal tuberculosis was the predominating clinical form (43%). In the study period, the highest morbidity in children was recorded at the age of 714 years. No cases of mortality among children and adolescents with tuberculosis were recorded in 20102019. In 20182019, the primary infection and the risk of infection among children under 14 years of age increased from 1.3% (2018) to 1.8% (2019) and from 2.6% (2018) to 3.3% (2019), respectively. This result might indicate that morbidity due to tuberculosis increased. The majority of ill children and adolescents were identified among vaccinated ones, suggesting that the protective properties of the vaccine were insufficient (80%). CONCLUSION: The morbidity of children and adolescents with tuberculosis decreased, and this decrease directly associated with the general improvement in the status of tuberculosis in the country; in particular, tuberculosis foci in the RF decreased by 2.2 times [4]. In the study period, the morbidity of children (014 years) decreased by 3.5 and 2.1 times in the RR and RF, respectively. The morbidity of adolescents (1517 years) decreased by 3.1 and 2.2 times in the RR and RF, respectively. The mortality of children and adolescents in the RP was 0.0 per 100,000 population of the given age groups. In the RF, their mortalities reduced by 6.5 and 1.6 times, respectively [4].

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Tuberculosis situation among the pediatric population of Saratov Region (2015-2019)

Tuberculosis and lung diseases ◽

10.21292/2075-1230-2021-99-12-33-37 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 99 (12) ◽

pp. 33-37

Author(s):

E. N. Aleksandrova ◽

T. I. Morozova ◽

T. Yu. Salina

Keyword(s):

Children And Adolescents ◽

Population Analysis ◽

Pediatric Population ◽

Recombinant Allergen ◽

Tuberculosis Screening ◽

Group Vi ◽

Saratov Region ◽

Number Of Children ◽

Group Iva ◽

Tuberculosis In Children

Subjects and Methods. Incidence and prevalence of tuberculosis among children and adolescents in Saratov Region were retrospectively analyzed for 2015-2019.Results. The incidence of tuberculosis in children reflects general trends in the epidemic situation over the years in Saratov Region. In this region during 10 years of monitoring, tuberculosis incidence among children decreased 4 times by 2019 and it made 2.3 per 100,000 population, and among adolescents, it decreased 1.6 times (16.3 per 100,000 population). The number of children with post-tuberculosis changes detected for the first time increased 3 times in 2019 versus 2015, and the number of adolescents increased 4.5 times not only due to transition to tuberculosis screening in children aged 8-17 years old by skin test with tuberculosis recombinant allergen but also to the examination of children by computed tomography. The incidence in children followed up as Group IVA in 2019 was 15 times higher than this rate in the overall pediatric population. Analysis of the number of children and adolescents who developed tuberculosis and followed up as Groups IV and VI in 2015-2019 showed that the number of children ill with tuberculosis in Group IV was 3 times higher than the number of children in Group VI.

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HIV-Associated Tuberculosis in Children and Adolescents: Evolving Epidemiology, Screening, Prevention and Management Strategies

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens11010033 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 33

Author(s):

Alexander W. Kay ◽

Helena Rabie ◽

Elizabeth Maleche-Obimbo ◽

Moorine Penninah Sekadde ◽

Mark F. Cotton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Interactions ◽

Lung Disease ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Test Performance ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Age Groups ◽

Treatment Strategies ◽

Diagnostic Test Performance ◽

Living With Hiv ◽

Tuberculosis In Children

Children and adolescents living with HIV continue to be impacted disproportionately by tuberculosis as compared to peers without HIV. HIV can impact TB screening and diagnosis by altering screening and diagnostic test performance and can complicate prevention and treatment strategies due to drug–drug interactions. Post-tuberculosis lung disease is an underappreciated phenomenon in children and adolescents, but is more commonly observed in children and adolescents with HIV-associated tuberculosis. This review presents new data related to HIV-associated TB in children and adolescents. Data on the epidemiology of HIV-associated TB suggests that an elevated risk of TB in children and adolescents with HIV persists even with broad implementation of ART. Recent guidance also indicates the need for new screening strategies for HIV-associated TB. There have been major advances in the availability of new antiretroviral medications and also TB prevention options for children, but these advances have come with additional questions surrounding drug–drug interactions and dosing in younger age groups. Finally, we review new approaches to manage post-TB lung disease in children living with HIV. Collectively, we present data on the rapidly evolving field of HIV-associated child tuberculosis. This evolution offers new management opportunities for children and adolescents living with HIV while also generating new questions for additional research.

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Religion: Interrelationships and Opinions in Children and Adolescents. Interaction between Age and Beliefs

Religions ◽

10.3390/rel12050357 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 357

Author(s):

Rafael López Cordero ◽

Francisca Ruiz Garzón ◽

Lourdes Medina Martínez ◽

María del Carmen Olmos-Gómez

Keyword(s):

Children And Adolescents ◽

Current Trend ◽

Age Groups ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Experimental Methodology ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Younger Age ◽

Religious Issue ◽

Quasi Experimental ◽

Quantitative Descriptive

The current trend of secularization seems to be leading to a gradual withdrawal of religion from public spaces. However, in an increasingly internationalized world, it is becoming more and more important to study the roles of religion and religiosity and their potential in relation to dialogue and social conflicts and tensions. Education is a vital field within which to address this religious issue and create an educational dialogue in order to promote coexistence. By following a quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study, based on a quasi-experimental methodology with a social–analytical character, our aim is to assess the existing connections between religion, interrelation and opinion in Spanish children and adolescents. Special attention is paid to the interaction between age and beliefs. We carried out our study with the use of a questionnaire distributed to eleven secondary schools, with students aged between 11 and 16 years old, in three regions of southern Spain (Andalusia, Ceuta, and Melilla) characterized by high religious diversity and multiculturalism. The multivariate analysis carried out in this study identifies the effects of variance on the influence of age and religion, highlighting the interaction between the two. It is observed that the youngest students are those who express their opinions about religion the least, while those belonging to younger age groups and majority religions are those who express a greater religious coexistence, with Muslims externalizing their religious condition the most.

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A Search for Causes of Rising Incidence of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer in Children and Adolescents after Chernobyl and Fukushima: Comparison of the Clinical Features and Their Relevance for Treatment and Prognosis

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18073444 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (7) ◽

pp. 3444

Author(s):

Valentina Drozd ◽

Vladimir Saenko ◽

Daniel I. Branovan ◽

Kate Brown ◽

Shunichi Yamashita ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Cancer ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Differentiated Thyroid Cancer ◽

Age Groups ◽

Distant Metastases ◽

Lifestyle Changes ◽

Radiation Doses ◽

Related Factors ◽

Fukushima Accident ◽

Tumor Stages

The incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is steadily increasing globally. Epidemiologists usually explain this global upsurge as the result of new diagnostic modalities, screening and overdiagnosis as well as results of lifestyle changes including obesity and comorbidity. However, there is evidence that there is a real increase of DTC incidence worldwide in all age groups. Here, we review studies on pediatric DTC after nuclear accidents in Belarus after Chernobyl and Japan after Fukushima as compared to cohorts without radiation exposure of those two countries. According to the Chernobyl data, radiation-induced DTC may be characterized by a lag time of 4–5 years until detection, a higher incidence in boys, in children of youngest age, extrathyroidal extension and distant metastases. Radiation doses to the thyroid were considerably lower by appr. two orders of magnitude in children and adolescents exposed to Fukushima as compared to Chernobyl. In DTC patients detected after Fukushima by population-based screening, most of those characteristics were not reported, which can be taken as proof against the hypothesis, that radiation is the (main) cause of those tumors. However, roughly 80% of the Fukushima cases presented with tumor stages higher than microcarcinomas pT1a and 80% with lymph node metastases pN1. Mortality rates in pediatric DTC patients are generally very low, even at higher tumor stages. However, those cases considered to be clinically relevant should be followed-up carefully after treatment because of the risk of recurrencies which is expected to be not negligible. Considering that thyroid doses from the Fukushima accident were quite small, it makes sense to assess the role of other environmental and lifestyle-related factors in thyroid carcinogenesis. Well-designed studies with assessment of radiation doses from medical procedures and exposure to confounders/modifiers from the environment as e.g., nitrate are required to quantify their combined effect on thyroid cancer risk.

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Secular Trends of Underweight, Overweight, and Obesity in Children and Adolescents from Ukraine

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18063302 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (6) ◽

pp. 3302

Author(s):

Katarzyna Dereń ◽

Justyna Wyszyńska ◽

Serhiy Nyankovskyy ◽

Olena Nyankovska ◽

Marta Yatsula ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Children And Adolescents ◽

Age Groups ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

The Body ◽

World Health ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Significant Public Health ◽

Health Organization ◽

Obesity In Children

Overweight and obesity, as well as underweight in children and adolescents, pose a significant public health issue. This study aimed to investigate the secular trend of the incidence of underweight, overweight, and obesity in children from Ukraine in 2013/2014 and 2018/2019. The studies were conducted in randomly selected primary and secondary schools in Ukraine. In total, 13,447 children (6468 boys and 6979 girls) participated in the study in 2013/2014 and 18,144 children (8717 boys and 9427 girls) participated in 2018/2019. Measurements of body weight and height were performed in triplicate. Underweight, overweight, and obesity were diagnosed according to the standards of the World Health Organization (WHO). In the group of girls, a significant difference between 2013/2014 and 2018/2019 measurements was found only among 7-year-olds. The percentage of girls at this age exceeding the body mass index (BMI) norm was lower in the 2018/2019 study. In boys, a significant difference was also found in 7-year-olds, and, as in girls, a lower share of overweight and obesity was found in 2018/2019. But for the ages of 12, 13, and 15, the significant differences had a different character—more overweight or obese boys were found in the 2018/2019 study. The proportion of underweight children was similar for the majority of age groups in both genders and did not differ in a statistically significant way.

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Blood pressure and resting heart rate in 3-17-year-olds in Germany in 2003–2006 and 2014–2017

Journal of Human Hypertension ◽

10.1038/s41371-021-00535-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Giselle Sarganas ◽

Anja Schienkiewitz ◽

Jonas D. Finger ◽

Hannelore K. Neuhauser

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Selection Rule ◽

Age Groups ◽

Resting Heart Rate ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

National Examination ◽

School Aged Children ◽

Analysis Measurement

AbstractTo track blood pressure (BP) and resting heart rate (RHR) in children and adolescents is important due to its associations with cardiovascular outcomes in the adulthood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine BP and RHR over a decade among children and adolescents living in Germany using national examination data. Cross-sectional data from 3- to 17-year-old national survey participants (KiGGS 2003–06, n = 14,701; KiGGS 2014–17, n = 3509) including standardized oscillometric BP and RHR were used for age- and sex-standardized analysis. Measurement protocols were identical with the exception of the cuff selection rule, which was accounted for in the analyses. Different BP and RHR trends were observed according to age-groups. In 3- to 6-year-olds adjusted mean SBP and DBP were significantly higher in 2014–2017 compared to 2003–2006 (+2.4 and +1.9 mm Hg, respectively), while RHR was statistically significantly lower by −3.8 bpm. No significant changes in BP or in RHR were observed in 7- to 10-year-olds over time. In 11- to 13-year-olds as well as in 14- to 17-year-olds lower BP has been observed (SBP −2.4 and −3.2 mm Hg, respectively, and DBP −1.8 and −1.7 mm Hg), while RHR was significantly higher (+2.7 and +3.7 bpm). BP trends did not parallel RHR trends. The downward BP trend in adolescents seemed to follow decreasing adult BP trends in middle and high-income countries. The increase in BP in younger children needs confirmation from other studies as well as further investigation. In school-aged children and adolescents, the increased RHR trend may indicate decreased physical fitness.

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