Effect of Soil Depth on Carbofuran and Aldicarb Degradation

A field experiment was carried out in the field of the College of Agriculture / University of Wasit, located on longitude 45o 50o 33.5o East and latitude 32o 29o 49.8o North, in Spring season of the agricultural season 2019, in order to estimate the water consumption of potato crop using SWRT technology and under the drip irrigation system. The experiment was designed according to Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications and four treatments that include of the SWRT treatment (the use of plastic films under the plant root area in an engineering style), and the treatment of vegetal fertilizer (using Petmos), organic fertilizer (sheep manure), and the control treatment . Potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.) var. Burin was planted for spring season on 10/2/2019 at the soil depth of 5-10 cm. The highest reference water consumption for the potato crop during the season was calculated by Najeeb Kharufa, which was 663.03 mm. The highest actual water consumption for the potato crop during the season for the control treatment was 410.1 mm. The results showed increase in the values of the crop coefficient (Kc) in the stages of tubers formation and tubers filling stage as compared to the vegetative and ripening stages, ranged from 1.37-1.92 for the two stages of tubers formation and tubers filling. The SWRT treatment gave the highest water use efficiency during the season, was 3.46 kg m-3 .

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Cyclic Loading of Piles Using the P-Y Method

DFI Journal The Journal of the Deep Foundations Institute ◽

10.37308/dfijnl.20190529.204 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Matt Bristow

Keyword(s):

Cyclic Loading ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Large Diameter ◽

Reference Conditions ◽

Numerical Procedure ◽

New Method ◽

Shear Stresses ◽

Applied Loading ◽

Cyclic Degradation ◽

Laterally Loaded

A new analytical method is presented to determine the effects of cyclic loading on laterally loaded piles. The method uses a new numerical procedure to quantify the effects of the cyclic loading at each soil depth and convert that to a set of cyclic p-y modifiers. The reduced foundation stiffness associated with the cyclic loading can be determined, including the residual static capacity and an estimate of the accumulated displacement. The new method introduces the concept of cyclic degradation damage, which is defined as sum of the cyclic degradation that is occurring at each soil depth. Cyclic degradation calculations are based on the shear stresses in the soil. Consequently, anything that causes the shear stresses to change (e.g. pile length, pile diameter, applied loading, etc.) will automatically be included in the calculation of cyclic p-y modifiers. The method has been validated by comparing the cyclic p-y curves produced using the new method with established cyclic p-y curves derived from fielding testing. The new method has also been used to investigate what happens to the cyclic p-y modifiers as one moves away from the reference conditions used to determine the established cyclic p-y curves in API RP2A (2000). The new method shows that every application (e.g. combination of cyclic loading, pile properties, and soil characteristics) has its own unique set of cyclic p-y curves, though most p-y curves fit within an upper and lower bound range. Examples are provided for large diameter monopiles.

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Site Suitability Analysis for Water Conservation Using AHP and GIS Techniques: A Case Study of Upper Sina River Catchment, Ahmednagar (India)

Hydrospatial Analysis ◽

10.21523/gcj3.19030201 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 49-59 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yogesh Badhe ◽

Ravindra Medhe ◽

Tushar Shelar

Keyword(s):

Water Conservation ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Land Use Land Cover ◽

Suitability Analysis ◽

Site Suitability ◽

Gis Techniques ◽

Multi Criteria Evaluation ◽

Conservation Activity ◽

Suitable Site

The site suitability for construction of water conservation structures is an important step towards groundwater conservation in arid and semi-arid regions. Water is the most crucial for maintaining an environment and ecosystem which is helpful to sustaining all forms of the life. The increasing water scarcity day to day has been one of the common problems over a period of time. On top of it, when the area is a part of rain shadow zone like Ahmednagar district, water conservation activities are become more important. The present study aims to identify the suitable zones for water conservation activity. Multi- criteria evaluation is carried out using Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques to help the choice makers in defining suitable site for construction of water conservation structures. Different layers which were considered for multi-criteria evaluation: slope, land use land cover, soil texture, lithology, soil depth, soil erosion, wells, lineaments and drainage network. Analytical Hierarchy Processes (AHP) is used for weighted sum to find suitable sites for implementation of water conservation activity using selected criterions. The site suitability map was classified into four classes: highly suitable, moderately suitable, less suitable and not suitable with area of 19.19%, 26%, 49.03% and 5.78, respectively. This map will help for selection of suitable sites for construction of Mati Nala Bund (MNB), Check Dam, Cement Nala Bund (CNB) and Continuous Contour Trenches (CCT) for conservation of groundwater resource in the region.

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LYSIMETERS WITH RAINFALL AND SOIL WATER CONTROL

Hydrology Research ◽

10.2166/nh.1971.0006 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 79-92 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

K. J. KRISTENSEN ◽

H. C. ASLYNG

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture Content ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Drainage System ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Trickle Irrigation ◽

Water Control ◽

Radiation Equipment ◽

Different Depths ◽

Growth Experiments

The lysimeter installation described comprises 36 concrete tanks each with a soil surface of 4 m2. The installation is useful for plant growth experiments under natural conditions involving different treatment combined with various controlled water supplies. The ground installation is at least 20 cm below the soil surface and tillage can be done with field implements. The lysimeter tanks are provided with a drainage system which can drain the soil at the bottom (100 cm depth) to a tension of up to 100 cm. A constant ground-water table at less than 100 cm soil depth can also be maintained. The soil moisture content at different depths is determined from an underground tunnel by use of gamma radiation equipment in metal tubes horizontally installed in the soil. Rainfall is prevented by a movable glass roof automatically operated and controlled by a special rain sensor. Water is applied to the soil surface with a special trickle irrigation system consisting of a set of plastic tubes for each lysimeter tank and controlled from the tunnel. Fertilizers in controlled amount can be applied with the irrigation water.

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Distribution of soil moisture content and its effect on the potential growth of the over-story species in North-East Chalkidiki

Silva Gandavensis ◽

10.21825/sg.v66i0.817 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 66 ◽

Author(s):

M. Aslanidou ◽

P. Smiris

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Soil Moisture Content ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Moisture Distribution ◽

Taxus Baccata ◽

Mixed Stands ◽

Potential Growth ◽

North East ◽

Soil Moisture Distribution

This study deals with the soil moisture distribution and its effect on the potential growth and adaptation of the over-story species in north-east Chalkidiki. These species are: Quercus dalechampii Ten, Quercus conferta Kit, Quercus pubescens Willd, Castanea sativa Mill, Fagus moesiaca Maly-Domin and also Taxus baccata L. in mixed stands with Fagus moesiaca. Samples of soil, 1-2 kg per 20cm depth, were taken and the moisture content of each sample was measured in order to determine soil moisture distribution and its contribution to the growth of the forest species. The most important results are: i) available water is influenced by the soil depth. During the summer, at a soil depth of 10 cm a significant restriction was observed. ii) the large duration of the dry period in the deep soil layers has less adverse effect on stands growth than in the case of the soil surface layers, due to the fact that the root system mainly spreads out at a soil depth of 40 cm iii) in the beginning of the growing season, the soil moisture content is greater than 30 % at a soil depth of 60 cm, in beech and mixed beech-yew stands, is 10-15 % in the Q. pubescens stands and it's more than 30 % at a soil depth of 60 cm in Q. dalechampii stands.

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Effect of period of sugarcane cultivation on the abundance and distribution of weed seeds in the soil profile

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582014000300006 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 507-513

Author(s):

R.O. Adereti ◽

F.O Takim ◽

Y.A. Abayomi

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Seed Banks ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Soil Tillage ◽

Fallow Period ◽

Tillage Practices ◽

Weed Seeds ◽

Seed Distribution ◽

Screen House

An experiment was laid down in a screen house to determine the distribution of weed seeds at different soil depths and periods of cultivation of sugarcane in Ilorin, Nigeria. Soil samples from different depth levels (0-10 cm, 11-20 cm and 21-30 cm) were collected after harvesting of canes from three different land use fields (continuous sugarcane cultivation for > 20 years, continuous sugarcane cultivation for < 10 years after long fallow period and continuous sugarcane cultivation for < 5 years after long fallow period) in November, 2012. One kilogram of the sieved composite soil samples was arranged in the screen house and watered at alternate days. Germinating weed seedlings were identified, counted and then pulled out for the period of 8 months. Land use and soil depth had a highly significant (p £ 0.05) effect on the total number of weeds that emerged from the soil samples. The 010 cm of the soil depth had the highest weed seedlings that emerged. There was an equal weed seed distribution at the 11-20 cm and 21-30 cm depths of the soil. Sugarcane fields which have been continuously cultivated for a long period of time with highly disturbing soil tillage practices tend to have larger seed banks in deeper soil layers (11-20 cm and 21-30 cm) while recently opened fields had significantly larger seed banks at the 0-10 cm soil sampling depth.

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The Soil Organic Matter in Connection with Soil Properties and Soil Inputs

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11040779 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 779

Author(s):

Václav Voltr ◽

Ladislav Menšík ◽

Lukáš Hlisnikovský ◽

Martin Hruška ◽

Eduard Pokorný ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Organic Matter ◽

Soil Texture ◽

Management Practices ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Hot Water ◽

Natural Soil ◽

Soil Productivity ◽

Linear Regression Models

The content of organic matter in the soil, its labile (hot water extractable carbon–HWEC) and stable (soil organic carbon–SOC) form is a fundamental factor affecting soil productivity and health. The current research in soil organic matter (SOM) is focused on individual fragmented approaches and comprehensive evaluation of HWEC and SOC changes. The present state of the soil together with soil’s management practices are usually monitoring today but there has not been any common model for both that has been published. Our approach should help to assess the changes in HWEC and SOC content depending on the physico-chemical properties and soil´s management practices (e.g., digestate application, livestock and mineral fertilisers, post-harvest residues, etc.). The one- and multidimensional linear regressions were used. Data were obtained from the various soil´s climatic conditions (68 localities) of the Czech Republic. The Czech farms in operating conditions were observed during the period 2008–2018. The obtained results of ll monitored experimental sites showed increasing in the SOC content, while the HWEC content has decreased. Furthermore, a decline in pH and soil´s saturation was documented by regression modelling. Mainly digestate application was responsible for this negative consequence across all soils in studied climatic regions. The multivariate linear regression models (MLR) also showed that HWEC content is significantly affected by natural soil fertility (soil type), phosphorus content (−30%), digestate application (+29%), saturation of the soil sorption complex (SEBCT, 21%) and the dose of total nitrogen (N) applied into the soil (−20%). Here we report that the labile forms (HWEC) are affected by the application of digestate (15%), the soil saturation (37%), the application of mineral potassium (−7%), soil pH (−14%) and the overall condition of the soil (−27%). The stable components (SOM) are affected by the content of HWEC (17%), soil texture 0.01–0.001mm (10%), and input of organic matter and nutrients from animal production (10%). Results also showed that the mineral fertilization has a negative effect (−14%), together with the soil depth (−11%), and the soil texture 0.25–2 mm (−21%) on SOM. Using modern statistical procedures (MRLs) it was confirmed that SOM plays an important role in maintaining resp. improving soil physical, biochemical and biological properties, which is particularly important to ensure the productivity of agroecosystems (soil quality and health) and to future food security.

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Soil Carbon Regulating Ecosystem Services in the State of South Carolina, USA

Land ◽

10.3390/land10030309 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 309

Author(s):

Elena A. Mikhailova ◽

Hamdi A. Zurqani ◽

Christopher J. Post ◽

Mark A. Schlautman ◽

Gregory C. Post ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South Carolina ◽

Ecosystem Services ◽

Soil Carbon ◽

Soil Depth ◽

State Level ◽

The United States ◽

The State ◽

Soil C ◽

Low Country ◽

Pee Dee

Sustainable management of soil carbon (C) at the state level requires valuation of soil C regulating ecosystem services (ES) and disservices (ED). The objective of this study was to assess the value of regulating ES from soil organic carbon (SOC), soil inorganic carbon (SIC), and total soil carbon (TSC) stocks, based on the concept of the avoided social cost of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for the state of South Carolina (SC) in the United States of America (U.S.A.) by soil order, soil depth (0–200 cm), region and county using information from the State Soil Geographic (STATSGO) database. The total estimated monetary mid-point value for TSC in the state of South Carolina was $124.36B (i.e., $124.36 billion U.S. dollars, where B = billion = 109), $107.14B for SOC, and $17.22B for SIC. Soil orders with the highest midpoint value for SOC were: Ultisols ($64.35B), Histosols ($11.22B), and Inceptisols ($10.31B). Soil orders with the highest midpoint value for SIC were: Inceptisols ($5.91B), Entisols ($5.53B), and Alfisols ($5.0B). Soil orders with the highest midpoint value for TSC were: Ultisols ($64.35B), Inceptisols ($16.22B), and Entisols ($14.65B). The regions with the highest midpoint SOC values were: Pee Dee ($34.24B), Low Country ($32.17B), and Midlands ($29.24B). The regions with the highest midpoint SIC values were: Low Country ($5.69B), Midlands ($5.55B), and Pee Dee ($4.67B). The regions with the highest midpoint TSC values were: Low Country ($37.86B), Pee Dee ($36.91B), and Midlands ($34.79B). The counties with the highest midpoint SOC values were Colleton ($5.44B), Horry ($5.37B), and Berkeley ($4.12B). The counties with the highest midpoint SIC values were Charleston ($1.46B), Georgetown ($852.81M, where M = million = 106), and Horry ($843.18M). The counties with the highest midpoint TSC values were Horry ($6.22B), Colleton ($6.02B), and Georgetown ($4.87B). Administrative areas (e.g., counties, regions) combined with pedodiversity concepts can provide useful information to design cost-efficient policies to manage soil carbon regulating ES at the state level.

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Divergent vertical distributions of microbial biomass with soil depth among groups and land uses

Journal of Environmental Management ◽

10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112755 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 292 ◽

pp. 112755

Author(s):

Tingting Sun ◽

Yugang Wang ◽

Manuel Esteban Lucas-Borja ◽

Xin Jing ◽

Wenting Feng

Keyword(s):

Microbial Biomass ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Land Uses ◽

Vertical Distributions

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Comparison of Drivers of Soil Microbial Communities Developed in Karst Ecosystems with Shallow and Deep Soil Depths

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11010173 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 173

Author(s):

Huiling Guan ◽

Jiangwen Fan ◽

Haiyan Zhang ◽

Warwick Harris

Keyword(s):

Microbial Community ◽

Microbial Communities ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Phospholipid Fatty Acid ◽

Soil Microbial Communities ◽

Deep Soil ◽

Soil System ◽

Soil Microbial ◽

Total Soil ◽

Karst Ecosystems

Soil erosion is prevalent in karst areas, but few studies have compared the differences in the drivers for soil microbial communities among karst ecosystems with different soil depths, and most studies have focused on the local scale. To fill this research gap, we investigated the upper 20 cm soil layers of 10 shallow–soil depth (shallow–SDC, total soil depth less than 100 cm) and 11 deep–soil depth communities (deep–SDC, total soil depth more than 100 cm), covering a broad range of vegetation types, soils, and climates. The microbial community characteristics of both the shallow–SDC and deep–SDC soils were tested by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFAs) analysis, and the key drivers of the microbial communities were illustrated by forward selection and variance partitioning analysis. Our findings demonstrated that more abundant soil nutrients supported higher fungal PLFA in shallow–SDC than in deep–SDC (p < 0.05). Furthermore, stronger correlation between the microbial community and the plant–soil system was found in shallow–SDC: the pure plant effect explained the 43.2% of variance in microbial biomass and 57.8% of the variance in the ratio of Gram–positive bacteria to Gram–negative bacteria (G+/G−), and the ratio of fungi to total bacteria (F/B); the pure soil effect accounted for 68.6% variance in the microbial diversity. The ratio of microbial PLFA cyclopropyl to precursors (Cy/Pr) and the ratio of saturated PLFA to monounsaturated PLFA (S/M) as indicators of microbial stress were controlled by pH, but high pH was not conducive to microorganisms in this area. Meanwhile, Cy/Pr in all communities was >0.1, indicating that microorganisms were under environmental stress. Therefore, the further ecological restoration of degraded karst communities is needed to improve their microbial communities.

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